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TROY

AND ITS REMAI NS;

A NARRATIVE OF RESEARCHES AND DISCOVERIES

MADE ON THE SITE OF ILIUM,

AND IN THE TROJAN PLAIN.
/

By DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.

Translated with the Authors Sanction.
EDITED

By PHILIP SMITH, B.A.,

AUTHOR OF THE 'HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD,' AND OF THE
' STUDENT'S ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE EAST.'

WITH MAP, PLANS, VIEWS, AND CUTS,

REPRESENTING 500 OBJECTS OF ANTIQUITY DISCOVERED ON THE SITE.

LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

NEW YORK:
SCRIBNER, WELFORD, AND ARMSTRONG.

I875.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.

Dr. Schliemann's original narrative of his wonderful dis-
coveries on the spot marked as the site of Homer's Ilium
by an unbroken tradition, from the earliest historic age of
Greece, has a permanent value and interest which can
scarcely be affected by the final verdict of criticism on the
result of his discoveries. If he has indeed found the fire-
scathed ruins of the city whose fate inspired the immortal
first-fruits of Greek poetry, and brought to light many
thousands of objects illustrating the race, language, and
religion of her inhabitants, their wealth and civilization,
their instruments and appliances for peaceful life and war ;
and if, in digging out these remains, he has supplied the
missing link, long testified by tradition as well as poetry,
between the famous Greeks of history and their kindred in
the East ; no words can describe the interest which must
ever belong to the first birth of such a contribution to the
history of the world. Or should we, on the other hand,
in the face of all that has been revealed on the very
spot of which the Greeks themselves believed that Homer
sang, lean to the scepticism of the scholar who still says : —
" I know as yet of one Ilion only, that is, the Ilion as sung
by Homer, which is not likely to be found in the trenches
of Hissarlik, but rather among the Muses who dwell on
Olympus ;" even so a new interest of historic and anti-
quarian curiosity would be excited by " the splendid ruins,"
as the same high authority rightly calls those "which

a i

IV PREFACE.

Dr. Schliemann has brought to light at Hissarlik." For
what, in that case, were the four cities, whose successive
layers of ruins, still marked by the fires that have passed
over them in turn, are piled to the height of fifty feet
above the old summit of the hill ? If not even one of
them is Troy, what is the story, so like that of Troy,
which belongs to them ?

" Trojag renascens alite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur."

What is the light that is struggling to break forth from
the varied mass of evidence, and the half-deciphered in-
scriptions, that are still exercising the ingenuity of the
most able enquirers ? Whatever may be the true and
final answer to these questions — and we have had to put
on record a signal proof that the most sanguine investi-
gators will be content with no answer short of the truth*—
the vivid narrative written by the discoverer on the spot
can never lose that charm which Renan has so happily
described as " la charme des origines."

The Editor may be permitted to add, what the Author
might not say, that the work derives another charm from
the spirit that prompted the labours which it records.
It is the work of an enthusiast in a cause which, in our
" practical " age, needs all the zeal of its remaining devotees,
the cause of learning for its own sake. But, in this case,
enthusiasm has gone hand in hand with the practical spirit
in its best form. Dr. Schliemann judged rightly in pre-
fixing to his first work the simple unaffected record of
that discipline in adversity and self-reliance, amidst which
he at once educated himself and obtained the means of
gratifying his ardent desire to throw new light on the

* See the Appendix, pages 369, 370.

PREFACE. V

highest problems of antiquity, at his own expense. His
readers ought to know that, besides other large contri-
butions to the cause of learning, the cost of his excavations
at Hissarlik alone has amounted to 10,000/. ; and this is in
no sense the speculative investment of an explorer, for he
has expressed the firm resolution to give azvay\\\s collection,
and not to sell it.

Under this sense of the high and lasting value of
Dr. Schliemann's work, the present translation has been
undertaken, with the object of laying the narrative before
English readers in a form considerably improved upon the
original. For this object the Editor can safely say, on
behalf of the Publisher and himself, that no pains and cost
have been spared ; and Dr. Schliemann has contributed new
materials of great value.

The original work* was published, at the beginning of
this year, as an octavo volume, accompanied by a large
quarto " Atlas " of 217 photographic plates, containing a
Map, Plans, and Views -of the Plain of Troy, the Hill of
Hissarlik, and the excavations, with representations of up-
wards of 4000 objects selected from the 100,000 and more
brought to light by Dr. Schliemann, which were elaborately
described in the letter-press pages of the Atlas. The
photographs were taken for the most part from drawings ;
and Dr. Schliemann is the first to acknowledge that their

* " Trojanische Alterthiimer. Bericht iibcr die Ausgrabungen in
Troja, von Dr. Heinrich Schliemann. Leipzig, in Commission bei
F. A. Brockhaus, 1874." It may be convenient to state here, lest
the reader should be disappointed at finding no details of the excava-
tions at Hissarlik in the first year (1870), that the work of that year
was merely preliminary to the systematic researches of 187 1-3. An
account of that first year's work, and of the arguments which convinced
Dr. Schliemann that he must search for Troy at Hissarlik and no
where else, will be found in his earlier work, " Ithaquc, le Pelopoiwhe,
<•/ Troie."

VI PREFACE.

execution left much to be desired. Many of his original
plans and drawings have been placed at our disposal ; and
an especial acknowledgment is due both to Dr. Schliemann
and Monsieur Emile Burnouf, the Director of the French
School at Athens, for the use of the admirable drawings of
the terra-cotta whorls and balls, made by M. Burnouf and
his accomplished daughter. A selection of about 200
of these objects, which are among the most interesting of
Dr. Schliemann's discoveries, occupies the 32 lithographic
plates at the end of this volume. With the exception of the
first three Plates (XXI. -XXI 1 1.), which are copied from
the Atlas, in order to give a general view of the sections
of the whorls and the chief types of the patterns upon them,
all the rest are engraved from M. Burnouf's drawings. They
are given in the natural size, and each whorl is accom-
panied by its section. The depth at which each object was
found among the layers of debris is a matter of such
moment (as will be seen from Dr. Schliemann's work) that
the Editor felt bound to undertake the great labour of
identifying each with the representation of the same object
in the Atlas, where the depth is marked, to which, un-
fortunately, the drawings gave no reference. The few
whorls that remain unmarked with their depth have either
escaped this repeated search, or are not represented in the
Atlas. The elaborate descriptions of the material, style
of workmanship, and supposed meanings of the patterns,
which M. Burnouf has inscribed on most of his drawings,
are given in the " List of Illustrations." The explanations
of the patterns are, of course, offered only as conjectures,
possessing the value which they derive from M. Burnouf's
profound knowledge of Aryan antiquities. Some of the
explanations of the patterns are Dr. Schliemann's ; and the
Editor has added a few descriptions, based on a careful
attempt to analyze and arrange the patterns according to

PREFACE. Vll

distinct types. Most of these types are exhibited on
Plates XXII. and XXIII.

The selection of the 300 illustrations inserted in the
body of the work has been a matter of no ordinary labour.
One chief point, in which the present work claims to be an
improvement on the original, is the exhibition of the most
interesting objects in Dr. Schliemann's collection in their
proper relation to the descriptions in his text. The work
of selection from 4000 objects, great as was the care it
required, was the smallest part of the difficulty. It is no
disparagement to Dr. Schliemann to recognize the fact that,
amidst his occupations at the work through the long days
of spring and summer, and with little competent help save
from Madame Schliemann's enthusiasm in the cause, the
objects thrown on his hands from day to clay could only be
arranged and depicted very imperfectly. The difficulty was
greatly enhanced by a circumstance which should be noticed
in following the order of Dr. Schliemann's work. It dif-
fered greatly from that of his forerunners in the modern
enterprise of penetrating into the mounds that cover the
primeval cities of the world. When, for example, we follow
Layard into the mound of Nimrud, and see how the rooms
of the Assyrian palaces suddenly burst upon him, with
their walls lined with sculptured and inscribed slabs, We
seem almost to be reading of Aladdin's descent into the
treasure-house of jewels. But Schliemann's work consisted
in a series of transverse cuttings, which laid open sections
of the various strata, from the present surface of the hill to
the virgin soil. The work of one day would often yield
objects from almost all the strata ; and each successive
trench repeated the old order, more or less, from the re-
mains of Greek Ilium to those of the first settlers on the
hill. The marvel is that Dr. Schliemann should have been
able to preserve any order at all, rather than that he was

Vlll PREFACE.

obliged to abandon the attempt in the later Plates of his
Atlas (see p. 225) ; and special thanks are due for his care
in continuing to note the depths of all the objects found.
This has often given the clue to our search, amidst the mixed
objects of a similar nature on the photographic Plates, for
those which he describes in his text, where the figures
referred to by Plate and Number form the exception rather
than the rule. We believe that the cases in which we have
failed to find objects really worth representing, or in which an
object named in the text may have been wrongly identified
in the Plates, are so few as in no way to affect the value
of the work. How much, on the other hand, its value
is increased by the style in which our illustrations have
been engraved, will be best seen by a comparison with the
photographic Plates. It should be added that the present
work contains all the illustrations that are now generally
accessible, as the Atlas is out of print, and the negatives
are understood to be past further use.

Twelve of the views (Plates II., Ill, IV, V, VI, VII. A
and B, IX, X, XI. A and B, and XII, besides the Great
Altar, No. 188) were engraved by Mr. Whymper ; all the
other views and cuts by Mr. James D. Cooper; and the
lithographed map, plans, and plates of whorls and balls by
Messrs. Cooper and Hodson. In the description appended
to each engraving all that is valuable in the letter-press to
the Atlas has been incorporated, and the depth at which
the object was found is added. Some further descriptions
of the Plates are given in the " List of Illustrations."

The text of Dr. Schliemann's work has been translated
by Miss L. Dora Schmitz, and revised throughout by the
Editor. The object kept in view has been a faithful
rendering of the Memoirs, in all the freshness due to their
composition on the spot during the progress of the work.
That mode of composition, it is true, involved not a few of

PREFACE. IX

those mistakes and contradictions on matters of opinion,
due to the novelty and the rapid progress of the discoveries,
which Dr. Schliemann has confessed and explained at the
opening of his work (see p. 12). To have attempted a
systematic correction and harmonizing of such discre-
pancies would have deprived the work of all its freshness,
and of much of its value as a series of landmarks in the
history of Dr. Schliemann's researches, from his first firm
conviction that Troy was to be sought in the Hill of
Hissarlik, to his discovery of the " Scaean Gate " and the
" Treasure of Priam." The Author's final conclusions are
summed up by himself in the " Introduction ;" and the
Editor has thought it enough to add to those state-
ments, which seemed likely to mislead the reader for a
time, references to the places where the correction may be
found. On one point he has ventured a little further.
All the earlier chapters are affected by the opinion, that
the lowest remains on the native rock were those of the
Homeric Troy, which Dr. Schliemann afterwards recog-
nized in the stratum next above. To avoid perpetual
reference to this change of opinion, the Editor has sometimes
omitted or toned down the words " Troy " and " Trojan " as
applied to the lowest stratum, and, both in the " Contents "
and running titles, and in the descriptions of the Illus-
trations, he has throughout applied those terms to the
discoveries in the second stratum, in accordance with
Dr. Schliemann's ultimate conclusion.

In a very few cases the Editor has ventured to correct
what seemed to him positive errors.* He has not deemed
it any part of his duty to discuss the Author's opinions or
to review his conclusions. He has, however, taken such

* Several misprints and wrong references in the original have been
corrected. For the correction respecting the debris at Jerusalem (note
to p. 218), the Editor is indebted to his friend Mr. George Grove.

X PREFACE.

opportunities as suggested themselves, to set Dr.Schliemann's
statements in a clearer light by a few illustrative annota-
tions. Among the rest, the chief passages cited from
Homer are quoted in full, with Lord Derby's translation,
and others have been added (out of many more which
have been noted), as suggesting remarkable coincidences
with the objects found by Dr. Schliemann.

From the manner in which the work was composed,
and the great importance attached by Dr. Schliemann to
some leading points of his argument, it was inevitable that
there should be some repetitions, both in the Memoirs
themselves, and between them and the Introduction.
These the Editor has rather endeavoured to abridge than
completelv to remove. To have expunged them from
the Memoirs would have deprived these of much of the
interest resulting from the discussions which arose out of
the discoveries in their first freshness ; to have omitted
them from the Introduction would have marred the com-
pleteness of the Author's summary of his results. The
few repetitions left standing are a fair measure of the
importance which the Author assigns to the points thus
insisted on. A very few passages have been omitted for
reasons that would be evident on a reference to the
original; but none of these omissions affect a single point
in Dr. Schliemann's discoveries.

The measures, which Dr. Schliemann gives with the
minutest care throughout his work, have been preserved
and converted from the French metric standard into
English measures. This has been done with great care,
though in such constant conversion some errors must of
course have crept in ; and approximate numbers have
often been given to avoid the awkwardness of fractions,
where minute accuracy seemed needless. In man}- cases
both the French and English measures are given, not only

PREFACE. XI

because Dr. Schliemann gives both (as he often does), but
for another sufficient reason. A chief key to the signifi-
cance of the discoveries is found in the depths of the
successive strata of remains, which are exhibited in the
form of a diagram on page 10. The numbers which
express these in Meters * are so constantly used by
Dr. Schliemann, and are so much simpler than the English
equivalents, that they have been kept as a sort of " memory
key " to the strata of remains. For the like reason, and
for simplicity-sake, the depths appended to the Illustrations
are given in meters only. The Table of French and
English Measures on page $6 will enable the reader to
check our conversions and to make his own. The Editor
has added an Appendix, explaining briefly the present state
of the deeply interesting question concerning the Inscrip-
tions which have been traced on some of the objects found
by Dr. Schliemann.

With these explanations the Editor might be content
to leave the work to the judgment of scholars and of the
great body of educated persons, who have happily been
brought up in the knowledge and love of Homer's glorious
poetry, " the tale of Troy divine," and of

" Immortal Greece, dear land of glorious lays."

Long may it be before such training is denied to the
imagination of the young, whether on the low utilitarian
ground, or on the more specious and dangerous plea of
making it the select possession of the few who can acquire
it " thoroughly " :

N^ioi, ovk MKxcriv ocra) it\4ov rjfXLcrv ttcwtos-

To attempt a discussion of the results of Dr. Schlie-

* The Anglicized form of the word is used as a matter of common
sense and convenience. Dr. Schliemann does the same in German.

Xli PREFACE.

mann's discoveries would be alike beyond the province
of an Editor, and premature in the present state of the
investigation. The criticisms called forth both in England
and on the Continent, during the one year that has
elapsed since the publication of the work, are an earnest
of the more than ten years' duration of that new War of
Troy for which it has given the signal. The English
reader may obtain some idea of the points that have been
brought under discussion by turning over the file of the
"Academy" for the year, not to speak of many reviews of
Schliemann's work in other periodicals and papers. With-
out plunging into these varied discussions, it may be well
to indicate briefly certain points that have been established,
some lines of research that have been opened, and some
false issues that need to be avoided.

First of all, the integrity of Dr. Schliemann in the
whole matter — of which his self-sacrificing spirit might
surely have been a sufficient pledge — and the genuineness
of his discoveries, are beyond all suspicion. We have,
indeed, never seen them called in question, except in what
appears to be an effusion of spite from a Greek, who seems
to envy a German his discoveries on the Greek ground
which Greeks have neglected for fifteen centuries.* In
addition to the consent of scholars, the genuineness and
high antiquity of the objects in Dr. Schliemann's collection
have been specially attested by so competent a judge as
Mr. Charles Newton, of the British Museum, who went
to Athens for the express purpose of examining them.f

* See the Letter of Mr. S. Comnos in the Athenceum of August 8th,
and the Answer of Dr. Schliemann in the Academy of November 7th.

[874.

t See Mr. Newton's Report, and the discussion thereupon, in the
Academy of February 14th, 1874, and in the ' Transactions of the Society
of Antiquaries.'

PREFACE. Xlll

A letter by Mr. Frank Calvert, who is so honourably
mentioned in the work, deserves special notice for the
implied testimony which it bears to Dr. Schliemann's good
faith, while strongly criticising some of his statements.*

Among the false issues raised in the discussion, one
most to be avoided is the making the value of Dr. Schlie-
mann's discoveries dependent on the question of the site
of Troy as determined by the data furnished by the Iliad.
The position is common to Schliemann and his adverse
critics, that Homer never saw the city of whose fate he
sang; — because, says Schliemann, it had long been buried
beneath its own ashes and the cities, or the ruins of the
cities, built above it ; — because, say the objectors, Homer
created a Troy of his own imagination. The former
existence and site of Troy were known to Homer — says
Schliemann — by the unbroken tradition belonging to the
spot where the Greek colonists founded the city which they
called by the same name as, and believed to be the true
successor of, the Homeric Ilium. Of this, it is replied,
we know nothing, and we have no other guide to Homer s
Troy save the data of the Iliad. Be it so ; and if those data
really point to Hissarlik — as was the universal opinion of
antiquity, till a sceptical grammarian invented another site,
which all scholars now reject — as was also the opinion of
modern scholars, till the new site of Bunarbashi was
invented by Lechevalier to suit the Iliad, and accepted by
many critics, but rejected by others, including the high
authority of Grote — then the conclusion is irresistible,
that Schliemann has found the Troy of which Homer had
heard through the lasting report of poetic fame : 'H/^ets Se

* The Athenceum, November 7th, 1874. Some of Mr. Calvert's
corrections seem of importance, but we have not felt it right to use them
in the absence of the reply which Dr. Schliemann will doubtless make,
as he has done to his other critics.

XIV PREFACE.

kXco9 olov cLKovojxev* But the corresponding negative does
not follow ; for, if Homer's Troy was but a city built in the
ethereal region of his fancy, his placing it at Bunarbashi, or
on any other spot, could not affect the lost site of the true
Troy, if such a city ever existed, and therefore can be no
objection to the argument, that the discovery of an ancient
city on the traditional site of the heroic Troy confirms the
truth of the tradition on both points — the real existence
of the city, as well as its existence on this site. The
paradox— that Troy never existed and that Bunarbashi was
its site — was so far confirmed by Schliemann that he dug
at Bunarbashi, and found clear evidence that the idea of a
great city having ever stood there is a mere imagination.
The few remains of walls, that were found there, confirm
instead of weakening the negative conclusion; for they
are as utterly inadequate to be the remains of the " great,
sacred, wealthy Ilium," as they are suitable to the little
town of Gergis, with which they are now identified by an
inscription. In short, that the real city of Troy could not
have stood at Bunarbashi, is one of the most certain results
of Schliemann's researches.

The same sure test of downright digging has finally
disposed of all the other suggested sites, leaving by the
" method of exhaustion " the inevitable conclusion, that
the only great city (or succession of cities), that we know
to have existed in the Troad before the historic Grecian
colony of Ilium, rose and perished — as the Greeks of Ilium
always said it did — on the ground beneath their feet, upon

* Iliad, II. 486. See the full quotation at p. 346. Professor Max
Muller quotes the same passage in favour of the non-reality of Homer's
Troy ; but surely the kAcos aKovofxev implies a positivet tradition, and
the ou'Se ti I8fj.€v confesses ignorance of details cnly. Are Homer's
Hellespont, and his Plain of Troy, watered by the Scamander and
Simoiis, also " to be sought rather among the Muses who dwell on
( Mympus than " about " the Hill of Hissarlik " ?

PREFACE. XV

the Hill of Hissarlik. And that Homer, or — if you please
— the so-called Homeric bards, familiar with the Troad,
and avowedly following tradition, should have imagined a
different site, would be, at the least, very surprising. This
is not the place for an analysis of the Homeric local evi-
dence ; but, coming fresh from a renewed perusal of the
Iliad with a view to this very question, the Editor feels
bound to express the conviction that its indications, while
in themselves consistent with the site of Hissarlik, can be
interpreted in no other way, now that we know what that
site contains.*

Standing, as it does, at the very point of junction be-
tween the East and West, and in the region where we find
the connecting link between the primitive Greeks of Asia
and Europe,f tne Hill °f Hissarlik answers at once to the
primitive type of a Greek city, and to the present condition
of the primeval capitals of the East. Like so many of the
first, in Greece, Asia Minor, and Italy, the old city was a
hill-fort, an Acropolis built near but not close upon the
sea, in a situation suited at once for defence against the
neighbouring barbarians, and for the prosecution of that
commerce, whether by its own maritime enterprise, or by
intercourse with foreign voyagers,- of which the copper,
ivory, and other objects from the ruins furnish decisive

* The excellent dissertation by Dr. Eckenbrecher, to which Schlie-
mann refers at page 46, has just been republished in a revised edition,
" Die Lage des Homerischen Troja, von Dr. Gustav von Ecken-
brecher." With 2 Maps and a View of Hissarlik, 1875. The Author
has purposely kept his argument in favour of the site at Hissarlik, from
Homer and the later classical writers, distinct from what he distinctly
accepts as its confirmation by Schliemann's discoveries.

t See the remarks on this point in the Appendix, p. 364. Lest the
views here indicated should seem to be at variance with the frequent
use of the term " pre-Hellenic " throughout this work, it may be well to
explain, once for all, that " pre-Hellenic " is to be taken as signifying
nothing else than "before the occupation of the site by the people of
the historical Greek Ilium."

XVI PREFACE.

proofs.* This type is as conspicuously wanting at Bunar-
bashi, as it is well marked by the site of Hissarlik.

Like the other great oriental capitals of the Old World,
the present condition of Troy is that of a mound, such
as those in the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates, offering
for ages the invitation to research, which has only been
accepted and rewarded in our own day. The resemblance
is so striking, as to raise a strong presumption that, as
the mounds of Nimrud and Kouyunjik, of Khorsabad and
Hillah, have been found to contain the palaces of the
Assyrian and Babylonian kings, so we may accept the ruins
found in the mound of Hissarlik as those of the capital of
that primeval empire in Asia Minor, which is indicated by
the Homeric tradition, and proved to have been a reality
by the Egyptian monuments.^

This parallel seems to throw some light on a question,
concerning which Dr. Schliemann is forced to a result
which disappointed himself, and does not appear satis-
factory to us — that of the magnitude of Troy. As the
mounds opened by Layard and his fellow labourers con-
tained only the "royal quarters," which towered above the
rude buildings of cities the magnitude of which is attested
by abundant proofs, so it is reasonable to believe that the
ruins at Hissarlik are those of the royal quarter, the only

* The Phrygians (of which race the Trojans were a branch) are
among the nations mentioned as having held in succession the supre-
macy at sea {OaXacraoKparla).

t The evidence of the Egyptian monuments to the power of Troy,
and the bearing of that evidence on the date of the remains at Hissarlik,
are among the subjects which we must refrain from discussing, as both
too large and as yet too imperfectly investigated. It must suffice at
present to refer to the letters by M. Francois Lenormaxt in the
Academy for March 21st and March 28th, 1874, and to the two articles
in the Contemporary Review for June and July, 1874, which it is under-
stood that Mr. Gladstone is about to republish under the title of
'■Homer and Egypt; a Contribution towards determining the Place
of Homer in Chronology.'

PREFACE XVU

really permanent part of the city, built on the hill capping
the lower plateau which lifted the huts of the common
people above the marshes and inundations of the Scaman-
der and the Simois. In both cases the fragile dwellings of
the multitude have perished ; and the pottery and other
remains, which were left on the surface of the plateau of
Ilium, would naturally be cleared away by the succeeding
settlers. Instead, therefore, of supposing with Schliemann,
that Homer's poetical exaggeration invented the " Per-
gamus," we would rather say that he exalted the mean
dwellings that clustered about the Pergamus into the "well-
built city" with her "wide streets."

We cannot sympathize with the sentimental objection
that, in proportion as the conviction grows that the Troy
of Homer has been found, his poetry is brought down
from the heights of pure imagination. Epic Poetry, the
very essence of which is narrative, has always achieved
its noblest triumphs in celebrating events which were at
least believed to be real, not in the invention of incidents
and deeds purely imaginary. The most resolute deniers of
any historic basis for the story of Troy will admit that
neither the scene nor the chief actors were invented by
Homer, or, if you please, the Homeric poets, who assuredly
believed the truth of the traditions to which the Iliad
gave an immortal form. Any discovery which verifies that
belief strengthens the foundation without impairing the
superstructure, and adds the interest of truthfulness to those
poetic beauties which remain the pure creation of Homer.

Leaving the Homeric bearings of the question to the
discussion of which no speedy end can be anticipated, all
are agreed that Dr. Schliemann's discoveries have added
immensely to that growing mass of evidence which is tend-
ing to solve one of the most interesting problems in the
history of the world, the connection between the East and

XV1U PREFACE.

West, especially with regard to the spread of Aryan civi-
lization.* Two points are becoming clearer every day,
the early existence of members of the Greek race on the
shores of Asia, and the essential truth of those traditions
about the Oriental influence on Greek civilization, which,
within our own remembrance, have passed through the
stages of uncritical acceptance, hypercritical rejection, and
discriminating belief founded on sure evidence.

It would seem as if Troy, familiar to our childhood as the
point of contact in poetry between the East and West, were
reappearing in the science of archaeology as a link between
the eastern and western branches of the antiquities of the
great Aryan family, extending its influence to our own
island in another sense than the legend of Brute the Trojan.
How great an increase of light may soon be expected from
the deciphering of the Inscriptions found at Hissarlik may
be inferred, in part, from the brief account, in the Appen-
dix, of the progress thus far made. In fine, few dissentients
will be found from the judgment of a not too favourable
critic, that " Dr. Schliemann, in spite of his over-great en-
thusiasm, has done the world an incalculable

service.'"' f

The decipherment of the inscriptions will probably go
far to determine the curious question of the use of the
terra-cotta whorls, found in such numbers in all the four
pre-Hellenic strata of remains at Hissarlik. That they had

* Those desirous of pursuing this study from its fountain-head may-
consult, besides the works quoted by Dr. Schliemann, Spiegel's ' Iranian
Antiquities' (Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vols. I. and II., Leipzig, 187 1,

1873)-

t Professor Van Benschoten's ' Remarks on Dr. Schliemann's Dis-
coveries,' in the ' Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Session of the
American Philological Association, held at Hartford, July 1874.' We
have been pleased to find this testimony, while correcting this sheet for
press, in the Academy for January 9th. 1875.

PREFACE. XIX

some practical purpose may be inferred both from this
very abundance, and from the occurrence of similar objects
among the remains of various early races. Besides the
examples given by Dr. Schliemann, they have been found
in various parts of our own island, and especially in Scot-
land, but always (we believe) without decorations. On
the other hand, the Aryan emblems and the inscriptions *
marked upon them would seem to show that they were
applied to, if not originally designed for, some higher use.
It seems quite natural for a simple and religious race, such
as the early Aryans certainly were, to stamp religious
emblems and sentences on objects in daily use, and then
to consecrate them as ex voto offerings, according to Dr.
Schliemann's suggestion. The astronomical significance,
which Schliemann finds in many of the whorls, is unmis-
takeable in most of the terra-cotta balls ; and this seems to
furnish evidence that the people who made them had some
acquaintance, at least, with the astronomical science of
Babylonia.

The keen discussion provoked by Dr. Schliemann's
novel explanation of the 64a yXavKcoms 'Adijvr) might be
left " a pretty quarrel as it stands," f did there not appear
to be a key of which neither party has made sufficient use.
The symbolism, which embodied divine attributes in animal
forms, belonged unquestionably to an early form of the
Greek religion, as well as to the Egyptian and Assyrian.^

* Had the first conclusions of Haug and Gomperz remained good,
we should have had the very significant evidence that all the inscriptions
were in the nature of dedications or invocations ; but of course this
question must now be held in suspense.

| See Max Muller's Review of Schliemann in the Academy, Jan.
ioth, 1874, p. 39; Schliemann's Reply, entitled 'Hera Boopis and
Athene' Glaukopis,' Ibid. Nov. 21st, 1874, p. 563, and Max Muller's
Rejoinder, Ibid. Nov. 24th, p. 585.

± On the whole subject of this symbolism see the recent work of
Professor Conze on the ' Figures of Heroes and Gods ' {Heroen- mid

b 1

xx PREFACE.

The ram-headed Amnion, the hawk-headed Ra, the eagle-
headed Nisroch, form exact precedents for an owl-headed
Athena, a personation which may very well have passed
into the slighter forms of owl-faced, owl-eyed, bright-eyed.
Indeed, we see no other explanation of the constant con-
nection of the owl with the goddess, which survived to the
most perfect age of Greek sculpture. The question is not
to be decided by an etymological analysis of the sense of
yXavKWTTLs in the Greek writers, long after the old sym-
bolism had been forgotten, nor even by the sense which
Homer may have attached to the word in his own mind.
One of the most striking characters of his language is his
use of fixed epithets ; and he might very well have inherited
the title of the tutelar goddess of the Ionian race with the
rest of his stock of traditions. I f ykavKonri^ were merely
a common attributive, signifying " bright-eyed," it is very
remarkable that Homer should never apply it to mortal
women, or to any goddess save Athena. We are express-
ing no opinion upon the accuracy of Schliemann's identi-
fication in every case ; but the rudeness of many of his
" owl-faced idols " is no stumbling-block, for the oldest and
rudest sacred images were held in lasting and peculiar reve-
rence. The Ephesian image of Artemis, " which fell down
from Jove," is a case parallel to what the " Palladium " of
Ilium may have been.

The ethnological interpretation of the four strata of
remains at Hissarlik is another of the questions which it
would be premature to discuss ; but a passing reference

Gotter-Gestalteri), He shows that the symbol preceded the image, two
things which have been confounded in the discussion. A fuller illustra-
tion may be obtained from the use of animals in the armorial devices
of the Greeks, which has been recently discussed by Professor Curtius
in a paper contributed to the Berlin Academy of Science. He believes
that the practice came originallv from Assyria, so that Troy would be
on the route.

PREFACE. XXI

may be allowed to their very remarkable correspondence
with the traditions relating to the site. First, Homer re-
cognizes a city which preceded the Ilium of Priam, and
which had been destroyed by Hercules ; and Schliemann
found a primeval city, of considerable civilization, on the
native rock, below the ruins which he regards as the
Homeric Troy. Tradition speaks of a Phrygian population,
of which the Trojans were a branch, as having apparently
displaced, and driven over into Europe, the kindred Pelas-
gians. Above the second stratum are the remains of a
third city, which, in the type and patterns of its terra-
cottas, instruments, .and ornaments, shows a close resem-
blance to the second; and the link of connection is rivetted
by the inscriptions in the same character in both strata.
And so, in the Homeric poems, every reader is struck with
the common bonds of genealogy and language, traditions
and mutual intercourse, religion and manners, between the
Greeks who assail Troy and the Trojans who defend it. If
the legend of the Trojan War preserves the tradition of a
real conquest of the city by a kindred race, the very nature
of the case forbids us to accept literally the story, that the
conquerors simply sailed away again.* It is far more rea-
sonable to regard the ten years of the War, and the ten
years of the Return of the Chiefs (NoVtoi) as cycles of
ethnic struggles, the details of which had been sublimed
into poetical traditions. The fact, that Schliemann traces
in the third stratum a civilization lower than in the second,
is an objection only from the point of view of our classical
prepossessions. There are not wanting indications in

* While writing this, we remember (though without the means of
verification at hand) that Niebuhr maintains the same view in his
' Lectures on Ancient History ' ; and it is confirmed by the tradition
among the yEolians of the Troad, that Agamemnon was the founder
of their colony (ktutt,^).

XXli PREFACE.

Homer (as Curtius, among others, has pointed out) that
the Trojans were more civilized and wealthy than the
Greeks ; and in the much earlier age, to which the con-
flict— if real at all — must have belonged, we may be sure
that the Asiatic people had over their European kindred
an advantage which we may venture to symbolize by the
golden arms of Glaucus and the brazen arms of Diomed
(Homer, Iliad, YL 13$, 2,36). Xanthus, the old historian
of Lydia, preserves the tradition of a reflux migration of
Phrvgians from Europe into Asia, after the Trojan War,
and says that they conquered Troy and settled in its
territory. This migration is ascribed to the pressure of
the barbarian Thracians ; and the fourth stratum, with its
traces of merely wooden buildings, and other marks of a
lower stage of civilization, corresponds to that conquest of
the Troad by those same barbarian Thracians, the tradition
of which is preserved by Herodotus and other writers. The
primitive dwellings of those races in Thrace still furnish
the flint implements, which are most abundant in the
fourth stratum at Hissarlik.

The extremely interesting concurrence of instruments
of stone with those of copper (or bronze, see p. 361) in all
the four strata at Hissarlik, may be illustrated by a case
which has fallen under our notice while dismissing this
sheet for press. A mound recently opened at the Bocenos,
near Carnac (in the Morbihan), has disclosed the remains
of a Gallic house, of the second century of our era, in which
flint implements were found, intermixed with pottery of va-
rious styles, from the most primitive to the finest examples
of native Gallic art, and among all these objects was a terra-
cotta head of the Venus Anadyomene* Such facts as

See the Academy, Jan. 9th, (875.

PREFACE. XX111

these furnish a caution against the too hasty application
of the theory of the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron.

Another illustration is worth adding of the persistence
of the forms of objects in common use in the same
region. (See p. 47.) Mr. Davis, in his recently published
travels in Asia Minor,* describes a wooden vessel for
carrying water, which he saw at Hierapolis, in Phrygia,
of the very same form as the crown-handled vase-covers of
terra-cotta found in such numbers by Schliemann (see
pp. 25, 48, 86, 95, &c). "They are made of a section of
the pine : the inside is hollowed from below, and the bottom
is closed by another piece of wood exactly fitted into it."
The two drawings given by Mr. Davis closely resemble
our cut, No. 51, p. 86.

Our last letter from Dr. Schliemann announced the
approaching termination of his lawsuit with the Turkish
Government, arising out of the dispute referred to in the
'Introduction' (p. 52). The collection has been valued
by two experts ; and Dr. Schliemann satisfies the demand
of the Turkish Government by a payment in cash, and an
engagement to continue the excavations in Troy for three
or four months for the benefit of the Imperial Museum at
Constantinople. We rejoice that he has not " closed the
excavations at Hissarlik for ever" (see p. 356), and wait to
see what new discoveries may equal or surpass those of the
"Scaean Gates," the "Palace," and the "Treasure of Priam."

Meanwhile, as the use of so mythical a name as that
of Troy's last king has furnished a special butt for critical
scorn, it seems due to Dr. Schliemann to quote his reason
for retaining it: — f

* • Anatolica ; or the Journal of a Visit to some of the ancient
Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. By the Rev. E. J.
Davis, H.B.M.'s Consular Chaplain, Alexandria, 1874.' Page 101.

t The Academy, Nov. 7th, 1874.

XXIV PREFACE.

" I identify with the Homeric Ilion the city second in
succession from the virgin soil, because only in that city
were used the Great Tower, the great Circuit Wall, the
great Double Gate, and the ancient palace of the chief or
king, whom I call Priam, because he is called so by the
tradition of which Homer is the echo ; but as soon as it is
proved that Homer and the tradition were wrong, and that
Troy's last king was called ' Smith,' I shall at once call
him so." Those who believe Troy to be a myth and
Priam a shadow as unsubstantial as the shape, whose head

" The likeness of a kingly crown had on,"

need not grudge Schliemann the satisfaction of giving the
unappropriated nominis umbra to the owner of his very
substantial Treasure. The name of Priam may possiblv
even yet be read on the inscriptions, as the names of the
Assyrian kings have been read on theirs, or it may be an
invention of the bard's ; but the name of Troy can no
longer be withheld from the " splendid ruins " of the
great and wealthy city which stood upon its traditional
site — a city which has been sacked by enemies and burnt
with fire.

PHILIP SMITH.
Hampstead,

Christmas Eve, 1874.

Terra-cotta Tablets from the Greek Stratum (1-2 M.).

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Editor's Preface ..

Autobiographical Notice of Dr. Henry Schliemann..

Diagram showing the successive Strata of Remains on the Hill

of Hissarlik
Introduction
Comparative Table of French Meters and English Measures ..

age

iii
1

WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1871.
CHAPTER I.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, October \%th, 1871.

The site of Ilium described — Excavations in 1870 : the City Wall of Lysi-
machus — Purchase of the site and grant of a. firman — Arrival of Dr. and
Madame Schliemann in 1871, and beginning of the Excavations — The
Hill of Hissarlik, the Acropolis of the Greek Ilium — Search for its
limits — Difficulties of the work — The great cutting on the North side —
Greek coins found — Dangers from fever 57

CHAPTER II.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, October 26th, 1871.

Number of workmen — Discoveries at 2 to 4 meters deep — Greek coins ■ —
Remarkable terra-cottas with small stamps, probably Ex votos — These
cease, and are succeeded by the whorls — Bones of sharks, shells of mus-
sels and oysters, and pottery — Three Greek Inscriptions — The splendid
panoramic view from Hissarlik — The Plain of Troy and the heroic tumuli
— Thymbria : Mr. Frank Calvert's Museum — The mound of Chana'i
Tepe — The Scamander and its ancient bed — Valley of the Simois, and
Ruins of Ophrynium 64

CHAPTER III.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November yd, 1871.

Puzzling transitions from the "Stone Ago" to a higher civilization — The
stone age reappears in force, mixed with pottery of tine workmanship, and

XXVI CONTENTS.

the whorls in great number — Conjectures as to their uses : probably
Ex votos — Priapi of stone and terra-cotta : their worship brought by
the primitive Aryans from Bactria — Vessels with the owl's face — Boars'
tusks — Various implements and weapons of stone — Hand mill-stones —
Models of canoes in terra-cotta — Whetstones — The one object of the
excavations, to find Troy .. .. .. .. .. Page 75

CHAPTER IV.
On the Hill of Hissarlik, November iS///, 1871.

Another passage from the Stone Age to copper implements mixed with stone

— The signs of a higher civilization increase with the depth reached —
All the implements are of better workmanship — Discovery of supposed
inscriptions — Further discussion of the use of the whorls — Troy still
to be reached — Fine terra-cotta vessels of remarkable forms — Great
numbers of stone weights and hand mill-stones — Numerous house-walls

— Construction of the great cutting — Fever and quinine — Wounds
and arnica .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81

CHAPTER V.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 24th, 1871.

Interruptions from Rain — Last works of the season, 1871 — The supposed
ruins of Troy reached — Great blocks of stone — Engineering con-
trivances— -Excavations at the "Village of the Ilians :" no traces of
habitation, and none of hot springs — Results of the excavations thus far

— Review of the objects found at various depths — Structure of the
lowest houses yet reached — Difficulties of the excavations — The object
aimed at — Growth of the Hill of Hissarlik .. .. .. .. 90

WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1872.
CHAPTER VI.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, April $tA, 1872.

New assistants for 1872 — Cost of the excavations — Digging of the great
platform on the North — Venomous snakes — A supporting buttress on
the North side of the hill — Objects discovered : little idols of fine marble

— Whorls engraved with the suastika eSs and p^ — Significance of these
emblems in the old Aryan religion — Their occurrence among other
Aryan nations — Mentioned in old Indian literature — Illustrative quota-
tion from Emile Burnouf .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98

CHAPTER VII.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, April 2$th, 1872.

CONTENTS. XXVll

expedients — Georgios Photidas — Extent of the Pergamus of Troy —
Poisonous snakes, and the snake-weed — The whorls with the central
sun, stars, the suastika, the SSma, or Tree of Life, and sacrificial altars

— The name of Mount Ida, probably brought from Bactria Page 107

CHAPTER VIII.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, May llth, 1872.

Hindrances through Greek festivals — Thickness of the layers of debris
above the native rock — Date of the foundation of Troy — Impossibility
of the Bunarbashi theory — Homeric epithets suitable to Hissarlik —
Etymology of "iXtos, signifying probably the " fortress of the Sun " — The
Aruna of the Egyptian records — Progress of the platform, and corre-
sponding excavation on the south — The bulwark of Lysimachus — ■
Ruins of great buildings — Marks of civilization increasing with the
depth — Vases, and fragments of great urns — A remarkable terra-cotta

— A whorl with the appearance of an inscription .. .. .. 122

CHAPTER IX.
On the Hill of Hissarlik, May 2yd, 1872.

Superstition of the Greeks about saints' days — Further engineering works

— Narrow escape of six men — Ancient building on the western terrace —
The ruins under this house — Old Trojan mode of building — Continued
marks of higher civilization — Terra-cottas engraved with Aryan symbols :
antelopes, a man in the attitude of prayer, flaming altars, hares — The
symbol of the moon — Solar emblems, and rotating wheels — Remarks
on former supposed inscriptions — Stone moulds for casting weapons
and implements — Absence of cellars, and use of colossal jars in their
stead — The quarry used for the Trojan buildings — " Un Medecin malgre
lui." — Blood-letting priest-doctors — Efficacy of sea-baths ■ — ■ Ingratitude
of the peasants cured — Increasing heat .. .. .. .. 131

CHAPTER X.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, June 18///, 1872.

A third platform dug — Traces of former excavations by the Turks — Block
of triglyphs, with bas-relief of Apollo — Fall of an earth-wall — Plan of
a trench through the whole hill — Admirable remains in the lowest
stratum but one — The plain and engraved whorls — - Objects of gold,
silver, copper, and ivory — Remarkable terra-cottas — The pottery of the
lowest stratum quite distinct from that of the next above — Its resem-
blance to the Etruscan, in quality only — Curious funereal urns — Skeleton
of a six months' embryo — Other remains in the lowest stratum — Idols
of tine marble, the sole exception to the superior workmanship of this
stratum — The houses and palaces of the lowest stratum, of large stones
joined with earth — Disappearance of the first people with the destruction
of their town.

XXVlii CONTENTS.

coeval with Troy ! — Long duration of the second settlers — Their Aryan
descent proved by Aryan symbols — Various forms of their pottery —
Vases in the form of animals — The whorls of this stratum — Their
interesting devices — Copper weapons and implements, and moulds for
casting them — Terra-cotta seals — Bracelets and ear-rings, of silver, gold,
and electrum — Pins, &c, of ivory and bone — Fragments of a lyre — Va-
rious objects.

The /// rd stratum : the remains of an Aryan race — Hardly a trace of
metal — Structure of their houses — Their stone implements and terra-
cottas coarser — Various forms of pottery — Remarkable terra-cotta balls
with astronomical and religious symbols — Whorls — Stone weapons —
Whetstones — Hammers and instruments of diorite — A well belonging
to this people — This third town destroyed with its people.

The fourth settlers: comparatively savage, but still of Aryan race — Whorls
with like emblems, but of a degenerate form — Their pottery inferior, but
with some curious forms — Idols of Athena — Articles of copper — Few
stones — Charred remains, indicating wooden buildings — Stone weights,
handmills, and knives and saws of flint — -With this people the pre-
Hellenic ages end — The stone buildings and painted and plain terra-
cottas of Greek Ilium — Date of the Greek colony — Signs that the old
inhabitants were not extirpated — The whorls of very coarse clay and
patterns — Well, and jars for water and wine — Proofs of the regular
succession of nations on the hill— Reply to the arguments of M. Niko-
lai'des for the site at Bunarbashi — The Simois, Thymbrius, and Sca-
mander — The tomb of Ajax at In-Tepe" — Remains in it — Temple of
Ajax and town of Aianteum — Tomb of Achilles and town of Achilleum — ■
Tombs of Patroclus and Antilochus — The Greek camp — The tomb of
Batiea or Myrina — Further discussion of the site .. .. Page 143

CHAPTER XI.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, July i$th, 1872.

Increase of men and machinery and cost on the works : but slow progress
— Continued hurricane on "the windy Ilium " ("iXios 7]vefi6eaaa) — The
great platform proves too high — New cutting — Excavation of the
temple — Objects found — Greek statuettes in terra-cotta — Many whorls
with py and suns — Wheel-shaped whorls with simple patterns in the
lowest strata — Terra-cotta balls with suns and stars — Use of the
whorls as amulets or coins discussed — Little bowls, probably lamps
— -Other articles of pottery — Funnels — A terra-cotta bell — Various
beautiful terra-cottas — Attempts at forgery by the workmen ■ — Mode of
naming the men — The springs in front of Ilium — Question of Homer's
hot and cold spring — Course of the Simois — The tomb of Batiea or
Myrina identified with the Pacha Te"pe — Theatre of Lysimachus — Heat
and wind — Plague of insects and scorpions — Konstantinos Kolobos, a
native genius without feet .. .. .. .. .. .. 184

CHAPTER XII.
Pergamus of Troy, August \th, 1872.

Discover) of an ancient wall on the northern slope — Discovery oi a Tower

on the south side — Its position and construction — It js Homer's Great

CONTENTS. XXIX

Tower of Ilium — Manner of building with stones and earth — A Greek
inscription — Remarkable medal of the age of CoirTmodus — Whorls
found just below the surface — Terra-cottas found at small depths —
Various objects found at the various depths — A skeleton, with ornaments
of gold, which have been exposed to a great heat — Paucity of human
remains, as the Trojans burnt their dead — No trace of pillars — Naming
of the site as " Ilium " and the " Pergamus of Troy " .. .. Page 200

CHAPTER XIII.
Pergamus of Troy, August \\th, 1872.

Intended cessation of the work — Further excavation of the Tower- — Layers
of red ashes and calcined stones — Objects found on the Tower —
Weapons, implements, and ornaments of stone, copper, and silver —
Bones — ■ Pottery and vases of remarkable forms — Objects found on each
side of the Tower — ■ First rain for four months — Thanks for escape
from the constant dangers — Results of the excavations — The site of
Homer's Troy identified with that of Greek Ilium — Error of the Bunar-
bashi theory — Area of the Greek city — Depth of the accumulated debris
unexampled in the world — Multitude of interesting objects brought to
light — Care in making drawings of them all . . . . . . . . 212

CHAPTER XIV.

Athens, September 2%t/i, 1872.

Return to Troy to take plans and photographs — Damage to retaining
walls — The unfaithfulness of the watchman — Stones carried off for a
' neighbouring church and houses — Injury by rain — Works for security
during the winter — Opening up of a retaining wall on the side of the
hill, probably built to support the temple of Athena — Supposed debris
of that temple — Drain belonging to it — Doric style of the temple
proved by the block of Triglyphs — Temple of Apollo also on the
Pergamus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..220

WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1873.
CHAPTER XV.

Pergamus of Troy, February 12nd, 1873.

Return to Hissarlik in 1873 — Interruptions by holydays and weather —
Strong cold north winds — Importance of good overseers — An artist
taken to draw the objects found — Want of workmen — Excavations on
the site of the Temple — Blocks of Greek sculptured marble — Great
increase of the hill to the east — Further portions of the great Trojan
wall — Traces of fire — A terra-cotta hippopotamus, a sign of intercourse
with Egypt — Idols and owl-faced vases — Vases of very curious forms —
Whorls — Sling-bullets of copper and stone — Piece of ornamented ivory
belonging to a musical instrument — New cutting from S.E to N.W. —
Walls close below the surface — Wall of Lysimachus — Monograms on
the stones — An inscription in honour of Caius Caesar — Patronage
of Ilium by the Julii as the descendants of Apneas — Good wine of the
Troad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 224

XXX CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI.
Pergamus of Troy, March ist, 1S73.

Increased number of workmen — Further uncovering of the great buttress

— Traces of a supposed small temple — Objects found on its site —
Terra-cotta serpents' heads : great importance attached to the serpent

— Stone implements : hammers of a peculiar form — Copper imple-
ments : a sickle — Progress of the works at the south-east corner —
Remains of an aqueduct from the Thymbrius — Large jars, used for
cellars — Ruins of the Greek temple of Athena — Two important inscrip-
tions discussed — Relations of the Greek Syrian Kings Antiochus I. and
III. to Ilium .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 233

CHAPTER XVII.

Pergamus of Troy, March i$th, 1873.

Spring weather in the Plain of Troy — The Greek temple of Athena —
Numerous fragments of sculpture — Reservoir of the temple — Excava-
tion of the Tower — Difficulties of the work — Further discoveries of
walls — Stone implements at small depths — Important distinction be-
tween the plain and decorated whorls — Greek and Roman coins —
Absence of iron — Copper nails : their peculiar forms : probably dress
and hair pins : some with heads and beads of gold and electrum —
Original height of the Tower — Discovery of a Greek house — Various
types of whorls — Further remarks on the Greek bas-relief — It belonged
to the temple of Apollo — Stones from the excavations used for building
in the villages around — Fever .. .. .. .. .. .. 248

CHAPTER XVIII.

Pergamus of Troy, March 22nd, 1873.
Weather and progress of the work — The lion-headed handle of a sceptre —
Lions formerly in the Troad — Various objects found — Pottery — Imple-
ments of stone and copper — Whorls — Balls curiously decorated- — ■
Fragments of musical instruments — Remains of house walls — The
storks of the Troad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 259

CHAPTER XIX.

Pergamus of Troy, March 29///, 1S73.
Splendid vases found on the Tower — Other articles — Human skull, bones,
and ashes, found in an urn — New types of whorls — Greek votive discs
of diorite — Moulds of mica-schist — The smaller quantity of copper
than of stone implements explained — Discussion of the objection, that
stone implements are not mentioned by Homer — Reply to Mr. Calvert's
article — Flint knives found in the Acropolis of Athens ■ — A narrow escape
from fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

CHAPTER XX.

Pergamus of Troy, Afril $th, 1873.

Discovery of a large house upon the Tower — Marks of a great conflagration

— Primitive Altar: its very remarkable position — Ruins of the temple

CONTENTS. XXXI

of Athena — ■ A small cellar — Skeletons of warriors with copper helmets
and a lance — ■ Structure of the helmet-crests — Terra-cottas — A crucible
with copper still in it — Other objects — Extreme fineness of the engravings
on the whorls — Pottery — Stone implements — Copper pins and other
objects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 276

CHAPTER XXI.

Pergamus of Troy, April i6t/i, 1873.

Discovery of a street in the Pergamus — Three curious stone walls of different
periods — Successive fortifications of the hill — Remains of ancient houses
under the temple of Athena, that have suffered a great conflagration —
Older house-walls below these, and a wall of fortification — Store, with
the nine colossal jars — The great Altar — Objects found east of the
Tower — Pottery with Egyptian hieroglyphics — Greek and other terra-
cottas, &c. — Remarkable owl-vase — Handle, with an ox-head — Various
very curious objects — A statue of one Metrodorus by Pytheas of Argos,
with an inscription — Another Greek inscription, in honour of C. Claudius
Nero .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 287

CHAPTER XXII.
Pergamus of Troy, May loth, 1873.

Interruptions through festivals — Opening of the tumulus of Batiea —

— Pottery like that of the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, and nothing else

— No trace of burial — Its age — Further discoveries of burnt Trojan
houses — Proof of their successive ages — Their construction — Discovery
of a double gateway, with the copper bolts of the gates — The " Sc^ean
Gate "of Homer — Tests of the extent of ancient Troy — The place
where Priam sat to view the Greek forces — Homer's knowledge of the
Heroic Troy only traditional — Description of the gates, the walls, and
the " Palace of Priam " — Vases, &c, found in Priam's house — Copper,
ivory, and other implements — The SeVa dfirpiKinreWa — Houses dis-
covered on the north platform — Further excavations of the city walls —
Statuettes and vessels of the Greek period — Top of the Tower of Ilium
uncovered, and its height determined — A curious trench in it, probably
for the archers — Further excavations at Bunarbashi : only a few frag-
ments of Greek pottery — The site of Ilium uninhabited since the end of
the fourth century — The place confused with Alexandria Troas — No
Byzantine remains at Hissarlik — Freshness of the Greek sculptures 300

CHAPTER XXIII.

Troy, June l'jth, 1873.

Further discoveries of "fortifications — The great discovery of the Treasure
on the city wall — Expedient for its preservation — The articles of the
Treasure described — The Shield — The Caldron — Bottle and Vases
of Gold — The golden hliras d/jLcfnKVTreXXov — Modes of working the
gold — A cup of electrum — Silver plates, probably the talents of
Homer — Vessels of Silver — Copper lance-heads : their peculiar form —
Copper battle-axes — Copper daggers — Metal articles fused together

xxxu

CONTENTS.

by the conflagration — A knife and a piece of a sword — Signs of the
Treasure having been packed in a wooden chest — The key found — The
Treasure probably left behind in an effort to escape — Other articles
found near the Treasure — The thousands of gold jewels found in a silver
vase — The two golden diadems — The car-rings, bracelets, and finger-
rings — The smaller jewels of gold — Analysis of the copper articles by
M. Landerer — Discovery of another room in the palace containing an
inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas — Silver dishes — Greek terra-
cotta figures — Great abundance of the owl-faced vases — Limited extent
of Troy — Its walls traced — Poetic exaggerations of Homer — The one
great point of 'Troy's reality established — It was as large as the primitive
Athens and Mycenae — The wealth and power of Troy — Great height
of its houses — Probable population — Troy known to Homer only by
tradition — -Question of a temple in Homer's time — Characteristics of
the Trojan stratum of remains, and their difference from those of the
lowest stratum — The former opinion on this point recalled — Layer of
metallic scoria through the whole hill — Error of Strabo about the utter
destruction of Troy — Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in
the earlier excavations ; but many Trojan houses brought to light since
■ — The stones of Troy not used in building other cities — Trojan houses of
sun-dried bricks, except the most important buildings, which are of stones
and earth — Extent and results of the excavations — Advice to future
explorers — Further excavations on the north side — Very curious terra-
cotta vessels — Perforated vases — A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics —
Heads of oxen and horses; their probable significance — Idols of the
llian Athena — Greek and Roman medals — Greek inscriptions — Final
close of the excavations ; thanksgiving for freedom from serious accidents
— Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and other assistants,
and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis, and of the engineer Adolphe
Laurent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 321

Note A. The river Dumbrek is not the Thymbrius, but the Simoi's .. 358

Note B. Table of terra-cotta weights found at Hissarlik .. .. 359

Note C. Analysis by M. Damour of some of the metallic objects

found .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..361

Appendix on the Inscriptions found at Hissarlik .. .. 363

Index 375

Comparative Table of the Illustrations in Dr. Schliemann's

Atlas and the Translation .. .. .. .. .. .. 386

Two Inscribed Whorls (5 m, and 7 m.).

Terracotta Tablets from the Greek Stratum (2 M.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

MAPS AND PLANS.

Map of the Plain of Troy .. .. .. End of Volume

Plan I. Ilium, the Grecian Colony . . . . . . ,,

Plan II. Ruins of Troy — General Plan of Researches
made by Dr. Schliemann in 1870, 187 1, 1872, and

1873

Plan III. The Tower of Ilium and the Soean Gate Page 306

Plan IV. Troy at the Epoch of Priam, according to Dr.

Schliemann's Excavations . . . . . . . . . . 347

PLATES AND CUTS.

Plate I. View of the Hill of Hissarlik, containing the
Ruins of Troy, from the North, after Dr. Schlie-
mann's Excavations in 1870, 187 1, 1872, 1873 . . Frontispiece
The excavation to the left is on the site of the Greek Temple
of Apollo, where the splendid metope' of the Sun-God
was found. Then follows the great platform and the
great trench cut through the whole hill. Still further
to the right is the cutting of April, 1870, in continuing
which, in June, 1873, the Treasure was discovered.

Three Tablets of Terra-cotta, from the Ruins of Greek Ilium

(1-2 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

XXXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACK

Two Inscribed Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxii

Three Tablets of Terracotta (2 m.) .. .. .. .. xxxiii

No. 1. Fragment of paint. \l Pottery, from the lowest stratum . . 15

No. 2. Small Trojan Axes of Diorite (8 m ) . . . . . . 21

Plate II. General View of the Treasure of Priam. . To face 22
No. 3. Inscribed Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace (8 m.) . . 23

No. 4. Inscribed Terra-cotta Seal (7 m.) . . . . . . 24

No. 5. Piece of Red Slate, perhaps a Whetstone, with an In-
scription (7 m). . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

No. 6. Terra-cotta Vase Cover (8 m.) . . . . . . . . 25

No. 7. Ornamented Ivory Tube, probably a Trojan Flute (8 m.) 25

No. 8. Piece of Ivory, belonging to a Trojan Tyre with Four

Strings (about 8 m.).. . . . . . . . . . . 25

No. 9. Ornamented Piece of Ivory belonging to a Trojan Seven-
stringed Lyre (7 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 27

Plate III. Block of Triglyphs, with Metope of the Sun-
God. From the Temple of Apollo in the Ruins of Greek
Ilium . . . . . . . . . . . . To face 32

Nos. 10, n, 12. Terra-cotta Covers of Vases, with the Owl's

Face (2, 3, and 7 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

No. 13. Terra-cotta Vase, marked with an Aryan symbol (6 m.) 35

Nos. 14-30. Rude Idols found in the various Strata (2 to 14 m.). 36
No. 31. Remarkable Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, representing the

llian Athena (9 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

No. 32. The largest of the Terra-cotta Vases found in the Royal

Palace of Troy. Height 20 inches . . . . . . . . 48

No. ^. Inscribed Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta (8^ m.) . . . . 50

No. 34. Inscription on the Vase No. 33 . . . . . . 50

No. 35. Fragment of a second painted Vase, from the Trojan

Stratum. (From a new Drawing.) . . . . . . . . 55

No. 36. A large Trojan Amphora of Terra-cotta (8 m.). . . 63

Nos. 37-39. Stamped Terra-cottas (1^-2 m.). . . . . . . 65

No. 40. Stamped Terra-cotta (2 m.) . . . . . . . . 65

Plate IV. View of the Northern Part of the Plain of

Troy, from the Hill of Hissarlik . . . . To face 70

With the ancient bed of the Scamandcr, the Tombs of
Achilles and Patroclus, Cape Sigeum, the villages of
Yetii-S/iehr and Kum-Kalch, the Hellespont and sEgeaji
Sea, the peninsula oiGallipoli and the islands of Imbrus
and Samothrace. The Tumulus of s-Esyctcs is in the
central foreground, in front of the wretched little village
of Kum-koi.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXV

TAGR

Plate V. View of the South-Eastern Part of the Plain

of Troy, from the Hill of Hissarlik . . To face 70

The foreground shows the excavations in the eastern part
of Troy, the foundations of the Temple, and the Altar
of Athena ; beyond is the village of Chiplak ; in the
distance the chain of Mount Ida, capped with snow,
except in July and August.

No. 41. A great mixing Vessel (fcpar^p) of Terra-cotta (7 m.). 74

Nos. 42-44. Terra-cotta Whorls (7-14 m.) . . . . . . 80

No. 45. Copper Implements and Weapons from the Trojan

stratum (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

No. 46. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Implements

(8 M.) 82

Nos. 47, 48, 49, 50. Stone Instruments from the Trojan stratum

(8 m.) 83

Nos. 51, 52. Trojan Terra-cottas (8 m.) . . . . . . . . 86

No. 53. Small Trojan Vase (9 m.) . . . . . . . . 87

Nos. 54, 55. Trojan Terra-cotta Vases (8 m.) . . . . . . 87

Nos. 56-61. Stone Implements of the earliest Settlers .. .. 94

No. 62. Small Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, with Decorations .. 95

No. 63. A Trojan Vase-cover of red Terra-cotta (7 m.) . . . . 95

No. 64. A stone Implement of unknown use (2 m.) . . . . 97

No. 65. A strange Vessel of Terra-cotta (15 M.). . . . . . 97

Nos. 66, 67, 68. Trojan Sling-bullets of Loadstone (9 and 10 m.) ioi

No. 69. The Foot-print of Buddha . . . . . , . . 103

No. 70. Large Terra-cotta Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian

Goddess (4 m.) . . . . ' . . . . . . . . 106

No. 71. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Ornaments (14 m.) ho
No. 72. Fragment of a large Urn of Terrra-cotta with Assyrian (?)

Decorations, from the Lowest Stratum (14 m.) .. .. no

No. 73. Trojan Plates found on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . 114

No. 74. Vase Cover with a human face (8 m.) . . . . . . ne

No. 75. A Whorl, with three animals (3 M.) . . . . . . i2t

No. 76. Fragment of a Vase of polished black Earthenware,

with Pattern inlaid in White (14 M.) . . . . . . . . 129

No. 77. Fragment of Terra-cotta. perhaps part of a box (16 m.) 129

No. 78. A Trojan Terra-cotta Seal (8 m.) 130

No. 78* Terra-cottas with Aryan Emblems (4 m. ; 3 m. ; 5 m.). . 130

c 2

\XXV1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACB

No. 79. Fragment of a brilliant dark -grey Vessel (13 m.). . . 135

No. 80. Whorl with pattern of a moving Wheel (16 \i.) .. 137

No. 81. Whorl with Symbols of Lightning (7 m.) . . . . 138
No. 82. Two fragments of a great Mould of Mica-schist for

casting Copper Weapons and Ornaments (14 M.) . . . . 139
Plate VI. Trojan Buildings on the North Side, and in the

great Trench cut through the whole Hill . . To face 143

Nos. 83-91. Objects of Metal from the Lowest Stratum . . 150

Nos. 92-101. Ivory Pins, Needles, &c. (11-15 M.) . . . . 150

Nos. 102, 103. Hand Millstones of Lava (14-16 m.) .. .. 151

No. 104. A splendid Vase with Suspension-rings (15 m.) . . 151

No. 105. Singular Double Vase (13-14 m.) .. .. .. 152

No. 106. Black Vase of Terra-cotta (14 or 15 m.) . . . . 152

No. 107. Funereal Urn of Stone, found on the Primary Rock,

with Human Ashes in it (15^ m.) . . . . . . . . 153

No. 108. a, Hand Millstone of Lava (15 m.). b, Brilliant black

Dish with side Rings for hanging it up (14 m.). c, c, c, c,

Small decorated Rings of Terra-cotta (10-14 M-) • • • • T55

No. 109. Rude Terra-cotta Idol (14 m.) . . . . . . . . 155

No. no. Fragment of Pottery, with the Sttastika (14 m.) . . 157
Nos. in, 112. Double-handled Vases of Terra-cotta, from the

Trojan Stratum (9 m.) .. .. .. .. .. 158

No. 113. A Trojan Vase in Terra-cotta of a very remarkable

form (8 m.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 159

No. 114. Engraved Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (or

Hedgehog?). 7 m. .. .. .. .. .. 160

No. 115. Inscribed Whorl (7 m.) . . .. .. .. .. 161

No. 116. Terra-cotta Seal (1 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 162

No. 117. A Trojan Hand Millstone of Lava (10 m.) . . . . 163

No. 118. A piece of Granite, perhaps used, by means of a wooden

Handle, as an upper Millstone (10 m.) . . . . . . 163

No. 119. A massive Hammer of Diorite (10 m.) . . . . 163

No. 120. Piece of Granite, probably used as a Pestle. From the

Lowest Stratum (1 1-16 m.) .. .. .. .. .. 163

No. 121. Idol of Athena (8 m.) a. Front ; b. Back . . . . 164

Nos. 122-124. Balls of fine red Agate (9 m.) .. .. .. 165

No. 125. A curious Terra-cotta Cup (4 m.) . . . . . . 166

No. 126. Terra-cotta Pitcher of a frequent form (6 m.) . . . . 166

No. 127. A small Terra-cotta Vase, with two Handles and three

feet (6 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXvii

PAGE

No. 128. Terra-cotta Vase of a frequent form (6 m.) .. .. 167

No. 129. Terra-cotta Vase of a form frequent at the depth of

3-5 m. 169

No. 130. Terra-cotta Vessel (4 m.) .. .. .. .. 170

No. 131. A small Terra-cotta Vase with two Rings for suspen-
sion (2 m.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 170

Nos. 132, 133. Owl-faced Vase-covers (3 m.) .. .. .. 171

Nos. 134, 135. Two-handled Cups from the upper Stratum (2 m.) 171

No. 136. Terra-cotta Vase (2 m.) .. .. .. .. 171

No. 137. Perforated Terra-cotta (2 m.) .. .. .. .. 171

Nos. 138, 139. Deep Plates (faterce) with Rings for suspension,

placed (a) vertically or (b) horizontally (1 and 2 m.) . . 172

Nos. 140, 141. Idols of the Ilian Athena (3 m.) . . . . . . 172

No. 142. Mould in Mica-schist (2^ m.) . . . . . . . . 173

Plate VII. A. — Mound of In-Tepe, the traditional Tomb

of Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . To face 178

Upon the mound, which stands about one-third of a
mile from the Hellespont, are seen the remains of a little
temple, which was restored by Hadrian. Beneath the
ruins is seen a vaulted passage, built of bricks, nearly
4 feet in height and width.
B. — Mound called the Tomb of Achilles.

Formerly on the sea-shore, from which it is now divided
by a low strip of sand.

No. 143. Terra-cotta Ball, representing apparently the climates

of the globe (8 m.) 188

No. 144. Small Terra-cotta Vessel from the Lowest Stratum, with

four perforated feet, and one foot in the middle (14 m.) . . 190
Nos. 145, 146. Two little Funnels of Terra-cotta, inscribed with

Cyprian Letters (3 m.) .. .. .. .. .. 191

No. 147. A Trojan Humming top (7 M.) . . . . . . 192

No. 148. Terra-cotta Bell, or Clapper, or Rattle (5 m.) . . . . 192

No. 149. A Trojan decorated Vase of Terra-cotta (7 m.) . . 199

Plate VIII. The Great Tower of Ilium, from the S.E.

To face 200

No. 150. Terra-cotta Vase (7 m.) .. .. .. .. 208

No. 151. Terra-cotta Vase in the form of an Animal (10 m.) . . 208

No. 152. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Pig (14 m.) .. 209

No. 153. Skull of a Woman, found near some gold ornaments in

the Lowest Stratum (13 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 209

XXXV111 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAG3

No. 154. Block of Limestone, with a socket, in which the pivot

of a door may have turned (12 m.) . . . . . . . . 211

No. 155. A Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, with an Ornament like

the Greek Lambda (8 M.) . . . . . . . . . . 214

No. 156. Curious Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Mole

(Tower: 7 or 8 M.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 214

No. 157. A Trojan Dish with side Rings, and Plates turned by

the Potter (Tower f 7 m) . . . . . . . . . . 215

No. 158. A curious Trojan Jug of Terra-cotta (8 M.) . . . . 219

No. 159.- Terra-cotta Image of a Hippopotamus (7 m.) . . . . 228

No. 160. Remarkable Terra-cotta \ressel in the shape of a

Bugle, with three feet (3 M.) .. .. .. .. .. 229

No. 161.. Terra-cotta Vessel with three feet, a handle, and two

ears (5 M.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

No. 162. Terra-cotta Image of a Pig, curiously marked with

Stars (4 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

No. 163. One of the largest marble Idols, found in the Trojan

Stratum (8 M.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

No. 164. Terra-cotta Pot-lid, with symbolical marks (6 M.) . . 235

No. 165. A curious Terra-cotta Idol of the Ilian Athena (7 m.) 235

No. 166. Pretty Terra-cotta Jug, with the neck bent back (7 m.) 236

No. 167. Remarkable Trojan Idol of Black Stone (7 M.) . . 236

Nos. 168, 169. Heads of Horned Serpents (4 M.) . . . . 237

No. 170. A Serpent's Head, with horns on both sides, and very

large eyes (6 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

No. 171. Head of an Asp in Terra-cotta (both sides) (4 m.) . . 238
No. 172. A Whorl, with rude Symbols of the Owl's Face,

Suastika, and lightning (3 m.) , , . , . . . . • 255

No. 173. Splendid Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, representing the
tutelary Goddess of Ilium, $ea yXavKCcnris 'Adr/vy. The cover
forms the helmet (8 M.) . . . . . . . . . . 258

Plate IX. Upper Part of the Buildings discovered in the
Depths of the Temple of Athena. In the background
are seen the Altar and the Reservoir . . , . To/ace 259

No. 174. A Lion-headed Sceptre-handle of the finest crystal ;

found on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 260

No. 175. A mould of Mica-schist, for casting various metal

Instruments (Tower: 8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 261

No. 176. A curious Instrument of Copper (3 M.) .. .. 261

No. 177. A perforated and grooved piece of Mica-schist, pro-
bably for supporting a Spit. Found on the Tower (8 m.) . . 261

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXIX

PAGE

No. 178. A large Terra-cotta Vase, with two large Handles and

two small Handles or Rings (5 M.) . . . . . . . . 262

No. 179. A remarkable Terra-cotta Ball (6 m.) . . . . . . 264

No. 180. A finely engraved Ivory Tube, probably part of a Flute.

Found on the Tower (8 m.).. . . . . . . . . 264

No. 181. Knob for a Stick, of fine marble (3 m.) . . . . 265

No. 182. Bone handle of a Trojan Staffer Sceptre (7 m.) . . 265

No. 183. A brilliant Black Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian

Athena, from the Tower (8 M.) . . . . . . . . 267

No. 184. Vase-cover with Handle in shape of a Coronet (8 m.) 268

No. 185. Vase-cover with a Human Face (Tower, 8 m.) . . 268

No. 186. Flat piece of Gold, in the form of an Arrow-head:

from the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 268

No. 187. Prettily decorated Tube of Ivory (Tower, 8 m.) . . 268

No. 188 Great Altar for Sacrifices, found in the depths of the

Temple of Athena (i-25th of the real size) . . . . . . 278

No. 189. Copper Lance of a Trojan Warrior, found beside his

Skeleton (7 m.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 279

No. 190. Skull of a Trojan Warrior, belonging to one of the two

Skeletons found in the House on the Tower (7 M.) . . 280

No. 191. The upper and lower pieces of a Trojan Helmet-crest

(</>uA.os) placed together (7 m.) . . . . . . . . 280

No. 192. Great Copper Ring, found near the Helmet-crest (7 m.) 281
No. 193. An elegant bright-red Vase of Terra-cotta, decorated

with branches and signs of lightning, with holes in the

handles and lips, for cords to hang it up by (Tower, 8 m.) . . 282
No. 194. Terra-cotta Vase. Found on the Tower (8 m.) . . 282

No. 195. Profile of a Vase-cover, with the Owl's Face and

Helmet of Athena, in brilliant red Terra-cotta. Found in

an urn on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 283

No. 196. An Earthenware Crucible on four feet, still containing

some Copper. Found on the Tower (7 M.) . . . . . . 283

No. 197. Flower Saucer: the flat bottom ornamented. Found

on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

No. 198. A piece of Terra-cotta, with two holes slightly sunk

in front like eyes, and a hole perforated from side to side

(8 m.) . . . . 285

No. 199. A remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel on three long feet,

with a handle and two small ears (7 m.) . . . . . . 285

No. 200. A beautiful bright-red Terra-cotta Box, decorated with

a + and four pjJ, and a halo of solar rays (3 m.) . . . . 286

Nos. 201, 202. Little Decorated Whorls, of a remarkable shape 286

xl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Plate X. The Tower of Ilium, Sc.ean Gate, and Palace of
Priam. Looking North along the cutting through the whole

Hill To face 287

Plate XI. A. — The Excavations in the Temple of Athena.

From the East . . . . . . . . . . To face 290

In front is seen the great Reservoir of the Temple, then
the sacrificial Altar. On the right, a stone block of
the foundations of the Temple is seen projecting out
of the wall of earth. In the background, underneath
where the man stands, is the position of the double
Sccedn Gate, of which, however, nothing is here visible.
In the left-hand corner is one of the colossal jars, not
visible in the next Plate.
B. — The Magazine, with its colossal Jars, in the depths
of the Temple of Athena.
Of the nine Jars, six are visible ; a seventh (to the right,
out of view) is broken. The two largest are beyond
the wall of the Magazine, and one of these is seen in
the preceding Plate.
No. 203. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vase, with Egyptian hiero-
glyphics, from the bottom of the Greek Stratum (2 M.) . . 291
No. 204. A Greek Lamp on a tall foot (2 m.) . . . . . . 292

No. 205. Fragment of a two-horned Serpent (KepuoTqs), in Terra-
cotta (3 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

No. 206. Terra-cotta Cylinder, ij in. long, with Symbolical

Signs (5 m.) 293

No. 207. Terra-cotta Vase with helmeted image of the Ilian

Athena (6 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

No. 208. Fragment of a large Cup-handle in black Terra-cotta :

with the head of an Ox (6 m.) . . . . . . . . 294

No. 209. A finely decorated little Vase of Terra-cotta (6 m.) . . 294
No. 210. Terra-cotta Disc stamped with a Swan and an Antelope

(6 m.). Remarkable for the depth . . . . . . . . 295

.No. 211. Terra-cotta Disc pierced with two holes, and stamped

with the Head of a Warrior (8 m.) .. .. .. .. 295

No. 212. A piece of Bone, curiously engraved (7 m.) . . . . 295

No. 213. Fragment of a Trojan Idol of Terra-cotta (6 m.) . . 296

Nos. 214, 215. Terra-cotta Cups or Scoops (7 m.) . . . . 296

No. 216. Vase-cover in Terra-cotta (8 m.) . . . . . . 296

No. 217. Terra-cotta Handle of a Trojan Brush, with the holes

in which the bristles have been fixed (10 m.) . . . . 297

No. 218. Copper Bolts, found exactly in the middle of the first

and of the second Seaman Gates . . . . . . . . 302

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xli

PAGE

Plate XII. The Double Sc.ean Gate, Palace of Priam, and
Tower of Ilium, with the Paved Road leading from the
Gate to the Plain from the North West . . . . To face 303

Behind the Scaean Gate is seen the Great Tower of Ilium,
and to the left of it the ruins of the Palace of Priam,
beneath a mass of later, but still pre-Hellenic, buildings.
In the foreground, to the right, is a wall of rubbish,
which remains standing ; and at the foot of this, where
the Greek stands, is the great enclosing Wall of Troy,
running in a north-westerly direction from the Scaean
Gate. The walls to the left belong to the royal palace,
and over this part there are no buildings of the post-
Trojan time.

No. 219. Wonderful Vase of Terra-cotta from the Palace of

Priam (8 m.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

No. 220. Terra-cotta Vase from the House of Priam, with re-
markable Decorations (9 m.) . . . . . . . . 308

No. 221. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two little Ears, and two large

perforated Handles, marked with strange characters (5^ m.) 309

No. 222. A splendidly-decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with three

Feet and two Ears. From the Palace (7^ m.) . . . . 310

No. 223. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two Ears and covered with

dots. From the Palace (7 m.) . . . . . . . . 310

No. 224. Fine decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with two Handles

and two great upright Wings. From the Palace (7 J m.) . . 311

No. 225. Five Copper Dress Pins, molten together by the con-
flagration. From the Palace (8 m.) . . . . . . . . 312

No. 226. Engraved Cylinder of blue Felspar (Palace, 9 m.) . . 312

No. 227. Terra-cotta, engraved with ten rude Owls' Faces (8 m.) 312

No. 228. Terra-cotta Vase, with a curious Decoration. From

the upper and later House above the Scsean Gate (6 m.) . . 315

No. 229. Terra-cotta Vase, with four Handles and a Lid (6 m.) 315

No. 230. A great Jug, with Handle and two Ears (6 m.) . . 315

No. 231. A remarkable Terra-cotta Cup (4 m.) . . . . . . 317

Nos. 232, 233. Curious Terra-cottas from the Trojan Stratum

(8 and 7 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Plate XIII. The Sc/ean Gate and Paved Road, the Tower
of Ilium, City Walls, Palace of Priam, and the Walls
of a Tower of the Greek Age. From the South East

To face 321
Here we see again the road leading down to the Plain,
paved with great slabs of stone. In front of the Gate

Xlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACE

and Road is seen part of the Great Tower of Ilium, and

to the right hand, next to and behind the Gate, the
ruins of the Pa/ace of Priai/t, partly overladen with later
but still pre-Hellenic walls, and partly standing free.
Behind, the Scsean Gate appears again, going in a
direction W.N.W., then the great City Wall, and upon
it, at or about the spot marked a, the Treasure was
found. In the background, where the man stands, is
seen a wall built of massive hewn stones, belonging to
a Tower of the Greek age. Behind this Tower-wall
appear the Plain of Troy, the Hellespont, the island
of Imbros, and above this the mountains of Samothrace.
At the right extremity of the picture, also, a part of the
Plain of Troy is seen through the great cutting, over
the ruins of the royal House.

Plate XIV. The Treasure of Priam . . . . . . To face 324

No. 234. A Copper Shield with a boss (<icr7n.'s o/x^aAo'eo-o-a).
No. 235. Great Copper Caldron (Ae/fys).
Plate XV. The Treasure of Priam . . . . . . To face 325

No. 236. Curious Plate of Copper (perhaps a Hasp of the
Chest), with Discs fixed on one end, and a Silver Vase
welded to the other by the conflagration.
No. 237. Bottle of pure Gold, weighing about 1 lb. Troy.
No. 238. Cup of pure Gold, pannelled, weighing 7^ oz.
Troy.
Plate XVI. The Treasure of Priam. Remarkable two-
handled Cup of Pure Gold (^eVas a^LKvu-eXkov) , weighing
about 1 lb. 6 oz. Troy . . . . . . . . To face 326

No. 239. Outside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 240. Inside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 241. Bronze Cup used in China for Libations and Drinking 327
Plate XVII. The Treasure of Priam . . . . To face 328

No. 242. Six Blades of Silver (Homeric Talents ?).

Nos. 243, 244. Two Silver Vases, with caps and rings for

suspending by cords.
No. 245. A Silver Dish (</>taA^), with a boss in the centre.
Xo. 246. A Silver Cup, 3^ in. high and nearly 4 in. wide.
Plate XVIII. The Treasure of Priam . . . . To face 329

No. 247. A small Silver Cover.
Xo. 248. A small Cup of Electrum.

Xo. 249. Large Silver Jug, with handle, in which the small
( )rnaments were found.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xliii

PAGE

No. 250. Silver Vase with part of another Silver Vase

welded to it by the fire.
No. 251. Silver Vase with a quantity of copper fixed to its

bottom by the fire.

Nos. 252-256. Trojan Lance-Heads of Copper. — Tr. .. .. 330

No. 256. Copper Lance and Battle-Axe welded together by the

conflagration. The Pin-hole of the Lance is visible. — Tr. 330

Nos. 257-60. Trojan Battle-Axes of Copper. —Tr. .. .. 330

No. 261. Trojan Battle-Axe. — Tr. .. .. .. .. 331

Nos. 262-268. Nos. 262, 263. 264, 266. Trojan Two-edged
Copper Daggers, with hooked Stems that have been fastened
into Wooden Handles. No. 264 is doubled up by the
conflagration. No. 265, Weapons molten together. No.
267, a Copper Sword-Blade, with a sharp edge at the end.
.No. 268, a Four-sided Copper Bar, ending in a sharp
edge.— Tr 332

No. 269. Copper Key, supposed to have belonged to the Trea-
sure-chest.— Tr. . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Nos. 270, 271. Cups of Electrum and Silver. Found in the

Palace, near the Treasure, 270 inside 271 . . . . . . 334

Nos. 272-275. Pieces of Helmet-crests found in a Room of the

Palace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Plate XTX. The Treasure of Priam . . . . . . To face 335

Nos. 276, 277. The two Golden Diadems (7rAeKTai ara-

Secr/xat).

Plate XX. The Treasure of Priam. Jewels of Gold To face 336
No. 278. Selection from the small Golden Jewels found

in the Silver Jug.
No. 279. Golden Fillet (a.fnrv£), above 18 inches long.
No. 280. Four Golden Earrings, or Tassels (Ova-avoi), each
3$ inches long.
No. 281. Six Golden Bracelets welded together by the con-
flagration.— [Tr.] . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

No. 282. 4610 Small Jewels of Gold. — Tr. . . . . . . 339

No. 283. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Cask (8 m.). . . 341
No. 284. Large Silver Vase found in the House of Priam (8 m.) 342
No. 285. Splendid Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace of Priam . . 350
No. 286. Curious double-necked Jug (8 m.) .. .. .. 351

No. 287. Terra-cotta Vessel consisting of three Goblets rising

out of a tube on three feet (4 M.) . . . . . . . . 351

No. 288. Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (7 m.) ... 352

xllV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

I'AGE

353
363

No. 289. A Terra-cotta stamped with Hieroglyphics (ii m.) . . 352
No. 290. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape of a

Horse's Head (4 M.) . .
No. 291. An Inscribed Trojan Whorl (8 m.)
Nos. 292, 293. Two Trojan Whorls from the same depth (7 m.)

with an identical inscription . .
No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 m.)
No. 295. Inscription on a Trojan Seal (7 m.)
No. 296. Inscription on a Trojan Whetstone (7 m.)
No. 297. Inscription on a Trojan Vase from the Pal ice
No. 298. Trojan Whorl, with an Inscription (10 m.)
No. 299. The Inscription developed (10 m.)
No. 300. Terra-cotta Ball, with an Inscription (4 m.)

367

368

.. 368

368

(8 m.) 369

369
369
372

PLATES XXI.-LII. LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF
TERRA-COTTA WHORLS AND BALLS.*

{At End of the Volume.)

Plate XXI. Sections of Whorls.

Nos. 301-308. Sections of Plain Whorls (see p. 40) (2-10 m.).

No. 309. Piece of Terra-cotta, of unknown use (see p. 219) (10 m.).

Nos. 310-316. Sections of Decorated Whorls (see p. 60) (3-1 1 m.).

Plate XXII. Typical Patterns of Whorls.|

No. 317. A Cross, with 4 nail-marks (7 m.).

No. 318. Do. with the lines double and oblique (7 M.).

No. 319. Do. with three arms (7 m.).

* The only exceptions to this description are the two terra-cottas, PI. XXI.
No. 309, and PI. XLVIII. No. 484, and the one on PI. XXIV. No. 349, which links
the whorls with the round terra-cottas of the Greek strata.

t The descriptions of the patterns are partly from Dr. Schliemann's work, and
partly added by the Editor ; but the chief part are from M. Burnouf's descriptions
appended to the original drawings by himself and his accomplished daughter, from
which all, from Plate XXIV. and onwards, have been engraved. These descriptions
are quoted simply for what they may be worth, as the speculations of so eminent
an orientalist. We have omitted some of them as too speculative. In special cases
the initial (B) is added. The material, colour, and style of work are given from
M. Burnouf's notes. Those on Plates XXI., XXII., XXIII., are engraved from the
photographs in Schliemann's .Atlas.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xlv

No. 320. Cross with triple lines ; rows of triple dots on arms (see p. 187)

(8 M.).

No. 321. Six quadruple segments round the edge (called by Schliemann

Rising Suns, by Burnouf Stations of the Sun), alternately with

6 Arrow-heads yj^ (see p. 133) (6 m.).
No. 322. Cross, with curved arms • nail-marked (7 m.)
No. 3 2 3D.* Geometric star-like patterns on both sides (5 m.).
No. 324. A Wheel with 13 spokes (sun-rays?), the spaces filled with

dots arranged in circles (7 m.).
No. 325. Two zigzag borders round the central Sun (9 m.).
No. 326. For description, see pp. 84, 137 (8£ m.).
No. 327. Five Suns round the central Sun (see p. 136) (7 m.).
No. 328. Five triple "Rising Suns" (comp. No. 321) round a large

central Sun (N.B. The depth 14 M.).
No. 329. Wheel with spokes on both sides : very small (5 m.).
No. 330. The Rosa Mystica (Qu., or an Inscription ?) (4 m.).
No. 33 id. Geometrical Patterns ; Signs of Lightning (?) on one side

(8 M.).

No. ^2. Four strange characters (Qu., an Inscription ?) (9 m.).

Plate XXIII. Typical Patterns of Whorls.

No. 333. A Wheel in motion (9 M.).

No. 334. An Inscription (9 m.).

No. 335. A Flower with 10 petals (3 m.).

No. 336. Five Signs, curiously like Roman numerals (8 m.).

No. 337 d. A double moving Wheel, see p. 38 (6 m.).

No. 338D Obv. Three "flaming Altars" (Schl.) and a group of Stars.
Rev., 3 flaming Altars and a pj-J (see p. 162) (6 m.).

No. 339. The Rosa Mystica (see p. 160) (8 m.).
Nos. 340-341. Wheels in rapid rotation (see p. 38) (9 and 10 m.).
No. 342. A series of Strokes (7 m.).

No. 343. Various marks. The dots are perhaps for stars (10 m.).
No. 344. Geometric Pattern, like a Gothic quatrefoil (7 m.).
No. 345. Concentric Circles, and 4 wave-like sets of Lines (3? m.).
No. 346. Three curious Signs (Qu., letters?) (7 m.).
No. 347. A cable-like Wreath (6 M.)

No. 348. Four concentric Circles and 6 quadruple " Rising Suns "
(8 it).

* i> for double, denotes a whorl decorated on both sides.

xlvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXIV. Whorls with Suastikas, &c.

No. 349. One of the thin round Terra-cottas, with 2 holes, found
chiefly in the Greek Stratum (see p. 65). The ^U 0n this example *
forms a link with the Whorls of 'the lower strata. Of impure
yellow earth (2 M.).

No. 350. Three curved p|4 Grey earth (4 m.).

No. 351. Four p[-J in a zigzag Border. "The 4 sacrifices of the month

or of the year." — B. Fine yellow earth ; polished; good work.t
No. 352. Three curved pj-J. Grey; polished; good work (4 m.).
No. 353. An Inscription. Dull brown ; polished; very coarse (9 M.).

No. 354. Three Rising Suns, and a Sign like a letter (?). Brown :
polished ; the lines white (5 m.).

No. 355. Three f\A " The 3 sacrifices."— B. ( m.).

Plate XXV. Whorls with pj-J and Inscriptions.

No. 356. Four pi-| of peculiar form. "The 4 sacrifices of the month
or of the year."— B. Dark grey; polished; beautiful work (7 m.).

No. 357. Apparently an Inscription. Blackish earth; burnt; badly
kneaded).

No. 358. Two j-4-' and 2 Crosses. Grey ; very rude material and

work (7 m.).
No. 359. Six pj-J. Black ; polished ; lines white).
No. 360. An Inscription (4 m.).

Plate XXVI. Astronomical Signs and pU.

No. 361. Three triple " Rising Suns," a p]-!, and 2 round Spots, viz.
" The sun and full moon, or the day of the full moon." — B. Fine
brown earth (3^ M.).

No. 362. "The 6 bi-monthly sacrifices." — B. (comp. p. 187). Fine
yellow earth (7 m.).

No. 363. "The morning and evening sacrifices: the 3 stations of the
Sun." — B. Yellowish ; very coarse (5 m.).

No. 364. " The 4 epochs (quarters) of the month or of the year, and
the holy sacrifice." — B. Grey : polished ; coarsely kneaded. Worn
a little on the rim.

* In M. Burnouf s descriptions the rf is called " le sacrifice,''' or "le saint sacrifice.
f Where the depth is not given, we have been unable to discover the objects in
the Atlas ; neither the numbers nor the depths being given on the drawings.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xlvii

Plate XXVII. Aryan Emblems and an Inscription.

No. 365. Three triple " Rising Suns " and a p|-j. Fine black earth ;
polished ; beautiful work (6 M.).

No. 366. Similar design. Greyish yellow (6 m.).

No. 367. Four Hares, representing the 4 weeks of the month, or the
4 quarters of the year (see p. 136). Fine black earth (6 m.).

No. 368. Four curved Crosses round the rim. " The 4 sacrifices of
the month or year." — B. Black ; polished ; good work ; lines white
(3i m.)

No. 369. An Inscription from the Trojan Stratum. Dark grey ; very
coarse (10 M.). (See Appendix, p. 369.)

No. 370. Divided into 2 fields by a line through the centre. In the
left is a pi-j with 2 spots (" the sun and full moon." — B.) and dots
(stars? — ' the 7 at the top being the Great Bear." — B.). In the
right M. Burnouf finds 28 strokes for the days of the month. Black ;
polished; lines white. N.B. Much worn by rubbing, especially on
the under side (10 m.).

No. 371. "At top, 4 Crosses for the 4 weeks, with a pP, or sacrifice,
set on fire by a flash of lightning ; below, the 4 great Sacrifices." —
B. Greyish yellow ; polished (4 m.).

Plate XXVIII. Religious and Astronomical Emblems.

No. 372. Three pj-J (2 of a curious form), and 3 "flaming Altars"
(Schl.). Grey; polished; lines white (6 m.).

No. 373. " The 3 stations of the Sun, or 3 mountains, with the 4 sacri-
fices of the year or the month round the circle of the Sun." — B.
Yellow ; polished ; rudely kneaded ; the lines scratched in with a
fine point.

No. 374. " Divided into 2 fields by 2 points. Left: the mountain of
the E., the Sun, and pj-J. Right: the mountains of the N. and
W. and the full moon. The ring is the circle of the year." — B.
Grey; polished. Worn all round by circular friction (7 m.).

No. 375. Various Symbols. Blackish yellow ; very coarse. Worn all
round and on the under side.

No. 376. The Soma Tree, or Tree of Life, a 7\-\ with Strokes indi-
cating numbers 2, 4, and 8. Yellow.

No. 377. Four Hares (the 4 quarters of the moon) round a Ring (the
circle of the year). Iron grey; polished (see p. 136) (10 m.).

No. 378D. Oh:, an Inscription (?). Rev., a sort of Wheel. Part of
the edge worn down to a straight line (9 m.).

xlviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXIX. Animals and other Symbols.

No. 379D. Obv., three Crosses (one with 4 nail-marks -rh-). Rev. (see
the developed pattern) : "a. 3 Antelopes with dots (stars) ; b. The
Great Bear ; c. Lightning, or Water ; d. Five p|-J " — (B.) Grey ;
polished (see p. 136) (4 m.).

No. 380. " Two Antelopes, the halves of the month (quinzaines), round
the circle of the year.'; — B. Black ; polished (see p. 135) (6 m.)

Plate XXX. Animals and the Praying Man.

No. 381. A Hare and 2 Antelopes (/. e. the moon and the 2 winds pre-
vailing in the 2 half-months) round the circle of the year. Grey.
(7 M.).

No. 382. The same subject (see p. 120). Grey ; polished (3 m.).
{Observe the different depths).

No. 383. Three Animals, with a Man in the attitude of Prayer ; "the
holy sacrifice of the full moon " (B.) ; but see Schliemann's ex-
planation pp. 135, 137 (7 M.).

No. 384. The same subject as Nos. 381 and 382. Black : polish lost.
Part of the edge worn flat (7 m.).

Plate XXXI. Animals and other Symbols.

No. 385. Same subject as Nos. 381, 382, 384, but still ruder. Grey;

polished; very coarse (8 m.).
No. 386. Same subject. Yellow ; polished ; rude work (7 u.).
No. 387. Scroll Pattern round large, deep-sunk centre. Dark grey ;

polished (10 m.).

No. 388. Six ~ alternately with six | J | , having, perhaps, some
numerical meaning. The lines and dots filled in with white on a
polished black ground (8 m.).

No. 389. Four wave lines (j\G) round the centre. Grey ; polished ;
worn (3 m.).

No. 390. Similar Pattern round the edge of a Whorl remarkable for its
small size. Black ; polished ; lines white. The space between the
hole and the inner ring is filled with yellow ochre.

Plate XXXII. Geometrical and other Patterns.

No. 391. Rings of dots, which M. Burnouf attempts to explain as
relating to the Astronomical Calendar. Black ; rude work (9 m.).

No. 392. Eleven Radii divide the field into spaces filled with cuneiform
characters (where the question of true writing is still to be investi-
gated). Black ; polished ; rude work (10 m.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xllX

No. 393. Six triple Rising Suns, with dots (5, 6, or 7) in the middle

space. Yellow; polished; pattern white (9 m.).
No. 394. Three pM (one with 2 dots), and a Sign (like a letter or

letters ?). Yellow ; polished ; pattern white.
No. 395. An ornamental Quatrefoil. Brown; polished; pattern white,

good work (4^ m.).
No. 396D. A Geometrical Pattern, composed of triple segments, slightly

varied on two sides. Yellow; polished ; patterns white (8 m.).

Plate XXXIII. The Soma Tree and other Symbols.

No. 397. A sort of 5-armed Star, or 5 triple " mountains (B.)," alter-
nately with 5 triple Signs of Lightning. The ring of beads round
the centre is remarkable. Black ; pattern white ; fine work. Worn
all over by rubbing.

No. 398. Three triple Rising Suns and a Soma Tree (see p. 119). Black ;
polished. The hole is conical (9 m.).

No. 399. Five Soma Trees and a triple Rising Sun.

No. 400. Three Soma Trees and 2 other Signs. Dark brown ; polished.
Has been used (5 m.).

No. 401. Four Soma Trees forming a Cross (see p. 119). Black;
polished ; pattern white. Slightly worn.

No. 402D Obv. Eight irregular Rising Suns (double or quadruple).*
Rev. Twelve Soma Trees radiating from the centre (see p. 187).
Greyish yellow ; highly polished ; rude work. The tip of the back
worn by rubbing (10 m.).

Plate XXXIV. Soma Trees, Flaming Altars, etc.

No. 403. A Soma Tree and 4 Rising Suns (3 triple and 1 double).

Grey ; polished. Worn all over (see p. 187) (5 m.)
No. 404. Six Soma Trees, pointing alternately to and from the centre

(seep. 269). Black; polished; lines white; rude (7 m.).

No. 405. Five pj-| and an Altar with 3 flames (?). Hole conical.

Yellowish ; polished. Worn on under side (5-5- m.).
No. 406. Four Rising Suns and a flaming Altar. Grey ; polished.

Worn on under side (5 m.).
No. 407. Four Rising Suns and 2 Altars. Hole conical. Small size.

Black ; polished; lines white. Worn on under side (8 m.).
No. 408. Three Rising Suns and an Altar. Small size. Very black

earth, like trachyte ; lines white. Worn (5 m.).
No. 409. Similar Pattern on a larger Whorl. Grey. Hole conical.

* One of numerous examples showing the workman's free hand; he has not
measured his spaces with any exactness.

1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXXV. Flaming Altars and Soma Treks.

No. 410. Four Soma Trees, forming a Cross (see p. 119). Ashy grey ;
unpolished ; coarse (9 m.).

No. 411. Three Altars and 3 irregular pj-l Brownish grey; polished;
pattern yellow (6 m.).

No. 412. Four Altars (?) arranged in a Cross, with dots (stars?). Dark

grey ; very coarse.
No. 413. Six flaming Altars. Black; polished; lines white ; good work

(7 m.).
No. 414. Four Altars forming a Cross (see p. 121). Yellow: polished

(8 M.).

No. 415. Five Altars. Small size. Black; pattern white ; work good.

Plate XXXVI. Various Patterns.
No. 416. Three flaming Altars. Grey; pattern white; good (8 M.).
No. 417. A double Circle, with 5 broad arms; on each a Sign of

Lightning. Brownish yellow ; slightly polished ; well made. Hole

conical (4 m.).
No. 418. Five Signs (Qu., letters?). Brown.
No. 419. A five-armed irregular Cross, with 2 pj-J an<J 2 Signs of

Lightning. Yellowish ; coarsely kneaded (7 m.).
No. 420. Two triple Rising Suns and a double zigzag (lightning) round

more than half the circumference. A beautiful black ; polished ;

lines white. A little worn on under side.
No. 42 id. Obv. Irregular cross with zigzags (Signs of Lightning) on

arms. Rev. A curious Geometric Pattern (7 m.).

Plate XXXVII. Geometric and other Patterns.

No. 42 2D. A triangular Pattern on both sides (8 M.J.

No. 423. A six-armed cross with Signs of Lightning on the arms. Fine

yellow earth ; polished ; white pattern (9 M.).
No. 424. Four triple Rising Suns (one broken off) and a flaming Altar.

Black ; polished ; coarse (8 m.).
No. 425. Four Segmental Curves, with dots (see Plate). Much worn.

Brownish yellow (10 M.).

No. 426. Irregular marks, -4^, zigzags, &c. Brown ; polished ; work
bad.

Plate XXXVIII. Various Patterns.
No. 427. (See the Plate.) Yellow; polished ; pattern white (8 m.).
No. 428. A double Rising Sun and 3 Owls' Faces (?). Yellow ; pattern
white (2 m.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. H

No. 429. Very irregular Star with numerous dots. Red earth; coarse ;

very bad work.
No. 430. Two Spots between 2 large double Arcs. Yellow ; polished

(8 M.).
No. 431. (See the Plate.) Brownish yellow; pattern white (5 m.)
No. 432. Zigzag Pattern round edge (see the Plate). Brown ; very

good.

Plate XXXIX. Inscription, and other Patterns.
No. 433. Fine six-pointed Star. Yellow ; polished ; pattern white.
No. 434. Three curious Figures round margin. (See the Plate.) Greyish

yellow ; fair work (7 M.).
No. 435. An Inscription. Brown ; very coarse (5 m.).
No. 436. Three double Rising Suns and an Altar (?). Coarse.
No. 437. Three |'s alternately with 3 V's. Much worn all round'"'

(5 m.).
No. 438. Looks like an Inscription. Brown. Worn at the ends.

Plate XL. Various Patterns.
No. 439. Four triple Rising Suns and an Altar (?) (5 m.).
No. 440. A fine double Polygonal Star, with dots in the space between.

Brown; pattern white (10 m.).
No. 441. Three triple Rising Suns and an Arrow-head \J/. Light

brown ; polished (7 m.).
No. 442. Signs like Figures round a broad, deep centre.
No. 443. Two double Rising Suns and 5 large Spots (Q/t., the 5

planets ?) Dark brown ; fine ; polished.
No. 444. A plain Whorl, modelled into a sort of seven-pointed Star.

Brownish black (8 m.).
No. 445D. A very curious Pattern on both sides (see the Plate). Black ;

polished ; good work.

Plate XLI. Various irregular Patterns.

No. 446. Sun with rays, Altar, pLJ through a sun or moon (?), &c.

M. Burnouf explains the 3 dots I • I as denoting " royal majesty "
No. 447. Curious composition of 7\\ long lines, and short lines.

Yellowish earth; badly modelled (9 m.).
No. 448D. Curious Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Brown ; polished

(9 M.).

* This is rather .suggestive of a teetotum.

d 1

hi LIST OK ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. 449D. Obv. Eleven straight Rays, with rows of dots between,
and 1 zigzag Ray. Rev. 2 Rising Suns and a Pj-L Grey ; not
polished. N.B. "The edge cut all round by the friction of thread,
like the kerbstone of a well by the cord" — (B.) (8 m.).

No. 450D. Obv. 3 double Rising Suns and 2 curious signs ~j~. Rev.
3 concentric Circles, with short Rays between the first and second.
Grey ; polished ; good work.

Plate XLII. Various remarkable Patterns.

No. 45 id. Obv. Pentagonal Star, with Spots 0, and dots, and raised
rim with dots round the hole. Rev. Sun, with 5 hooked rays (?) and
3 Spots 0. Yellow earth; badly kneaded ; not polished.

No. 452. A pair of j's and a pair of /\ round a deep broad centre.

Reddish earth, very badly kneaded ; polished.
No. 453. Two small Segmental Curves, filled with dots, and 2 Signs

like ladders. Brown j polished (6 m.).
No. 454. Two quadruple Rising Suns, a -f- with curved arms, several

dots, and a curious cruciform Sign. Fine brown earth (4 m.).

Plate XLIII. Various Patterns.

No. 45 5D. Four Triangles on each side. Fine black earth ; polished

(6 M.).
No. 456. Six groups of Stars (?). A dirty yellowish brown ; rudely

kneaded. Wheel-shaped, with lines on the broad flat edge.
No. 457. Dots and strange Characters (Qu., letters?). Blackish earth ;

burnt ; pattern white (?).

No. 458. Four Arrow-heads -^ alternately with 4 Spots ©. Brown-
black ; polished (7 m.).

No. 459. Wheel-shaped, with Pattern on the broad flat edge (see Plate).
Reddish earth.

No. 460. Three double Rising Suns and a Sign of 3 Strokes (Qu., a
letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (5 M.).

Plate XLIV. Various Patterns.

No. 461. Covered with strange Characters (Qu., letters?). Coarse
brown earth ; very badly modelled.

No. 462. Strange Characters looking like letters. Reddish earth ;
polished ; very coarse.

No. 463. Strange rude Marks. Black ; very coarse.

No. 4641). Obv. Four Quatrefoils. Rev. (see Plate). Red earth ;
burnt on one side. Much worn at both ends (9 u.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. liii

No. 465D. Obv. Two very rude Quadrupeds.* Rev. Three Signs
(Qu., letters?). Coarse grey earth ; very bad work. Worn (3^ m.).

Plate XLV. Various Patterns.
No. 466. Six irregular V-shaped Signs. Bright brown (8 m.).

No. 467. Three Characters (Qu., letters?) and 5 Spots 0. Yellowish;
polished ; rude (5 M.).

No. 468. Five rude Birds, perhaps the Falcon of the Aryan mythology
(see pp. 120, 135). Reddish yellow; burnt.

No. 469. Three strange Characters (Qu., letters ?) with Spots (stars ?).
Brown ; polished ; badly kneaded. Hole badly made.

No. 470. Cross of a curious form. Rose-coloured earth ; good. Looks
new, though from the lowest Stratum (12 m.).

No. 471. Four triple Rising Suns, and a -f- with a Spot 0. Black;
pattern white ; good (7 m.).

Plate XLVI. Various remarkable Patterns.

No. 472. An Inscription. Greyish; polished; letters white; course
(6 M.).

No. 473. Two Circles of Strokes and Dots. Reddish yellow; very
coarse (4 m.).

No. 474. Five strange Characters. Brown-black ; polish gone. Irregu-
larly worn all round (4 M.).

No. 475. (See the Plate.) Black; polished; bad work (8 m.).

No. 476. Four double Rising Suns and a Sign (Qu., letter?). Black;
polished; pattern white (7 m.).

Plate XLVII. Geometric and other Patterns.

No. 47 7D. Obv. A six-pointed Star, with circle in middle andvtriple
edges (or 6 such figures as Burnouf calls mountains in other cases). t
Rev. A Circle with 8 rays, alternately double and triple. Black.

No. 478. The Rosa Mystica, as a cinquefoil, with rows of triple dots
along each petal (see p. 160). Dark grey; polished; good.
N.B. Completely worn by circular friction (7 m.).

No. 479. Six Spots round the centre, enclosed by a Circle with crooked
rays (Qu., the moon and 5 planets within the revolving sphere of
heaven ?). Grey ; coarse.

* An example of one of the rudest attempts at drawing from the latest pre-Hellenic
stratum ; some equally rude figures are scratched on a wall at Pompeii.

t This is an example of many cases, in which the pattern may be viewed quite
differently, according as we start from the centre or from the circumference.

Hv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. 480. Four quadruple Zigzags (Signs of Lightning), arranged as a
Cross (see p. 160). Very beautiful black ; polished; pattern very
white ; angles very sharp ; very hard. One of the finest Trojan
Whorls (10 M.).

No. 48 id. Five parallel Circles of quadruple lines on the edge and
both faces, probably meant for a wheel in rapid motion (comp.
Plate XXIII. No. 340). " The exactly parallel circular lines were
marked on the moist clay with a comb, as is proved by the way in
which their extremities cross at the point of junction." — B.

Plate XL VIII. Various Patterns.

No. 482. Three Pj-| (Sacrifices) and 2 obscure Signs. — B. (Comp.
Plate XXII. No. 326, and Schliemann's desciiption, pp. 84 and
137.) Reddish ; very rude ; kneaded. The axes of the Whorl and
the hole do not coincide (8^ m.).

No. 483. A pM and rude Figures (Qu., animals or letters?). Grey;
polished ; very coarse (4 m.)

No. 484. A Terra-cotta Tripod. The top (in the upper figure) shews
the Tree of Life (in the middle) attacked by the Caterpillar (on
the right), the symbol of the Powers of Mischief. On the left is a
Pj-J and other Marks. Grey ; polished ; work rude (3 m.).

No. 485. Three concentric rows of Dots : 12 in the inner, 14 in
the next, and 17 in the outer border, which is marked by a Circle
and divided by straight lines. M. Burnouf explains the inner ring
of dots as the 12 months of the year, and the 2 outer as referring to
the days and lunations (8 m.).

Plate XLIX. A Ball and Whorls.

No. 486. A Celestial Sphere, with lines marking the Zones and the
Ecliptic. (The Ecliptic is not continued across the S. hemisphere,
but ends at the extremities of a hole pierced through the middle of
the Ball, possibly signifying the ancient belief that the nocturnal
course of the Sun was subterranean.) Black; unpolished (8 m.).

No. 487. Three quintuple Rising Suns, with a Sun crossed by a py.
Grey ; polished ; very regular (7 m.).

No. 488. Three Arcs, enclosing clots, and 2 pj-|. " The 3 stations of
the Sun. The Morning and Evening Sacrifices, with their priests :
the Noon has 3 priests." — B. Grey. Worn by circular friction.

No. 489. Four triple Arcs (Rising Suns) and a J3-1 " The 4 quarters
of the month or of the year, with the Holy Sacrifice." — B. Fine
black earth (10 m.).

No. 490D. Obv. Three Suns and 3 pU alternately. " The 3 stations of
the Sun and the 3 Sacrifices." Rev. Three triple Radii. Fine
black earth ; polished (4 M.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Jv

Plate L. Remarkable Ball and Whorl.

No. 491. Six faces of a Terra-cotta Ball, with Celestial Emblems, fully
described at p. 168. "One of the most interesting objects in the
whole collection " (Schl.) Yellowish earth (5 m.)

No. 492. A Whorl, so nearly globular as to form a transition to the
Balls. Triple lines and rows of dots round the border ; curious
characters (Qu., letters?) round the whole. Reddish yellow; badly
kneaded ; not polished.

Plate LI. A Ball and Inscribed Whorls.

No. 493. A Ball, with its 8 segments developed, fully described at
pp. 167-8. Black earth; polished; patterns white (5 m.).

No. 494. Whorl with an Inscription. Blackish earth ; badly kneaded.
(M. Burnouf pronounces this and No. 496 to be by the same
workman as the Whorl with the developed pattern (Plate XXV.
No. 357) and the two Inscribed Vases, No. 3, p. 23, and No. ^^,
p. 50) (7 M.)

No. 495D. A small Whorl, with cruciform Pattern on both sides (see
Plate). Light brown ( m.).

No. 496. Very important Inscribed Whorl. The Inscription is the same
as that shown in No. 115, p. 161. (See Appendix, pp. 366-368.)
Red coarse earth ; not polished ; work very coarse (7 m.).

Plate LII. Two Remarkable Trojan Balls.

No. 497. Ball with an Inscription; showing 3 Faces and the Pattern
developed. Brownish grey ; polished ; pattern white (8 m.).

No. 498. Ball, with its 8 segments developed, representing the starry
heavens, with a pj-J and the Tree of Life. Yellow earth ; badly
modelled (8 m.). (Dr. Schliemann has 25 Terra-cotta Balls, most of
them covered with dots, and representing stars, with or without lines
denoting the equator, the colures, the zones, and the ecliptic.)

[J'JJ Piece of a Terra-cotta Dish, with the Owl's Face. (14 M.

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.

FROM THE PREFACE TO HIS

'ITHACA, THE PELOPONNESUS, AND TROY.'

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.

When, in the year 1832, at Kalkhorst, a village in Mecklen-
burg-Schwerin, at the age of ten, I presented my father, as a
Christmas gift, with a badly written Latin essay upon the
principal events of the Trojan war and the adventures of
Ulysses and Agamemnon, little did I think that, six-and-
thirty years later, I should offer the public a work on the
same subject, after having had the good fortune to see with
my own eyes the scene of that war, and the country of the
heroes whose names have been immortalized by Homer.

As soon as I had learnt to speak, my father related to
me the great deeds of the Homeric heroes. I loved these
stories ; they enchanted me and transported me with the
highest enthusiasm. The first impressions which a child receives
abide with him during his whole life ; and, though it was my
lot, at the age of fourteen, to be apprenticed in the ware-
house of E. Ludvvig Holtz in the small town of Ftirstenberg,
in Mecklenburg, instead of following the scientific career for
which I felt an extraordinary predisposition, I always retained
the same love for the famous men of antiquity which I had
conceived for them in my first childhood.

In the small shop where I was employed for five years
and a half, first by Mr. Holtz and then by his successor, the
excellent Mr. Th. Huckstadt, my occupation consisted in
retailing herrings, butter, brandy, milk and salt, grinding
potatoes for the still, sweeping the shop, and so forth. I
only came into contact with the lower classes of society.

From five in the morning to eleven at night I was engaged
in this work, and had not a moment free for study. Moreover
I rapidly forgot the little that I had learnt in my childhood,
but I did not lose the love of learning ; indeed I never lost it,

B 1

4 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

and, as long as I live, I shall never forget the evening when a
drunken miller came into the shop. He was the son of a
Protestant clergyman in a village near Teterow, and had
almost concluded his studies at the Gymnasium when he was
expelled on account of his bad conduct. To punish him for
this, his father made him learn the trade of a miller. Dis-
satisfied with his lot, the young man gave himself up to drink,
which however had not made him forget his Homer ; for he
recited to us about one hundred lines of the poet, observing the
rhythmic cadence. Although I did not understand a word,
the melodious speech made a deep impression upon me, and
I wept bitter tears for my unhappy fate. Thrice I got him to
repeat to me those god-like verses, paying him with three
glasses of brandy, which I bought with the few pence that
made up my whole fortune. From that moment I never
ceased to pray God that by His grace I might yet have the
happiness to learn Greek.

There seemed, however, no hope of my escaping from the
sad and low position in which I found myself. And yet I
was released from it as if by a miracle. In lifting a cask too
heavy for me, I hurt my chest ; I spat blood and was no
longer able to work. In despair I went to Hamburg, where I
succeeded in obtaining a situation as cabin-boy on board of a
ship bound for La Guayra in Venezuela.*

On the 28th of November, 1841, we left Hamburg, but on
the 1 2th of December we were shipwrecked in a fearful storm
off the island of Texel. After innumerable dangers, the crew
were saved. I regarded it as my destiny to remain in Holland,
and resolved to go to Amsterdam and enlist as a soldier.
But this could not be done as quickly as I had imagined,
and the few florins, which I had collected as alms on the
island of Texel and in Enkhuyzen, were soon spent in Am-
sterdam. As my means of living were entirely exhausted,
I feigned illness and was taken into the hospital. From this
terrible situation I was released by the kind ship-broker
J. F. Wendt of Hamburg, who heard of my misfortune and
sent me the proceeds of a small subscription which had been
raised for me. He at the same time recommended me to the

* Dr. Schliemann desires us to add that this ship was the "Dorothea"
(Captain Simonsen), owned by the merchants Wachsmuth and Kroog. — [Ed.]

OF DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN. 5

excellent Consul-General of the North German Confederation
in Amsterdam, Mr. W. Hepner, who procured me a situation
in the office of Mr. F. C. Ouien.

In my new situation my work consisted in stamping bills
of exchange and getting them cashed in the town, and in
carrying letters to and from the post-office. This mechanical
occupation suited me, for it left me time to think of my
neglected education.

First of all I took pains to learn to write legibly, and
then, in order to improve my position, I went on to the study
of the modern languages. My annual salary amounted only
to 800 francs (32/.), half of which I spent upon my studies ;
on the other half I lived, miserably enough to be sure. My
lodging, which cost 8 francs a month, was a wretched garret
without a fire, where I shivered with cold in winter and was
scorched with the heat in summer ; my breakfast consisted
of rye-meal porridge, and my dinner never cost more than
a penny farthing. But nothing spurs one on more to study
than misery and the certain prospect of being able to release
oneself from it by unremitting work. I applied myself with
extraordinary diligence to the study of English. Necessity
showed me a method which greatly facilitates the study of a
language. This method consists in reading a great deal
aloud, without making a translation ; devoting one hour every
day to writing essays upon subjects that interest one, correct-
ing these under a teacher's supervision, learning them by
heart, and repeating in the next lesson what was corrected
on the previous day. My memory was bad, since from my
childhood it had not been exercised upon any object ; but I
made use of every moment, and even stole time for study. I
never went on my errands, even in the rain, without having
my book in my hand and learning something by heart ; and
I never waited at the post-office without reading. By such
means I gradually strengthened my memory, and in half a
year I had succeeded in acquiring a thorough knowledge
of the English language. I then applied the same method
to the study of French, the difficulties of which I overcame
likewise in another six months. These persevering and ex-
cessive studies had in the course of one year strengthened my
memory to such a degree that the study of Dutch, Spanish,
Italian, and Portuguese appeared very easy, and it did not

6 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

take me more than six weeks to write each of these languages
and to speak them fluently. But my passion for study caused
me to neglect my mechanical occupation in the office, espe-
cially when I began to consider it beneath me. My principals
would give me no promotion ; they probably thought that a
person who shows his incapacity for the business of a servant
in an office is therefore quite worthless for any higher duties.

At last, through the intercession of my worthy friends,
L. Stoll of Mannheim and Ballauff of Bremen, I had the
good fortune to obtain a situation as correspondent and book-
keeper in the office of Messrs. B. H. Schroder and Co. in
Amsterdam, who engaged me at a salary of 1200 francs (48/.) ;
but when they saw my zeal, they paid me 2000 francs as an
encouragement. This generosity, for which I shall ever be
grateful to them, was in fact the foundation of my prosperity ;
for, as I thought that I could make myself still more useful
by a knowledge of Russian, I set to work to learn that
language also. But the only Russian books that I could
procure were an old grammar, a lexicon, and a bad translation
of Telemachus. In spite of all my inquiries I could not find
a teacher of Russian, for no one in Amsterdam understood a
word of the language : so I betook myself to study without
a master, and, with the help of the grammar, I learnt the
Russian letters and their pronunciation in a few days. Then,
following my old method, I began to write short stories of my
own composition and to learn them off by heart. As I had
no one to correct my work, it was, no doubt, very bad indeed,
but I tried at the same time to correct my faults by the
practical exercise of learning Telemachus by heart. It oc-
curred to me that I should make more progress if I had some
one to whom I could relate the adventures of Telemachus ;
so I hired a poor Jew for 4 francs a week, who had to come
every evening for two hours to listen to my Russian recitations,
of which he did not understand a syllable.

As the ceilings of the rooms in Holland consist of single
boards, people on the ground-floor can hear what is said in
the third storey. My recitations therefore, delivered in a loud
voice, annoyed the other tenants, who complained to the
landlord, and twice during my study of the Russian language
I was forced to change my lodgings. But these inconve-
niences did not diminish my zeal, and in the course of six

OF DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN. 7

weeks I wrote my first Russian letter to a Russian in London,
and I was able to converse fluently in this language with
the Russian merchants who had come to Amsterdam for the
indigo auctions.

After I had concluded my study of the Russian language,
I began to occupy myself seriously with the literatures of the
languages which I had learnt.

In the beginning of the year 1846, my worthy principals
sent me as their agent to St. Petersburg, where a year later
I established a mercantile house on my own account ; but,
during the first eight or nine years that I spent in Russia,
I was so overwhelmed with work that I could not continue
my linguistic studies, and it was not till the year 1854
that I found it possible to acquire the Swedish and Polish
languages.

Great as was my wish to learn Greek, I did not venture
upon its study till I had acquired a moderate fortune ; for I was
afraid that this language would exercise too great a fascina-
tion upon me and estrange me from my commercial business.
When, however, I could no longer restrain my desire for
learning, I at last set vigorously to work at Greek in January
1856; first with Mr. N. Pappadakes, and then with Mr. Th.
Vimpos of Athens, always following my old method. It did
not take me more than six weeks to master the difficulties
of modern Greek, and I then applied myself to the ancient
language, of which in three months I learned sufficient to
understand some of the ancient authors, and especially Homer,
whom I read and re-read with the most lively enthusiasm.

I then occupied myself for two years exclusively with the
ancient Greek literature ; and during this time I read almost
all the old authors cursorily, and the Iliad and Odyssey
several times.

In the year 1858 I travelled to Sweden, Denmark, Germany,
Italy and Egypt, where I sailed up the Nile as far as the
second cataract in Nubia. I availed myself of this oppor-
tunity to learn Arabic, and I afterwards travelled across the
desert from Cairo to Jerusalem. I visited Petra, traversed
the whole of Syria, and in this manner I had abundant op-
portunity of acquiring a practical knowledge of Arabic, the
deeper study of which I afterwards continued in St. Peters-
burg. After leaving Syria, I visited Athens in the summer

8 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.

of 1859, and I was on the point of starting for the island of
Ithaca when I was seized with an illness which obliged me to
return to St. Petersburg.

Heaven had blessed my mercantile undertakings in a
wonderful manner, so that at the end of 1863 I found myself
in possession of a fortune such as my ambition had never
ventured to aspire to. I therefore retired from business, in
order to devote myself exclusively to the studies which have
the greatest fascination for me.

In the year 1864 I was on the road to visit the native
island of Ulysses and the Plain of Troy, when I allowed
myself to be persuaded to visit India, China and Japan, and
to travel round the world. I spent two years on this journey,
and on my return in 1866 I settled in Paris, with the purpose
of devoting the rest of my life to study, and especially to
archaeology, which has the greatest charm for me.

At last I was able to realize the dream of my whole life,
and to visit at my leisure the scene of those events which had
such an intense interest for me, and the country of the heroes
whose adventures had delighted and comforted my childhood.
I started, therefore, last summer, and visited in succession the
places which still possess such living poetic memorials of
antiquity.

I had not, however, the ambition of publishing a work on
the subject ; this I only decided upon doing when I found
what errors almost all archaeologists had spread about the site
once occupied by the Homeric capital of Ithaca, about the
stables of Eumaeus, the Island of Asteris, ancient Troy, the
sepulchral mounds of Batiea and of ^Esyetes, the tomb of
Hector, and so forth.

Apart from the hope of correcting opinions which I hold
to be erroneous, I should consider myself fortunate could I
aid in diffusing among the intelligent public a taste for the
beautiful and noble studies which have sustained my courage
during the hard trials of my life, and which will sweeten the
days yet left me to live.

Henry Schliemann.

6, Place St.-Michel, Paris,
Dec. 3 1 st, 186S.

INTRODUCTION.

D I A G R A M

SHEWING THE SUCCESSIVE STRATA OF REMAINS ON THE
HILL OF HISSARLIK.

Meiers. Feet {abt.) Surface.

Remains of Greek Ilium.

4th Stratum.

-5

;rd Stratum.

2nd Stratum. The Troy of Homer, according
to Schliemann.

1 st Stratum.

46 .

52!

Native rock.

INTRODUCTION.

CONTENTS.

Form of the Work — Changing and progressive opinions due to the
Novelty of the Discoveries — Chronology — Duration of the Greek
Ilium — Four successive strata of remains beneath its ruins on the
hill of Hissarlik — Remains of the Earliest Settlers, who were of the
Aryan race — Symbols on their terra-cottas — The Second Settlers,
the Trojans of Homer — The Tower of Ilium, Scasan Gate, and
City Walls, covered with the ashes of a conflagration — Skeletons
denoting a bloody war — The Royal Treasure — Small extent of
Troy : not beyond the hill of Hissarlik — Poetical exaggerations
of Homer, who only knew it by tradition — The city was wealthy
and powerful, though small — Stone weapons and implements, not
denoting the " Stone Age " — Contemporaneous use of copper,
silver, and gold, for tools, weapons, vases, and ornaments —
Inscriptions proving the use of a written language — Splendid
remains of pottery — Symbols proving that the Trojans were an
Aryan race — Their buildings of stone and wood — Antiquity of the
City — The Third Settlers, also of the Aryan race — Their pottery
coarser — Musical instruments — Their mode of building — Fewer
implements of copper, but those of stone abundant — The Fourth
Settlers, of the Aryan race, built the Wooden Ilium — Their progressive
decline in civilization — Some copper implements, with tools and
weapons of stone — The Greek Ilium built about B.C. 700 : ceased to
exist in the fourth century after Christ ■ — Evidence of Coins — No
Byzantine remains — The Walls of Lysimachus — Metals found in
the various strata : copper and bronze, silver, gold, lead : no iron
or tin — Sculptures of the Greek age — Metope' of the Sun-God —
Images of the owl-faced Athena common to all the pre-Hellenic
strata : their various forms — The perforated whorls of terra-
cotta, with Aryan symbols — The sign of the Suastika pM — The
• plain whorls — Discussion of the site of Troy — Traditionally
placed on that of the Greek Ilium — View of Demetrius and
Strabo refuted — Opinion of Lechevalier for Bunarbashi, generally
accepted, but erroneous — No remains of a great city there — The
site really that of Gergis — Fragments of Hellenic pottery only —

12 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

The three so-called tombs of heroes also Greek — Proposed sites
at Chiplak and Akshi-Koi refuted by the absence of remains —
Modern authorities in favour of Hissarlik — Ancient types of pottery
still made in the Troad — Covers with owl-faces, and vases with
uplifted wings — Colouring materials of the pottery — The inscrip-
tions — The author's relations with the Turkish Government —
Professor Max Midler on the owl-headed goddess — Some probable
traces of another settlement between the fourth pre-Hel!enic people
and the Greek colonists.

The present book is a sort of Diary of my excavations at
Troy, for all the memoirs of which it consists were, as the
vividness of the descriptions will prove, written down by me
on the spot while proceeding with my works.*

If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I
hope that these may be pardoned when it is considered that
I have here revealed a new world for archaeology, that the
objects which I have brought to light by thousands are of
a kind hitherto never or but very rarely found, and that
consequently everything appeared strange and mysterious
to me. Hence I frequently ventured upon conjectures
which I was obliged to give up on mature consideration,
till I at last acquired a thorough insight, and could draw
well-founded conclusions from many actual proofs.

One of my greatest difficulties has been to make the
enormous accumulation of debris at Troy agree with chron-
ology; and in this — in spite of long-searching and pondering
— I have only partially succeeded. According to Herodotus
(VII. 43) : " Xerxes in his march through the Troad, before
invading Greece (b.c 480) arrived at the Scamander and
went up to Priam's Pergamus, as he wished to see that
citadel ; and, after having seen it, and inquired into its past
fortunes, he sacrificed 1000 oxen to the Ilian Athena, and
the Magi poured libations to the manes of the heroes."

This passage tacitly implies that at that time a Greek
colony had long since held possession of the town, and,
according to Strabo's testimony (XIII. i. 42), such a colony

* Each of these Memoirs forms a chapter of the Translation.

INTRODUCTION. 1 3

built Ilium during the dominion of the Lydians. Now, as
the commencement of the Lydian dominion dates from the
year 797 B.C., and as the Uians seem to have been com-
pletely established there long before the arrival of Xerxes
in 480 b.c, we may fairly assume that their first settlement
in Troy took place about 700 b.c. The house-walls of
Hellenic architecture, consisting of large stones without
cement, as well as the remains of Greek household utensils,
do not, however, extend in any case to a depth of more
than two meters (6h feet) in the excavations on the flat
surface of the hill.

As I find in Ilium no inscriptions later than those
belonging to the second century after Christ, and no coins
of a later date than Constans II. and Constantine II., but
very many belonging to these two emperors, as well as to
Constantine the Great, it may be regarded as certain that the
town began to decay even before the time of Constantine
the Great, who, as is well known, at first intended to build
Constantinople on that site ; but that it remained an in-
habited place till about the end of the reign of Constans II.,
that is till about a.d. 361. But the accumulation of debris
during this long period of 1061 years amounts only to two
meters or 6k feet, whereas we have still to dig to a depth of
12 meters or 40 feet, and in many places even to 14 meters
or 46^ feet, below this, before reaching the native ground
which consists of shelly limestone (Muschelkalk). This
immense layer of debris from 40 to 46^ feet thick, which has
been left by the four different nations that successively in-
habited the hill before the arrival of the Greek colony, that is
before 700 b.c, is an immensely rich cornucopia of the most
remarkable terra-cottas, such as have never been seen before,
and of other objects which have not the most distant resem-
blance to the productions of Hellenic art. The question
now forces itself upon us : — Whether this enormous mass
of ruins may not have been brought from another place to
increase the height of the hill ? Such an hypothesis, as every

14 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

visitor to my excavations may convince himself at the first
glance, is perfectly impossible ; because in all the strata of
dSrzs,from the native rock, at a depth of from 14 to 16 meters
(46 to 52^ feet) up to 4 meters (13 feet) below the surface, we
continually see remains of masonry, which rest upon strong
foundations, and are the ruins of real houses ; and, moreover,
because all the numerous large wine, water, and funereal urns
that are met with are found in an upright position. The next
question is : — But how many centuries have been required
to form a layer of dSris, 40 and even 46V feet thick, from
the ruins of pre-Hellenic houses, if the formation of the
uppermost one, the Greek layer of 6^ feet thick, required
1 06 1 years? During my three years' excavations in the depths
of Troy, I have had daily and hourly opportunities of con-
vincing myself that, from the standard of our own or of the
ancient Greek mode of life, we can form no idea of the life
and doings of the four nations which successively inhabited
this hill before the time of the Greek settlement. They
must have had a terrible time of it, otherwise we should
not find the walls of one house upon the ruined remains of
another, in continuous but irregular succession ; and it is
just because we can form no idea of the way in which these
nations lived and what calamities they had to endure, that
it is impossible to calculate the duration of their existence,
even approximately, from the thickness of their ruins. It is
extremely remarkable, but perfectly intelligible from the con-
tinual calamities which befel the town, that the civilization
of all the four nations constantly declined ; the terra-cottas,
which show continuous decadence, leave no doubt of this.

The first settlement on this hill of Hissarlik seems, how-
ever, to have been of the longest duration, for its ruins cover
the rock to a height of from 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet).
Its houses and walls of fortification were built of stones, large
and small, joined with earth, and manifold remains of these
may be seen in my excavations. I thought last year that
these settlers were identical with the Trojans of whom

INTRODUCTION. 15

Homer sings, because I imagined that I had found among
their ruins fragments of the double cup, the Homeric "SeVa.9
djx(j)iKV7reXXoi'." From closer examination, however, it has
become evident that these fragments were the remains of
simple cups with a hollow stem, which can never have been
used as a second cup. Moreover, I believe that in my
memoirs of this year (1873) I have sufficiently proved that
Aristotle {Hist. Anim., IX. 40) is wrong in assigning to
the Homeric " SeVa? aixfyiKvrrekkov " the form of a bee's cell,
whence this cup has ever since been erroneously interpreted
as a double cup, and that it can mean nothing but a cup
with a handle on either side. Cups of such a form are never
met with in the debris of the first settlement of this hill ;
but they frequently occur, and in great quantities, among
those of the succeeding people, and also among those of
the two later nations which preceded the Greek colony on
the spot. The large golden cup with two handles, weighing
600 grammes (a pound and a half), which I found in the
royal treasure at the depth of 28 feet
in the debris of the second people,
leaves no doubt of this fact.*

The terra-cottas which I found
on the native rock, at a depth of 14
meters (46 feet), are all of a more
excellent quality than any met with
in the upper strata. They are of a
brilliant black, red, or brown colour,
ornamented with patterns cut and

filled With a White Substance; the Fragment of painted pottery from

the lowest stratum (16 M.).

flat cups have horizontal rings on

two sides, the vases have generally two perpendicular rings
on each side for hanging them up with cords. Of painted
terra-cottas I found only one fragment.f

* For this remarkable vessel see Chapter XXIII. and Plate XVII.
t But a second was found in the stratum above (see the Illustration,
No. 35, at the end of the Introduction).

I 6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

All that can be said of the first settlers is that they
belonged to the Aryan race, as is sufficiently proved by the
Aryan religious symbols met with in the strata of their ruins
(among which we rind the Suastika p|-l ), both upon the
pieces of pottery and upon the small curious terra-cottas
with a hole in the centre, which have the form of the crater
of a volcano or of a carrousel (i. e. a top).*

The excavations made this year (1873) have sufficiently
proved that the second nation which built a town on this
hill, upon the cUbris of the first settlers (which is from
13 to 20 feet deep), are the Trojans of whom Homer
sings. Their debris lies from 7 to 10 meters, or 23 to
^2, feet, below the surface. This Trojan stratum, which,
without exception, bears marks of great heat, consists
mainly of red ashes of wood, which rise from 5 to 10 feet
above the Great Tower of Ilium, the double Scaean Gate,
and the great enclosing Wall, the construction of which
Homer ascribes to Poseidon and Apollo ; and they show
that the town was destroyed by a fearful conflagration.
How great the heat must have been is clear also from the
large slabs of stone upon the road leading from the double
Scaean Gate down to the Plain : for when I laid this road
open a few months ago, all the slabs appeared as unin-
jured as if they had been put down quite recently ; but
after they had been exposed to the air for a few days, the
slabs of the upper part of the road, to the extent of some

* The word by which Dr. Schliemann usually denotes these curious
objects is carrousels, as a translation of fusaioli, the term applied by the
Italian antiquaries to the similar objects found in the marshes about
Modena. It is difficult to choose an English word, without assuming their
use on the one hand, or not being specific enough on the other. Top
and teetotum are objectionable on the former grounds, and wheel is
objectionable on both. On the whole, whorl seems most convenient,
and Dr. Schliemann gives his approval to this term. Their various
shapes are shown in the Plates at die end of die volume. Those in the
form of single cones, with flat bases, seem to he what Dr. Schliemann
calls volcanoes (Vulkans), the hole representing the crater. — [Ed.]

INTRODUCTION. 17

10 feet, which had been exposed to the heat, began to
crumble away, and they have now almost disappeared, while
those of the lower portion of the road, which had not been
touched by the fire, have remained uninjured, and seem to
be indestructible. A further proof of the terrible cata-
strophe is furnished by a stratum of scoriae of melted lead
and copper, from I to 1^ of an inch thick, which extends
nearly through the whole hill at a depth of from 28 to
29 •? feet. That Troy was destroyed by enemies after a
bloody war is further attested by the many human bones
which I found in these heaps of dSri's, and above all by
the skeletons with helmets, found in the depths of the
temple of Athena ;* for, as we know from Homer, all corpses
were burnt and the ashes were preserved in urns. Of such
urns I have found an immense number in all the pre-
Hellenic strata on the hill. Lastly, the Treasure, which
some member of the royal family had probably endeavoured
to save during the destruction of the city, but was forced
to abandon, leaves no doubt that the city was destroyed
by the hands of enemies. I found this Treasure on the
large enclosing wall by the side of the royal palace, at a
depth of 27^ feet, and covered with red Trojan ashes from
5 to 6h feet in depth, above which was a post-Trojan wall
of fortification igh feet high.

Trusting to the data of the Iliad, the exactness of which
I used to believe in as in the Gospel itself, I imagined that
Hissarlik) the hill which I have ransacked for threeyears, was
the Pergamus of the city, that Troy must have had 50,000
inhabitants, and that its area must have extended over the
whole space occupied by the Greek colony of Ilium.f

Notwithstanding this, I was determined to investigate
the matter accurately, and I thought that I could not do
so in any better way than by making borings. I accord-
ingly began cautiously to dig at the extreme ends of the

* See p. 280. \ See the Plan of Greek Ilium (Plan I.).

I 8 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

Greek Ilium : but these borings down to the native rock
brought to light only walls of houses, and fragments of
pottery belonging to the Greek period, — not a trace of
the remains of the preceding occupants. In making these
borings, therefore, I gradually came nearer to the fancied
Pergamus, but without any better success ; till at last as
many as seven shafts, which I dug at the very foot of
the hill down to the rock, produced only Greek masonry
and fragments of Greek pottery. I now therefore assert
most positively that Troy was limited to the small surface
of this hill ; that its area is accurately marked by its great
surrounding wall, laid open by me in many places ; that
the city had no Acropolis, and that the Pergamus is a
pure invention of Homer ; and further that the area of
Troy in post-Trojan times down to the Greek settlement
was only increased so far as the hill was enlarged by the
debris that was thrown down, but that the Ilium of the
Greek colony had a much larger extent at the time of its
foundation.*

Though, however, we find on the one hand that we
have been deceived in regard to the size of Troy, yet on
the other we must feel great satisfaction in the certainty,
now at length ascertained, that Troy really existed, that the
greater portion of this Troy has been brought to light by
me, and that the Iliad — although on an exaggerated scale —
sings of this city and of the fact of its tragic end. Homer,
however, is no historian, but an epic poet, and hence we
must excuse his exaggerations.

As Homer is so well informed about the topography
and the climatic conditions of the Troad, there can surely be
no doubt that he had himself visited Troy. But, as he was
there long after its destruction, and its site had moreover
been buried deep in the dtbris of the ruined town, and had
for centuries been built over by a new town, Homer could

Sec the Plan of Dr. Schliemann's Researches (Plan II.).

INTRODUCTION. 19

neither have seen the Great Tower of Ilium nor the Scaean
Gate, nor the great enclosing Wall, nor the palace of Priam ;
for, as every visitor to the Troad may convince himself by
my excavations, the ruins and red ashes of Troy alone —
forming a layer of from five to ten feet thick — covered all
these remains of immortal fame ; and this accumulation of
dcbi'is must have been much more considerable at the time
of Homer's visit. Homer made no excavations so as to bring
those remains to light, but he knew of them from tradition ;
for the tragic fate of Troy had for centuries been in the
mouths of all minstrels, and the interest attached to it was
so great that, as my excavations have proved, tradition
itself gave the exact truth in many details. Such, for in-
stance, is the memory of the Scaean Gate in the Great Tower
of Ilium, and the constant use of the name Scaean Gate in
the plural, because it had to be described as double,* and
in fact it has been proved to be a double gate. According
to the lines in the Iliad (XX. 307, 308), it now seems to me
extremely probable that, at the time of Homer's visit, the
King of Troy declared that his race was descended in a
direct line from yEneas/j"

Now as Homer never saw Ilium's Great Tower, nor the
Scaean Gate, and could not imagine that these buildings
lay buried deep beneath his feet, and as he probably
imagined Troy to have been very large — according to the
then existing poetical legends — and perhaps wished to

* The double form of an outer and inner gate, and the use of irvXat
in the plural for a city gate, are both far too frequent to justify our
founding an argument merely on the plural form of the 2/catai jruAat. —
[Ed.]

f NSv Se 8ti Aivetao fiit] Tpwe&aiv avacci,

Kai Trat8(DV TraiSes, tol kcv fieroTricrBe yh/wvrat.

" But o'er the Trojans shall yEneas reign,
And his sons' sons, through ages yet unborn."

This is the declaration of Poseidon to the gods, when ./Eneas was in
peril of his life by the sword of Achilles. (But compare p. 182). — [Ed.]

C 2

20 TROY AM) ITS REMAINS.

describe it as still larger, we cannot be surprised that he
makes Hector descend from the palace in the Pergamus
and hurry through the town in order to arrive at the Scaean
Gate; whereas that gate and Ilium's Great Tower, in which
it stands, are in reality directly in front of the royal house.
That this house is really the king's palace seems evident
from its size, from the thickness of its stone walls, in con-
trast to those of the other houses of the town, which are
built almost exclusively of unburnt bricks, and from its im-
posing situation upon an artificial hill directly in front of
or beside the Scaean Gate, the Great Tower, and the great
surrounding Wall. This is confirmed by the many splendid
objects found in its ruins, especially the enormous royally
ornamented vase with the picture of the owl-headed goddess
Athena, the tutelary divinity of Ilium (see No. 219, p. 307) ;
and lastly, above all other things, by the rich Treasure found
close by it (Plate II.). I cannot, of course, prove that the
name of this king, the owner of this treasure, was really
Priam ; but I give him this name because he is so called by
Homer and in all the traditions. All that I can prove is, that
the palace of the owner of this treasure, this last Trojan king,
perished in the great catastrophe, which destroyed the Scaean
Gate, the great surrounding Wall, and the Great Tower,
and which desolated the whole city. I can prove, by the
enormous quantities of red and yellow calcined Trojan ruins,
from five to ten feet in height, which covered and enveloped
these edifices, and by the many post-Trojan buildings, which
were again erected upon these calcined heaps of ruins, that
neither the palace of the owner of the Treasure, nor the
Scaean Gate, nor the great surrounding Wall, nor Ilium's
Great Tower, were ever again brought to light. A city,
whose king possessed such a treasure, was immensely
wealthy, considering the circumstances of those times ;
and because Troy was rich, it was powerful, had many
subjects, and obtained auxiliaries from all quarters.

Last year I ascribed the building of the (Treat Tower of

INTRODUCTION.

Ilium to the first occupants of the hill; but I have long
since come to the firm conviction that it is the work of
the second people, the Trojans, because it is upon the north
side only, within the Trojan stratum of ruins, and from
1 6 to 19^ feet above the native soil, that it is made of
actual masonry. I have, in my letters, repeatedly drawn
attention to the fact, that the terra-cottas which I found
upon the Tower can only be compared with those found
at a depth of from 36 to 46 feet. This, however, applies
only to the beauty of the clay and the elegance of the
vessels, but in no way to their types, which, as the reader
may convince himself from the illustrations to this work,
are utterly different from the pottery of the first settlers.

It has been hitherto thought that the occurrence of
stone implements indicates the "Age of Stone." My
excavations here in Troy, however, prove this opinion to
be completely erroneous ; for I very frequently find imple-
ments of stone even immediately below the debris belong-
ing to the Greek colony, that is at a depth of 6^ feet, and
they occur in very great quantities from a depth of 13 feet
downwards. Those, however, in the Trojan stratum, from
23 to 33 feet below the surface, are in general of much better
workmanship than those above. I wish to draw atten-
tion to the fact that unfortunately, when writing the present
book, I made the mistake, which is now inconceivable to me,
of applying the name of
wedges to those splendidly-
cut weapons and imple-
ments, the greater part of
which are made of diorite,
but frequently also of very
hard and transparent green
stone, such as are given

here and in Several later No- 2- SmaI1 Trojan Axes of Diorite (8 m.).

illustrations. They are,

however, as anyone can convince himself, not wedges but

22 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

axes, and the majority of them must have been used as
battle-axes. Many, to judge from their form, seem to be
excellently fitted to be employed as lances, and may have
been used as such. I have collected many hundreds of
them. But, together with the thousands of stone imple-
ments, I found also many of copper ; and the frequently
discovered moulds of mica-schist for casting copper weapons
and implements, as well as the many small crucibles, and
small roughly made bowls, spoons, and funnels for filling the
moulds, prove that this metal was much used. The strata
of copper and lead scoriae, met with at a depth of from
28 to 29^ feet, leave no doubt that this was the case. It
must be observed that all the copper articles met with are
of pure copper, without the admixture of any other metal. #
Even the king's Treasure contained, besides other articles
made of this metal, a shield with a large boss in the
centre ; a great caldron ; a kettle or vase ; a long slab with
a silver vase welded on to it by the conflagration ; and
many fragments of other vases.f

This Treasure of the supposed mythical king Priam,
of the mythical heroic age, which I discovered at a great
depth in the ruins of the supposed mythical Troy, is at all
events a discovery which stands alone in archaeology, reveal-
ing great wealth, great civilization and a great taste for art,
in an age preceding the discovery of bronze, when weapons
and implements of pure copper were employed contempo-
raneously with enormous quantities of stone weapons and
implements. This treasure further leaves no doubt that
Homer must have actually seen gold and silver articles,
such as he continually describes ; it is, in every respect, of

* To this statement there are at least some exceptions. See the
Analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, at the end of the book. — [Ed.]

f We omit here the Author's further enumeration of the objects
composing the "King's Treasure," as they are fully described on the
occasion of their wonderful discovery (Chapter XXIII.). Meanwhile
the Plate opposite gives a general view of the whole. — [Ed.]

Plate II.

fage 22.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE TREASURE OF PRIAM. (Depth 8* m.)

a. Key of the Treasure Chest.

b. The Golden Diadems, Fillet, Ear-rings, and Small Jewels.

c. Silver "Talents " and Vessels of Silver and Gold.

d. Silver Vases and curious Plate of Copper.

e. Weapons and Helmet-Crests of Copper or Bronze.

f. Copper Vessel. g. Copper Caldron. /;. Copper Shield.

INTRODUCTION. 23

inestimable value to science, and will for centuries remain
the object of careful investigation.

Unfortunately upon none of the articles of the Treasure
do I find an inscription, or any other religious symbols, ex-
cept the 100 idols of the Homeric " 0ea yXav/canT-is 'A #771/77,"
which glitter upon the two diadems and the four ear-rings.
These are, however, an irrefragable proof that the Treasure
belongs to the city and to the age of which Homer sings.

Yet a written language was not wanting at that time.
For instance, I found at a depth of 16 feet, in the royal
palace, the vase with an inscription, of which a drawing-
is here given ; and I wish to call especial attention to

r»_7Tre?^7fl*|g

No. 3. [a). Inscribed Terra-colta Vase from the Palace (8 M.).
[l>). The Inscription thereon.

the fact, that of the characters occurring in it, the letter
like the Greek P occurs also in the inscription on a seal,
found at the depth of 23 feet ; the second and third
letter to the left of this upon a whorl of terra-cotta,*

* Engraved among the lithographic plates at the end of the volume,
PI. LI., No. 496. Since the publication of Dr. Schliemann's work, many

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

likewise found at a depth of 23 feet ; and the third letter
also upon two small funnels of terra-cotta, from a depth of

10 feet (see p. 191). I further found
in the royal palace the excellent
engraved inscription on a piece of
red slate ; but I see here only one
character resembling one ot the
letters of the inscription on the
above-mentioned seal. My friend
the great Indian scholar, Emile
No. 4- inscribed Terra-cotta seal Bumouf, conjectures that all these

(7 »!•)• J

characters belong to a very ancient
Graeco-Asiaticlocal alphabet. Professor H.Brunn, of Munich,
writes to me that he has shown these inscriptions to Professor
Haug, and that he has pointed out their relationship and con-

No. 5. Piece of Red Slate, perhaps a Whetstone, with an Inscription (7 M.).

nection with the Phoenician alphabet (from which the Greek
alphabet is however derived), and has found certain analogies
between them and the inscription on the bronze table which
was found at Idalium in Cyprus, and is now in the Cabinet
des Midailles in Paris. Professor Brunn adds that the con-
nection of things found at Troy with those found in Cyprus
is in no way surprising, but may be very well reconciled with
Homer, and that at all events particular attention should
be paid to this connection, for, in his opinion, Cyprus is the

of these Trojan inscriptions have been more certainly determined to be
real inscriptions in the Cyprian syllabic character^ through the researches
of Dr. Martin Haug and Professor Gomperz of Vienna. (See the
Appendix.) — [Ed.]

INTRODUCTION.

2 5

cradle of Greek art, or, so to speak, the caldron in which
Asiatic, Egyptian, and Greek ingredients were brewed
together, and out of which, at a later period, Greek art
came forth as the clear product.

I find in these Trojan layers of debris an abundance of
splendid pottery, and more especially large and small cups
with two handles, or with one from
below in the form of a crown ;*
vases with rings on the sides and
with holes in the same direction
in the lip, for hanging them up by
cords ; all kinds of domestic uten-
sils ; also a beautifully ornamented
flute made of bone, several pieces
of other flutes, and a splendidly orna-
mented piece of ivory, which is part
of a lyre with only four strings.

Like the first settlers on this
sacred spot, the Trojans also were of the Aryan race ; for
I find among their remains enormous quantities of the

No. 6. Terra-cotta Vase Cover
(8 m.).

No. j. Ornamented Ivory Tube, probably a Trojan Flute (8 M.).

small articles of terra-cotta in the form of volcanoes and
tops {carrousels), with carvings of Aryan religious symbols.

The building materials of the Trojans are of
various kinds. With but few exceptions, all
the house-walls which I have uncovered are No 8 Pieco

ot Ivory, be-

composed of unburnt sun-dried bricks, which in ^jarf Lyre
the heat of the conflagration have become a kind strings (aw
of really burnt bricks. But the royal palace
and two small buildings in the depths of the temple of

* Dr. Schliemann has since pronounced these crown-shaped vessels
to be covers of vases; though they may. he thinks, have been used for
cups as well. One is seen placed on the splendid vase on p. 48.— [Ed !

26 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

Athena, as well as the Great Tower of Ilium, the Scaean
Gate, and the great enclosing Wall, are generally composed
of unhewn stones joined with earth, the less rough face of
the stones being turned to the outside, so that the walls
have a tolerably smooth appearance.

I thought last year, upon uncovering the Great Tower
of Ilium, that it must have been at one time higher than
it now is, namely 6 meters or 20 feet ; but its flat-built top
beside the Scaean Gate, and the benches (not ruins, as I for-
merly thought) afterwards found upon it, prove that it can
never have been higher.* I would draw especial attention
to the fact, that the masonry of the Scaean Gate, upon
being uncovered, looked as wonderfully fresh as if it had
been erected quite recently. It is quite certain that it pos-
sessed strong wooden fortifications, and probably also a
wooden tower above the gateway; for otherwise it is inex-
plicable to me how the entrance of the Gate can have been
covered to the height of 10 feet by those red Trojan wood-
ashes, and especially how it was that there, far from the
other buildings, the heat should have been so great that
even the thick slabs of stone have been destroyed by it.

Homer speaks of Troy as having been destroyed by
Hercules previous to the Trojan war,j and it will ever
remain an enigma to us whether this information, which
had been preserved by traditions down to his time, really
refers to the Ilium of Priam, or to the very ancient town of
the first settlers.

* See Plan III., p. 306.

t Iliad, V. 640-642, where Tlepolemus boasts of his ancestor
Hercules —

"Os 7tot€ Sevp lX$i»v £V€)( LTnroiv Aao/xeSorros,
'E^ 0177s crvv vrjvcrt naX avBpdcn TravpoTtpoKriv,
IXluv itaXaira^e ttoXlv, xijpwcre §' ayuias.

•• With but six ships, and with a scanty band,
The horses by Laomedon withheld
Avenging, he o'erthrew this city, Troy,
And made her streets a desert."

INTRODUCTION.

As to the chronology of Troy, we have only the general
supposition of antiquity that the Trojan War occurred
about b.c. 1 200, and Homer's statement {Iliad, XX.
215-237) that Dardanus, the first Trojan King, founded
Dardania, which town I agree with Virgil and Euripides in
considering identical with Ilium, and that after him it was
governed by his son Erichthonius, and then by his grand-
son Tros, by his great-grandson Ilus, and then by his son
Laomedon, and by his grandson Priam. Even if we allow
every one of these six kings a long reign of 33 years, we
nevertheless scarcely carry the foundation of the town be-
yond 1400 b.c, that is 700 years before the Greek colony.

The site of Troy, which at the time of its foundation
was 10 meters (about 33 feet) below the present surface,
was only 7 meters (23 feet) below it after its destruction,
when Ilium was again rebuilt by another people of Aryan
origin ; for, in the dSn's of this people, which extends to
a depth of from 7 to 4 meters (23 to 13 feet) below the
present surface, I find the same objects of terra-cotta with
religious symbols.

On the photographic plates of the Atlas I have carefully
stated the depth at which every object
was found, so that it is very easy to
find out which of them belong to this
people.* Their pottery resembles
that of the Trojans, but it is worse
and coarser, and we meet with many
new types. Almost all their vases
have a tube on either side for hanging
them up by cords. I here found, at
a depth of i6i feet, part of a lyre
made of stone, with six strings; and

No. 9. Ornamented Piece of Ivory
belonging to a Trojan Seven-
Stringed Lyre (7 M.).

* This most important key to the archaeological evidence collected
by Dr. Schliemann has been preserved in the present translation. The
depths are given in meters for the reasons stated in the Preface.

28 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

at a depth of 13 feet the beautifully ornamented ivory piece
of another lyre, with seven strings, here shown.

The architecture of this people, as may be seen from
the many house-walls which I have uncovered, was always
of small stones joined with earth. Yet in two places in the
depths of the temple of Athena there is a wall of sun-dried
bricks, which appears to belong to this nation. Their
houses were smaller, and less wood was employed in their
construction than in those of the Trojans ; for, although the
ruins of houses lying one upon another show that several
great convulsions have taken place, still we rind here far
fewer charred ruins than among those of the preceding
people; nay, these layers of debris have in the majority of
cases a grey or black appearance, and they contain millions
of small mussel-shells, bones, fish-bones, and so forth. It
is curious that in these strata certain types of terra-cottas
are only found exactly at the same depth, and that, for
instance, the splendid black cups in the form of an hour-
glass, and with two large handles, are confined to a depth
of 6 meters (nearly 20 feet).

During the first two years of my excavations, at the
depth of from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet), I found
scarcely any copper, and consequently I believed that the
metal was but rarely, if at all, known to this people. This
year, however, I found a number of copper nails in this
stratum, as well as some knives and battle-axes, together
with moulds of mica-schist for casting them, besides other
weapons and implements.* Yet copper must have been rare
with them ; for stone implements, such as knives of silex,
hammers and axes of diorite, and so forth, are found by
thousands.

This people also seem to have disappeared simul-
taneously with the destruction of their town ; for not only
do I find, at a depth of from 4 meters up to 2 meters

* These objects resemble those from other strata, engraved in Chapter
I V. and subsequently.

INTRODUCTION. 29

(13 to 6i feet), many new types of terra-cotta vessels, but I
no longer find any remains of house-walls ; nay, even single
stones are scarcely ever met with. At all events, directly
after its destruction, the town was rebuilt of wood by
another tribe of the Aryan race ; for the small terra-cottas,
adorned with Aryan religious symbols, although frequently
of new types, occur in numbers in these layers of debris.
Walls of fortification are indeed met with in these depths,
but they had been built by the preceding people ; as, for
instance, the wall 19^ feet in height, whose base is at a
depth of 5 to 6\ feet above the treasure, and which reached
to within i\ ft. of the surface. This wooden Ilium was, to
all appearance, still less fortunate than the stone town of its
predecessors ; for, as is proved by the numerous calcined
layers of debris, it was frequently desolated by fire.
Whether these fires broke out accidentally, or were kindled
by the hands of enemies, must for ever remain a riddle to
us ; but thus much is certain and evident from the terra-
cottas found at these depths, that the civilization of the
people, which had been but slight from the beginning,
continued to decrease during the perpetual misfortunes
of their town. I find, among the ruins of this nation,
lances, battle-axes, and implements, of pure copper, and
moulds for casting them ; likewise a number of copper
nails, which, however — as in the case of the preceding
peoples who have inhabited this hill — are too long and thin
to have been employed for fastening wood together, and
must in all probability have been used as brooches : this
seems to be proved by two nails of this kind on the
top of which I found rows of perforated beads of gold
or elcetrum soldered upon them. These two copper
nails were, it is true, found immediately below the surface,
but they must in any case belong to the pre-Hellenic
time.

In the ruins of this people, at a depth of from 13 to
6h feet, we also meet with stone implements, such as

30 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

hammers, splendidly polished axes and battle-axes of diorite,
but considerably fewer than in the preceding stratum.

When the surface of the hill was about 2 meters (63
feet) lower than it is now, Ilium was built by a Greek
colony ; and we have already endeavoured to prove that
this settlement must have been founded about the year
700 b.c. From that time we find the remains of Hellenic
house-walls of large hewn stones joined without cement.
From about 1 meter (3^ feet) below the surface, and upwards,
there are also ruins of buildings, the stones of which are
joined with cement or lime. We also meet withgreat numbers
of copper coins of Ilium of the time of the Roman empire,
from Augustus to Constans II. and Constantine II.; like-
wise older Ilian coins with the image of Athena, and medals
of Alexandria Troas ; also with some coins of Tenedos,
Ophrynium and Sigeum, in some few cases at 3^ feet,
but generally at less than 20 inches below the surface.
I once remarked erroneously that Byzantine coins were
also met with here near the surface. But in my three
years' excavations I have not found a single medal of a
later date than Constans II. and Constantine II., except
two bad coins belonging to a Byzantine monastery, which
may have been lost by shepherds ; and, as there is here not
the remotest trace of Byzantine masonry or of Byzantine
pottery, it may be regarded as certain that the Ilium of
the Greek colony was destroyed towards the middle of the
fourth century after Christ, and that no village, much less a
town, has ever again been built upon its site. The wall
I mentioned in my memoir of the 1st of March, 1873,*
as consisting of Corinthian pillars joined with cement, and
which I believed to have belonged to the Middle Ages,
must be referred to the time of Constantine I. or to Constans
II., when the temple of Athena was destroyed by the pious
zeal of the first Christians.

* Chapter XVI., p. 239 ; comp. Chap. XV., p. 230, XVII., p. 250.
XIX., p. 272.

INTRODUCTION. 3 1

Of the walls and fortifications of the Greek colony,
almost the only portions that have been preserved are those
which were apparently built by Lysimachus. The lower and
prominent portion of the wall of the Tower belongs to more
ancient times, probably to the beginning of the Greek colony.
Of great political convulsions or catastrophes there seem
now to have been but few or none at all; for the accumulation
of debris during the long duration of the Greek colony,
about io-j centuries, amounts only to i meters {6\ feet).

Curiously enough, I find extremely little metal in the
debris of the Greek colony. Half-a-dozen scythe-shaped
knives, a double-edged axe, about two dozen nails, a cup,
a few lances and arrows, are pretty nearly all that I
discovered. I have described these objects in my memoirs
as made of copper ; but upon a more careful examina-
tion they have been found to be bronze, and pure
copper is no longer met with in the Greek colony.
The only objects of iron which I found were a key of
curious shape, and a few arrows and nails, close to the surface.
From Homer we know that the Trojans also possessed
iron, as well as the metal which he calls kvo.vo% and which,
even in antiquity, was translated by yaXvty (steel). I am
sure, however, that I have not discovered even a trace of
this metal, either among the Trojan ruins or among those
of any of the other nations which preceded the Greek
colony on the hill.* Yet articles of iron and steel may
have existed : I believe positively that they did exist : but
they have vanished without leaving a trace of their existence;
for, as we know, iron and steel become decomposed much
more readily than copper. Of tin, which Homer so re-
peatedly mentions, I found of course no trace : this metal,
as we know, is corroded very rapidly even when lying in
a dry locality. Lead is found in the ruins of all the dif-

* It will be seen, however, from the analysis of M. Damour,
that traces of iron (probably in the state of an ore) are found in one of
the sling-bullets discovered by Dr. Schliemann. — [Ed.]

jl TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

ferent nations which have inhabited the hill ; but, among
those which preceded the Greek settlement, it is found
principally in lumps of a hemispherical form. I find it
first in general use only in the Greek colony, where it was
employed as a means for uniting stones in building.

To judge from the area of the Ilium of the Greek
colony,* it may have possessed 100,000 inhabitants. It
must in its best days have been very rich, and the plastic
art must have attained a high degree of perfection here.
Accordingly the site of the town, which is covered with
abundant relics of grand buildings, is strewn with fragments
of excellent sculptures, and the splendid block of triglyphs
— 6h feet in length and 2 feet 10 inches in height, with a
metopt which represents Phoebus Apollo with the four horses
of the Sun — is one of the most glorious masterpieces that
have been preserved from the time when Greek art was in
its zenith. I discovered it in the depths of the temple of
Apollo, and it now adorns my garden at Athens. In de-
scribing this treasure of art in my memoir of the 18th of
June, 1872,1 directly after having discovered it, I made the
remark that it must have belonged to the time of Lysi-
machus, that is to say to about the year 306 b.c I sent a
plaster cast of it to the Museum of Casts in Munich, and
the Director of the Museum, Professor H. Brunn, who is
certainly one of the greatest authorities in the world respect-
ing the plastic works of antiquity, wrote me the following
communication with regard to it. " Even photographs
furnish no adequate means of judging of plastic works, and,
in the present case, the cast alone has quite convinced me
that this work must be judged much more favourably than
it has been in the ' Archaologische Zeitung.' I do not
venture to speak decidedly about the triglyphs : the history
of the Doric style after the time of the Parthenon and the
Propykea is still utterly obscure : yet the straight cutting
of the channellings can certainly be referred to pre- Roman

* See Plan 1 1, at the end of the volume. j Chapter X.

INTRODUCTION. 33

times. Of external criteria the halo of rays is the only one.
According to the investigations of Stephani,* this first
occurs about the time of Alexander the Great. For the
special form of long and short rays, we have the coins
of Alexander I., of Epirus and of Ceos (Carthaea),
mentioned by Curtius. The most recent example that I
have as yet found is the Hades vase of Canosa, in our
Museum, which belongs at latest to the second century
before Christ ; hence the extreme termini for the relief
would be about the end of the fourth and the middle of
the second centuries. The composition, as a work of art,
shows the greatest skill in solving one of the most difficult
problems. For the team of four horses ought not to move
on the surface of the relief, but to appear as if it came out
of it in a half-turn. This has been attained principally by
making the right hinder thigh of the horse in the fore-
ground pressed back while the left foot steps forward, and
moreover this same horse is slightly foreshortened, and the
surface of the thigh lies deeper than the upper surface of
the triglyphs, while, on the other hand, the surfaces of the
withers and of the neck are higher, and the head, in con-
formity with the rules of Greek reliefs, is again almost
parallel with the base. For this reason there is no indication
of a chariot, which has to be imagined as concealed by the
foremost horse. Moreover the position of the god is half
turned forwards, slightly following that of the head, and
here also the arm is again strongly turned inwards, but not
so as to bring the position in conflict with the rules of relief.
If the encroachment of the head on the upper border of
the triglyph is considered inaccurate, I find in this a very
happy thought, which may remind us of the differently con-
ceived pediment of the Parthenon, where only the head and
shoulders of Helios rise out of the chariot still under the
ocean. Helios here, so to speak, bursts forth from the
gates of day and sheds the light of his glory over all. These

"' Xi in hits mi I Strahlenkranz,

34 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

arc beauties peculiar only to Greek art in the fulness of
its power. The execution corresponds perfectly with the
excellence of the ideas, and thus I do not hesitate to place
the relief nearer to the commencement than to the end of
the above limited space of time. If, therefore, for other
reasons, you believe it to belong to the time of Lysimachus,
I, from an archaeological point of view, have no objection
to make against the supposition, but I rejoice to see our
treasure of monuments enriched by an original from those
times."

I have already proved the relationship of the four
different peoples, who inhabited the site of Troy before
the arrival of the Greek colony, by the small terra-cottas
in the form of volcanoes and tops which are met with in
quantities in all of the strata, and by the similarity of the
Aryan religious symbols engraved upon them. I prove
this relationship further, and above all, by the plastic
representations of Athena, the owl-faced tutelary goddess
of Ilium, for this representation is common to all the four
nations which preceded the Greek colony. Immediately
below the strata of the last, at a depth of 2 meters (6£ feet),
I found this owl's face upon terra-cotta cups with a kind of

Terra-cotta Covers of Vases, with the Owl's Face.
No. 10. — From 3 m. No. ii.— From 2 M. No. 12. — From 7 M. Interesting for depth and form .

helmet, which likewise occur in all the succeeding layers of
dtbris to a depth of 12 meters (39^ feet), and are of very
frequent occurrence down to a depth of 9 meters (29^ feet).
These cups may, as my learned friend Emile Burnouf
thinks, have served only as lids to the vases which occur
contemporaneously with them, and which have two up-

INTRODUCTION.

No. 13. Terra-cotta Va

an Aryan symbol (6 M.

arked with

raised wings, and the breasts and abdomen of a woman, for
they fit these vases perfectly. I found likewise in all the
layers of debris, from a depth of 3 meters (nearly 10 feet)
down to a depth of 10 meters (33 feet), vases with owls'
faces, two upraised wings (not arms, as I formerly thought),
and the two large breasts and abdomen of a woman, and
even, at a depth of 6 meters (nearly 20 feet), a vase upon
which the navel is ornamented with a cross and four
nails. As far down as a depth
of 14 meters (46 feet) I found
the upper portion of a vase and
the fragment of a dish adorned
with owls' faces. Besides these,
in all the layers of debris, from
a depth of d\ feet downwards,
as far as the primary soil, there
were found idols of very fine
marble, of bone, of mica-schist,
of slate, and even of ordinary
limestone, which are from \ of an inch to ji inches in
length, and from o#6 of an inch to 4*8 inches in breadth.
Upon a great many of these there is an owl's face, and
some have even long female hair engraved upon them ;
many also have a woman's girdle. As upon several of
the idols, upon which I find the owl's head, it is not cut,
but represented in a red or black colour, I presume
that this was once the case with all the idols which now
possess no indications of an owl, and that the colour upon
these latter has been destroyed by damp, during the course
of thousands of years. Upon several idols of marble and
bone there are mere indications of wings on the sides. But
1 also find the petrified vertebra of an antediluvian animal
upon which the Trojans have carved a large owl's head.
Further, at a depth of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 14 meters (10,
13, 20, 23, 26, 30 and 46 feet), I found twelve idols of terra-
cotta, and all, with only one exception, have owls' faces

D 2

Nos. 14-30. Rude Idols found in the various Strata (2 to 14 M.).

No. 14 is of Ivory, with the same Decorations on both sides. Nos. 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, are of very fine
Marble. No. 17 is of Green Slate. Nos. 23, 24, 27 are of Terra-cot t a : and No ce of a Dish.

INTRODUCTION.

upon them ; most of them also have the two breasts of a
woman, and upon the back traces of long female hair. One
of these owl-headed idols has the form of a vessel, with a
funnel on each side in the shape of a smaller vessel ; the
front part of the body of the goddess, up to the neck, is
covered by a long shield, and on the back of the body there
is the long female hair hanging down, like that of the
Karyatides in the Acropolis of Athens. Upon several of
these terra-cotta idols there are indications of wings.

No. 31. Remarkable Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, representing the Ilian Athena (9 M.).

These owl-faced female figures, which occur so fre-
quently upon the cups, vases and idols, can represent but
one goddess, and this goddess can be none other than
Athena, the tutelary goddess of Troy, all the more so as
Homer continually calls her " Oea ykavKcoTTLs 'Adrjvr) ; " for
" yXavKMTTLs " has been wrongly translated by the scholars
of every century, and does not signify "with bright and
sparkling eyes," but " with the face of an ozvir The
natural conclusion, in the first place, is that Homer per-
fectly well knew that the owl-faced Athena was the tutelary
goddess of Troy ; secondly, that the locality whose depths
I have ransacked for three years must be the spot " ubi
Troja fuit ;" and thirdly, that, in the progress of civilization,
Pallas Athena received a human face, and her former owl's
head was transformed into her favourite bird, the owl,

38 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

which as such is quite unknown to Homer. At a depth
of from 4 to 9 meters (13 to 293 feet), I also found some
vases and cups with a human face, but which have a good
deal of the owl about them.

As I did not find a trace of the owl's face among the
ruins of the Greek colony, we may regard it as certain that
it had already advanced beyond the civilization of the old
Ilians of whose town it took possession, and that it brought
the idea of the goddess with a human face with it to
Troy.

With regard to the often mentioned perforated terra-
cottas in the form of a top and the crater of a volcano,
adorned with Aryan religious symbols, it is possible that
their original form was that of a wheel, for they occur fre-
quently in this shape upon the primary rock at a depth of
from 14 to 16 meters (46 to $i\ feet).* In the upper layers
of debris, these objects in the form of wheels are indeed
rare, but the representation of the wheel in motion, effected
by the incisions being more numerous, still occurs very
frequently."}* In spite of all my searching and pondering, I
have not yet succeeded in arriving at an opinion as to what
these extremely interesting objects were used for. As has
now become evident by the excavation of the temple of
Athena, it is only among the pre-Hellenic peoples that
they were adorned with Aryan symbols. In the Greek
colony these occur but rarely ; they are of a different form,
and they possess no trace of carved decorations ; instead of
these, we find the much larger objects of terra-cotta, round,
and twice perforated, which occasionally bear the mark of
a kind of stamp. \

Through the kindness of my friend Professor Giuseppe
G. Bianconi in Bologna, I have received the drawings of

* See the Sections on the Plates of Whorls.

t For examples of this type sec N'os. 337, 340. 341, &c,

% See the Illustrations to Chapter II., p. 65.

INTRODUCTION. 39

ten similar round articles of terra-cotta in the form of the
top or volcano, which are preserved in the Museum of
Modena, and were found in the terramares of that district,
in the lake-habitations of the stone age. To my extreme
astonishment, I found that six of them possessed the same
ornamental carvings which I found upon the articles of the
same form here in Troy. Three of them have a circle
round the central sun, a triple cross, which, as I have
endeavoured minutely to explain in my sixth memoir,
was the symbol of the two pieces of wood of our Aryan
forefathers for producing the holy fire, and is an emblem
of the highest importance. The fourth represents one of
these machines for producing fire with five ends, and
Indian scholars may possibly find that one of the staves
represents the piece of wood called " pramantha," with
which fire was generated by friction, and which the Greeks
at a later time transformed into their Prometheus, who,
as they imagined, stole fire from heaven. The fifth re-
presents a somewhat different form of the fire producer
of our remote ancestors ; and the sixth has twelve circles
round the central sun. Probably these are the twelve
stations of the sun which are so frequently mentioned
in the Rigveda, and which are personified by the twelve
Adityas, the sons of Adity (the Indivisible or Infinite
Space), and represent the twelve signs of the Zodiac.

The same friend has also sent me drawings of eighteen
similar round terra-cottas found in the graves of the
cemetery in Villanova, and now in the Museum of Count
Gozzadini in Bologna. As the count found an " aes
rude " in one of the graves, he thinks that the cemetery,
like it, belongs to the time of King Numa, that is, to
about 700 years before Christ. G. de Mortillet,* however,
ascribes a much greater age to the cemetery. But, at
all events, fifteen of the eighteen drawings lying before

• Le Signe de la Croix,' pp. 88-89.

40 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

me have a modern appearance compared with the ten in
the Museum of Modena, and compared with my small
terra-cottas in the form of tops, volcanoes, and wheels,
found in Troy; for not only the decorations, but the
forms also of the articles are very much more elaborate.
Only three of the eighteen articles show a shape and
decorations like those met with in Troy. All three have
the form of a top : the first has seven suns in a circle
round the central sun ; the second has two crosses, one
of which is formed by four stars, the other by four lines.
The third has five triangles and five stars in the circle
round the central point. The comparison of these eighteen
articles with those from Troy convinces me that Count
Gozzadini is right in ascribing no greater age to the
cemetery of Villanova than 700 b.c

But besides the articles ornamented with religious
symbols, we meet in Troy with thousands of terra-cottas
of a similar, but in most cases more lengthened form,
with no decorations whatever; at a depth of 3 metres (jo
feet), they occur also in the shape of cones. * Formerly,
at a depth of 10 feet, I found similar pieces in blue or
green stone, which I have also recently met with fre-
quently at a depth of from 23 to 2>3 feet. Among the
unembellished terra-cottas of this description I find some,
but scarcely more than 2 per cent., which show signs of
wear, and may have been used on spindles. The pieces
adorned with carvings, on the other hand, never show
signs of any kind of wear, and the symbols engraved
upon them are filled with white clay so as to make them
more striking to the eye.f This white clay must have dis-

;:' See the Sections of Plain Whorls, PI. XXL, Nos. 436-440.

t This statement needs considerable qualification. The notes on
M. Burnoufs drawings, supplied by Dr. Schliemann for this book,
frequently describe the decorated whorls as worn and rubbed, especially
on the under side and at the point, in some cases " by a circular motion."
AH this strongly favours the hypothesis of their use for spindles. — [Ed. i

INTRODUCTION. 41

appeared directly, if the pieces had been used on spindles
or as coins. They cannot have been worn as amulets, on
account of their size and weight : I am therefore forced to
believe that they were employed as offerings, or that they
were worshipped as idols of the Sun, whose image is seen
in the centre.

Unfortunately, owing to the great extent of my exca-
vations, the hurry in which they were carried on, and
the hardness of the debris, by far the greater portion of
the terra-cotta vessels found by me in the depths of Ilium
were brought out more or less broken. But everything
that could in any way be repaired I have restored by
means of shell-lac and gypsum, and in this state they are
represented in the drawings.* In all cases where I found
a piece broken off and wanting, I restored it according to
the model of other vessels of the same kind which I
obtained in an unbroken condition ; but where such
models were wanting, or where I had the slightest doubt,
I did not attempt to restore the articles.

The town of Ilium, upon whose site I have been
digging for more than three years, boasted itself to be
the successor of Troy ; and as throughout antiquity the
belief in the identity of its site with that of the ancient
city of Priam was firmly established and not doubted by
anyone, it is clear that the whole course of tradition
confirms this identity. At last Strabo lifted up his voice
against it ; though, as he himself admits, he had never
visited the Plain of Troy, and he trusted to the accounts
of Demetrius of Scepsis, which were suggested by vanity.
According to Strabo, \ this Demetrius maintained that his
native town of Scepsis had been the residence of ^Eneas,
and he envied Ilium the honour of having been the

* These restorations are indicated in the engravings by light
shading.

t XIII. i., p. 122, Tauehnitz edition.

42 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

metropolis of the Trojan kingdom. He therefore put
forward the following view of the case : — that Ilium and
its environs did not contain space enough for the great
deeds of the Iliad ; that the whole plain which separated
the city from the sea was alluvial land, and that it was not
formed until after the time of the Trojan war. As another
proof that the locality of the two cities could not be the
same, he adds that Achilles and Hector ran three times
round Troy, whereas one could not run round Ilium on
account of the continuous mountain ridge (Sia ttjp avveyfj
pdxrjv). For all of these reasons he says that ancient
Troy must be placed on the site of the " Village of the
Ilians " flAxeW Kcofxr)), 30 stadia or 3 geographical miles
from Ilium and 42 stadia from the coast, although he is
obliged to admit that not the faintest trace of the city has
been preserved. *

Strabo, with his peculiarly correct judgment, would
assuredly have rejected all these erroneous assertions of
Demetrius of Scepsis, had he himself visited the Plain of
Troy, for they can easily be refuted.

I have to remark that it is quite easy to run round
the site of Troy ; further, that the distance from Ilium
to the coast, in a straight line, is about 4 miles, while the
distance in a straight line north-west to the promontory
of Sigeum (and at this place tradition, as late as Strabo's
time, fixed the site of the Greek encampment) amounts to
about 4^ miles. For Strabo says :f " Next to Rhceteum
may be seen the ruined town of Sigeum, the port of the
Achaeans, the Achaean camp, and the marsh or lake called
Stomalimne, and the mouth of the Scamander."

In November, 1871, 1 made excavations upon the site of
the " 'I\ieW KtofjLrj" the results of which completely refute
the theory of Demetrius of Scepsis ; for I found everywhere

Strabo, XIII. 1., i>. 99. Sec the Map of the Plain of Troy.
t XIII. i.. p. 103.

INTRODUCTION. 43

the primary soil at a depth of less than a foot and a half;
and the continuous ridge on the one side of the site, which
appeared to contain the ruins of a large town-wall, con-
sisted of nothing but pure granulated earth, without any
admixture of ruins.

In the year 1788, Lechevalier visited the plain of Troy,
and was so enthusiastically in favour of the theory that the
site of Homer's Troy was to be found at the village of
Bunarbashi and the heights behind it, that he disdained to
investigate the site of Ilium : this is evident from his work
'Voyage de la Troade' (3" ed., Paris, 1802) and from
the accompanying map, in which he most absurdly calls
this very ancient town " Ilium Novum," and transposes it
to the other side of the Scamander, beside Kumkaleh, close
to the sea and about 4 miles from its true position. This
theory, that the site of Troy can only be looked for in the
village of Bunarbashi and upon the heights behind it, was
likewise maintained by the following scholars : by Rennell,
' Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy '
(London, 1814); by P. W. Forchhammer in the 'Journal
of the Royal Geographical Society,' vol. xii., 1842; by
Mauduit, ' Decouvertes clans la Troade' (Paris et Londres,
1840); by Welcker, ' Kleine Schriften ;' by Texier ; by
Choiseul-GoufTrier, ' Voyage Pittoresque de la Grece '
(1820) ; by M. G. Nikola'ides (Paris, 1867) ; and by Ernst
Curtius in his lecture delivered at Berlin in November,
1871, after his journey to the Troad and Ephesus, whither
he was accompanied by Professors Adler and Miillenhof,
and by Dr. Hirschfeldt. But, as I have explained in detail
in my work, ' Ithaque, le Peloponnese et Troie ' (Paris,
1869), this theory is in every respect in direct opposition
to all the statements of the Iliad. My excavations at
Bunarbashi prove, moreover, that no town can ever have
stood there ; for I find everywhere the pure virgin soil at a
depth of less than 5 feet, and generally immediately below
the surface. I have likewise proved, by my excavations on

44 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

the heights behind this village, that human dwellings can
never have existed there; for I found the native rock nowhere
at a greater depth than a foot and a half. This is further
confirmed by the sometimes pointed, sometimes abrupt,
and always anomalous form of the rocks which are seen
wherever they are not covered with earth. At half-an-
hour's distance behind Bunarbashi there is, it is true, the
site of quite a small town, encircled on two sides by
precipices and on the other bv the ruins of a surrounding-
wall, which town I formerly considered to be Scaman-
dria; but one of the inscriptions found in the ruins of
the temple of Athena in the Ilium of the Greek colony
makes me now believe with certainty that the spot
above Bunarbashi is not the site of Scamandria, but of
Gergis. Moreover, the accumulation of debris there
is extremely insignificant, and the naked rock protrudes
not only in the small Acropolis, but also in very many
places of the site of the little town. Further, in all
cases where there is an accumulation of debris^ I found
fragments of Hellenic pottery, and of Hellenic pottery
only, down to the primary soil. As archaeology cannot
allow the most ancient of these fragments to be any older
than from 500 to 600 years before Christ, the walls
of the small town — which used to be regarded as of the
same age as those of Mycenas — can certainly be no older
than 500 to 600 b.c. at most.

Immediately below this little town there are three tombs
of heroes, one of which has been assigned to Priam, another
to Hector, because it was built entirely of small stones.
The latter grave was laid open in October 1872, by Sir
John Lubbock, who found it to contain nothing but
painted fragments of Hellenic pottery to which the highest
date that can be assigned is 300 b.c ; and these fragments
tell us the age of the tomb likewise.

The late Consul J. G. von Hahn, who in May 1864,
in his extensive excavations of the acropolis of Gergis

INTRODUCTION. 45

down to the primary soil, only discovered the same, and
nothing but exactly the same, fragments of Hellenic pottery
as I found there in my small excavations, writes in his
pamphlet, ' Die Ausgrabungen des Homerischen Per-
gamos :' " In spite of the diligent search which my com-
panions and I made on the extensive northern slope of the
Balidagh, from the foot of the acropolis (of Gergis) to the
springs of Bunarbashi, we could not discover any indication
beyond the three heroic tombs, that might have pointed to
a former human settlement, not even antique fragments of
pottery and pieces of brick, — those never-failing, and con-
sequently imperishable, proofs of an ancient settlement.
No pillars or other masonry, no ancient square stones, no
quarry in the natural rock, no artificial levelling of the
rock ; on all sides the earth was in its natural state and
had not been touched by human hands."

The erroneous theory which assigns Troy to the heights
of Bunarbashi could, in fact, never have gained ground,
had its above-named advocates employed the few hours
which they spent on the heights, and in Bunarbashi itself, in
making small holes, with the aid of even a single workman.

Clarke and Barker Webb (Paris, 1844) maintained that
Troy was situated on the hills of CJiiplak. But unfor-
tunately they also had not given themselves the trouble
to make excavations there ; otherwise they would have
convinced themselves, with but very little trouble, that all
the hills in and around Chiplak, as far as the surrounding
Wall of Ilium, contain only the pure native soil.

H. N. Ulrichs * maintains that Troy was situated on
the hills of Atzik-Kioi, which in my map I have called
Eski Akshi koi. But I have examined these hills also, and
found that they consist of the pure native soil. I used a
spade in making these excavations, but a pocket-knife would
have answered the purpose.

Rheinisches Museum,' Neue Folge, III., s. 573-608.

46 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

I cannot conceive how it is possible that the solution of
the great problem, " ubi Troja fuit" — which is surely one
of the greatest interest to the whole civilized world — should
have been treated so superficially that, after a few hours'
visit to the Plain of Troy, men have sat down at home and
written voluminous works to defend a theory, the worth-
lessness of which they would have perceived had they but
made excavations for a single hour.

I am rejoiced that I can mention with praise Dr.
Wilhelm Buchner,* Dr. G. von Eckenbrecher, j* and C.
MacLaren, J who, although they made no excavations,
have nevertheless in their excellent treatises proved by
many irrefutable arguments that the site of Ilium, where
I have been digging for more than three years, corresponds
with all the statements of the Iliad in regard to the site of
Troy, and that the ancient city must be looked for there
and nowhere else.

It is also with gratitude that I think of the great
German scholar, who unfortunately succumbed five years
ago to his unwearied exertions, Julius Braun, the advocate
of the theory that Homer's Troy was to be found only on
the site of Ilium, in the depths of the hill of Hissarlik.
I most strongly recommend his excellent work, 'Die Ge-
schichte der Kunst in ihrem Entwickelungsgang,' to all
those who are interested in whatever is true, beautiful and
sublime.

Neither can I do otherwise than gratefully mention my
honoured friend, the celebrated Sanscrit scholar and un-
wearied investigator Emile Burnouf, the Director of the

* ' Jahresbericht iiber das Gymnasium Fridericianum,' Scbwerin,
1 87 1 und 1872.

t ' Rbeiniscbes Museum,' Neue Folge, 2. Jabrg., s. 1 fy.

'I ' Dissertation on tbe Topography of tbe Trojan "War.' Edinburgh,
1822. Second Edition. 'The Plain of Troy described,' &c. 1863.
Dr. Schliemann might have added the weighty authority of Mr. Grote,
' History of Greece,' vol. i., chap. xv. — [Ed.]

INTRODUCTION. 47

French school in Athens, who personally, and through his
many excellent works, especially the one published last year,
' La Science des Religions,' has given me several sugges-
tions, which have enabled me to decipher many of the
Trojan symbols. *

It is also with a feeling of gratitude that I think of my
honoured friend, the most learned Greek whom I have ever
had the pleasure of knowing, Professor Stephanos Kom-
manoudes, in Athens, who has supported me with his most
valuable advice whenever I was in need of it. In like
manner I here tender my cordial thanks to my honoured
friend the Greek Consul of the Dardanelles, G. Dokos,
who showed me many kindnesses during my long ex-
cavations.

I beg to draw especial attention to the fact that, in
the neighbourhood of Troy, several types of very ancient
pottery— like those found in my excavations at a depth of
from 10 to 33 feet — have been preserved down to the
present day. For instance, in the crockery-shops on the
shores of the Dardanelles there are immense numbers of
earthen vessels with long upright necks and the breasts of
a woman, and others in the shape of animals. In spite
of their gilding and other decorations, these vessels cannot,
either in regard to quality or elegance of form, be compared
with the Ilian terra-cottas, not even with those from a depth
of 10 feet ; but still they furnish a remarkable proof of the
fact that, in spite of manifold political changes, certain
types of terra-cottas can continue in existence in one district
for more than 3000 years.

After long and mature deliberation, I have arrived at
the firm conviction that all of those vessels — -met with here
in great numbers at a depth of from 10 to 33 feet, and

* Dr. Emile Burnouf has published a very clear and interesting
account of Dr. Schhemann's discoveries, in the '• Revue des Deux
Mondes ' for Jan. 1, 1874. — [Ed.]

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

more especially in the Trojan layer of debris, at a depth of
from 23 to ^ ^eer — which have the exact shape of a bell
and a coronet beneath, so that they can only stand upon
their mouth, and which I have hitherto described as cups,
must necessarily, and perhaps even exclusively, have been
used as lids to the numerous terra-cotta vases with a
smooth neck and on either side two ear-shaped decorations,
between which are two mighty wings, which, as they
are hollowed and taper away to a point, can never have
served as handles, the more so as between the ear-shaped
decorations there is a small handle on either side. Now,
as the latter resembles an owl's beak, and especially as this
is seen between the ear-shaped ornaments, it was doubtless
intended to represent the image of the owl with upraised
wings on each side of the vases, which image received a
noble appearance from the splendid lid with a coronet.
I give a drawing of the largest vase of this type, which

Xu. 32. The largest of the Terra-cotta \ a es Found in the Royal Palace of Troy. Height
20 inches, The Cover was found near it.

INTRODUCTION. 49

was found a few days ago in the royal palace at a depth
of from 28 to 29^ feet ; on the top of it I have placed
the bell-shaped lid with a coronet, which was discovered
close by and appears to have belonged to it.

My friend M. Landerer, Professor of Chemistry in
Athens, who has carefully examined the colours of the
Trojan antiquities, writes to me as follows : — " In the first
place, as to the vessels themselves, some have been turned
upon a potter's wheel, some have been moulded by the
hand. Their ground-colour varies according to the nature
of the clay. I find some of them made of black, deep-
brown, red, yellowish, and ashy-grey clay. All of these
kinds of clay, which the Trojan potters used for their ware,
consist of clay containing oxide of iron and silica {argilc
silicieuse ferrugineuse), and, according to the stronger or
weaker mode of burning, the oxide of iron in the clay
became more or less oxidised : thus the black, brown, red,
yellow, or grey colour is explained by the oxidation of the
iron. The beautiful black gloss of the vessels found upon
the native soil, at a depth of 46 feet, does not contain any
oxide of lead, but consists of coal-black {Kohlenschzvarz)*
which was melted together with the clay and penetrated into
its pores. This can be explained by the clay vessels having
been placed in slow furnaces in which resinous wood was
burnt, and where there was consequently dense smoke,
which descended upon the earthenware in the form of the
finest powder and was likewise burnt into the clay. It is
also possible, but by no means probable, that they used
a black pitch or asphalt, which was dissolved in oil of
turpentine ; perhaps they used liquid pitch, and painted
the vessels with it. The burning of these would likewise
produce coal-black, which in later times was called the
Atvamcntum indelibile of Apelles. This is the manner in
which colour and gloss were given to Hellenic terra-cottas.

* As we call it, lamp-black, that is, tolerably pure carbon. — [Ed.]

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

" The white colour with which the engraved decora-
tions of the Trojan terra-cottas were
filled, by means of a pointed instru-
ment, is nothing but pure white clay,
[n like manner, the painting on the
potsherd given above,* is made with
white clay, and with black clay con-
taining coal. The brilliant red colour
of the large two-handled vessels (SeVa
a[x<f)LKVTreWa) f is no peculiar colour,
but merely oxide of iron, which is a
component part of the clay of which
the cups were made. Many of the
brilliant yellow Trojan vessels, I find,
? are made of grey clay, and painted

No. 33. Inscribed Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta (8i M.).

over with a mass of yellow clay con-
taining oxide of iron ; they were then
polished with one of those sharp pieces
of diorite which are so frequently met
with in Troy, and afterwards burnt.

* See the Cut No. 1 on p. 15.

t These are the vases so often mentioned as having the form of

INTRODUCTION. 5 1

The large marshes lying before the site of 'DueW koj/x^,
and discussed in my second memoir, have long since been
drained, and thus the estate of Thymbria (formerly Batak)
has acquired 240 acres of rich land. As might have been
expected, they were not found to contain any hot springs,
but only three springs of cold water.

In my twenty-second memoir I have mentioned a Trojan
vase, with a row of signs running round it, which I con-
sidered to be symbolical, and therefore did not have them
specially reproduced by photography. However, as my
learned friend Emile Burnouf is of opinion that they form
a real inscription in Chinese letters,* I give them here
according to his drawing.

M. Burnouf explains them as follows : —

1 2 34567

■it

x. *t+ + ffl +

puisse (la) terre faire germer dix labours

S 9 10 11

+ -+ + rh

dix dix dix pieces d'etotTes

mille

and adds : " Les caracteres du petit vase ne sont ni grecs
ni sanserifs, ni pheniciens, ni, ni, ni — ils sont parfaitement
lisibles en chinois ! ! ! Ce vase peut etre venu en Troade
de l'Asie septentrional, dont tout le Nord etait touranien."
Characters similar to those given above frequently occur,
more especially upon the perforated terra-cottas in the form
of volcanoes and tops.

great champagne glasses (see the Cuts on pp. 85, 158, 166, 171).
Dr. Schliemann also applies the name to the unique boat-shaped
vessel of pure gold found in the Treasure. — [Kd.]

* If M. Burnouf meant this seriously at the time, it can now only
stand as a curious coincidence, interesting as one example of the tenta-
tive process of this new enquiry. (See the Appendix.) — [F.D.]

E 2

52 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

As the Turkish papers have charged me in a shameful
manner with having acted against the letter of the firman
granted to me, in having kept the Treasure for myself
instead of sharing it with the Turkish Government, I find
myself obliged to explain here, in a few words, how it is that
I have the most perfect right to that treasure. It was only
in order to spare Safvet Pacha, the late Minister of Public
Instruction, that I stated in my first memoir, that at my
request, and in the interest of science, he had arranged for
the portion of Hissarlik, which belonged to the two Turks
in Kum-Kaleh, to be bought by the Government. But the
true state of the case is this. Since my excavations here in
the beginning of April 1870, I had made unceasing en-
deavours to buy this field, and at last, after having travelled
three times to Kum-Kaleh simply with this object, I suc-
ceeded in beating the two proprietors down to the sum of
1000 francs (40/.) Then, in December 1870, I went to
Safvet Pacha at Constantinople, and told him that, after
eight months' vain endeavours, I had at last succeeded in
arranging for the purchase of the principal site of Troy for
1000 francs, and that I should conclude the bargain as
soon as he would grant me permission to excavate the field.
He knew nothing about Troy or Homer ; but I explained
the matter to him briefly, and said that I hoped to find
there antiquities of immense value to science. He, however,
thought that I should find a great deal of gold, and there-
fore wished me to give him all the details I could, and then
requested me to call again in eight days. When I returned
to him, I heard to my horror that he had already com-
pelled the two proprietors to sell him the field for 600
francs (24/.), and that I might make excavations there if
I wished, but that everything I found must be given up to
him. I told him in the plainest language what I thought
of his odious and contemptible conduct, and declared that
I would have nothing more to do with him, and that I
should make no excavations.

INTRODUCTION. $3

But through Mr. Wyne McVeagh, at that time the
American Consul, he repeatedly offered to let me make
excavations, on condition that I should give him only one-
half of the things found. At the persuasion of that gentle-
man I accepted the offer, on condition that I should have
the right to carry away my half out of Turkey. But the
right thus conceded to me was revoked in April 1872, by
a ministerial decree, in which it was said that I was not to
export any part of my share of the discovered antiquities,
but that 1 had the right to sell them in Turkey. The
Turkish Government, by this new decree, broke our
written contract in the fullest sense of the word, and I
was released from every obligation. Hence I no longer
troubled myself in the slightest degree about the contract
which was broken without any fault on my part. I kept
everything valuable that I found for myself, and thus
saved it for science ; and I feel sure that the whole civilized
world will approve of my having done so. The new-
discovered Trojan antiquities, and especially the Treasure,
far surpass my most sanguine expectations, and fully
repay me for the contemptible trick which Safvet Pacha
played me, as well as for the continual and unpleasant
presence of a Turkish official during my excavations, to
whom I was forced to pay 4^ francs a day.

It was by no means because I considered it to be my
duty, but simply to show my friendly intentions, that I
presented the Museum in Constantinople with seven large
vases, from 5 to 6h feet in height, and with four sacks of
stone implements. I have thus become the only bene-
factor the Museum has ever had ; for, although all
firmans are granted upon the express condition that one-
half of the discovered antiquities shall be given to the
Museum, yet it has hitherto never received an article
from anyone. The reason is that the Museum is any-
thing but open to the public, and the sentry frequently
refuses admittance even to its Director, so everyone knows

54 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

that the antiquities sent there would be for ever lost to
science.

The great Indian scholar, Max Mi'iller of Oxford, has
just written to me in regard to the owl-headed tutelary
divinity of Troy. " Under all circumstances, the owl-
headed idol cannot be made to explain the idea of the
goddess. The ideal conception and the naming of the
goddess came first ; and in that name the owl's head, what-
ever it may mean, is figurative or ideal. In the idol the
figurative intention is forgotten, just as the sun is repre-
sented with a golden hand, whereas the ideal conception of
' golden-handed ' was ' spreading his golden rays.' An owl-
headed deity was most likely intended for a deity of the
morning or the dawn, the owl-light ; to change it into a
human figure with an owl's head was the work of a later
and more materializing age."

I completely agree with this. But it is evident from
this that the Trojans, or at least the first settlers on the
hill, spoke Greek, for if they took the epithet of their god-
dess, "yXavKaJiTLs" from the ideal conception which they
formed of her and in later times changed it into an owl-
headed female figure, they must necessarily have known
that y\av£ meant owl, and ojtttJ face. That the transfor-
mation took place many centuries, and probably more than
iooo years, before Homer's time, is moreover proved by
owls' heads occurring on the vases and even in the mono-
grams in the lowest strata of the predecessors of the Trojans,
even at a depth of 46 feet.

I have still to draw attention to the fact, that in looking
over my Trojan collection from a depth of 2 meters
(6h feet), I find 70 very pretty brilliant black or red
terra-cottas, with or without engraved decorations, which,
both in quality and form, have not the slightest re-
semblance either to the Greek or to the pre-historic
earthenware. Thus it seems that just before the arrival
of the Greek colony yet another tribe inhabited this hill

INTRODUCTION. $$

for a short time.* These pieces of earthenware may be
recognised by the two long-pointed handles of the large
channelled cups, which also generally possess three or four
small horns.

Dr. Henry Schliemann.

* These indications of a fifth pie-Hellenic settlement, if confirmed
by further investigation, would seem to point to the spread of the
Lydians over western Asia Minor. — Ed.

No. 35. Fragment of a second painted Vase, from the Trojan Stratum.
(From a new Drawing.)

( 56 )

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF FRENCH METERS AND ENGLISH
MEASURES, EXACT AND APPROXIMATE

Inches.

Ft.

Inches.

Approximate.
1 m. = 31 ft.

Feet.

39*37°8

3*37o8

78-7416

6-7416

118* 1124

io- 1 124

157*4832

1-4832

196-8540

4*8540

16}

236* 2248

8-2248

i9f

275*5956

11*5956

314-9664

2 -9664

2 61

354'3372

6-3372

29i

393'7°S9

9" 7080

433'°788

1-0788

36 (12 yds.)

472-4496

4-4496

39tV

511-8204

7 "8204

42§

551 " T9I2

11 ' 1912

590-5620

2 - 5620

49?

620*9328

5'9328

52^

669-3036

9-3036

551

708-6744

0-6744

. 59

748-0452

4'o452

62 h

787-416

7-4160

65§

3°

I l8l ' 124

5*T24

98*

I574*832

131

2-832

131*

1968-54

164

o"54

164

100

3937"°8

328

i- 08

328 (109yds.)

N.B. — The following is a convenient approximate Rule :-
Meters into Yards, add i-nth to the number of Meters."

" To turn

( 57 )

WO^K AT HH3Sft^i,IK IK 1871,

CHAPTER I.

The site of Ilium described — Excavations in 1870 : the City Wall of
Lysimachus — Purchase of the site and grant of a firman — Arrival
of Dr. and Madame Schliemann in 1871, and beginning of the
Excavations — The Hill of Hissarlik, the Acropolis of the Greek
Ilium — Search for its limits — Difficulties of the work- — The great
cutting on the North side — Greek coins found — Dangers from
fever.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, in the Plain of Troy,
October 18th, 1871.

In my work 'Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Troy,' pub-
lished in 1869, I endeavoured to prove, both by the result
of my own excavations and by the statements of the Iliad,
that the Homeric Troy cannot possibly have been situated
on the heights of Bunarbashi, to which place most archae-
ologists assign it. At the same time I endeavoured to
explain that the site of Troy must necessarily be identical
with the site of that town which, throughout all antiquity
and down to its complete destruction at the end of the
eighth or the beginning of the ninth century a.d.,# was called
Ilium, and not until 1000 years after its disappearance —
that is 1788 a.d. — was christened Ilium Novum by Le-

* This date refers to Dr. Schliemann's former opinion, that there
were Byzantine remains at Hissarlik. He now places the final de-
struction of Ilium in the fourth century, on the evidence of the latest
coins found there. See pp. 318, 319. — Ed.

58 TROY AND ITS RKMAINS. [Chap. I.

chevalier,* who, as his work proves, can never have visited
his Ilium Novum ; for in his map he places it on the other
side of the Scamander, close to Kum-kalch, and therefore
4 miles from its true position.

The site of Ilium is upon a plateau lying on an average
about 80 feet above the Plain, and descending very abruptly
on the north side. Its north-western corner is formed by
a hill about 16 feet higher still, which is about 705 feet in
breadth and 984 in length, f and from its imposing situa-
tion and natural fortifications this hill of Hissarlik seems
specially suited to be the Acropolis of the town.J Ever
since my first visit, I never doubted that I should find
the Pergamus of Priam in the depths of this hill. In an
excavation which I made on its north-western corner in
April 1870, § I found among other things, at a depth of
16 feet, walls about 6h feet thick, which, as has now been
proved, belong to a bastion of the time of Lysimachus.
Unfortunately I could not continue those excavations at
the time, because the proprietors of the field, two Turks
in Kum-Kaleh, who had their sheepfolds on the site, would
only grant me permission to dig further on condition that
I would at once pay them 12,000 piasters for damages,||
and in addition they wished to bind me, after the con-
clusion of my excavations, to put the field in order again.
As this did not suit my convenience, and the two pro-
prietors would not sell me the field at any price, I applied
to his Excellency Safvet Pacha, the Minister of Public
Instruction, who at my request, and in the interest of
science, managed that Achmed Pacha, the Governor of the
Dardanelles and the Archipelago, should receive orders
from the Ministry of the Interior to have the field valued

* Voyage de la Troade (30 ed. Paris, 1802).
t See Plan I., of Greek Ilium, at the end of the volume.
% See the Frontispiece.

§ See Plan II., of the Excavations, at the end of the volume.
The Turkish piaster is somewhat over twopence English.

1S71.J BEGINNING OF THE WORK. 59

by competent persons, and to force the proprietors to sell
it to the Government at the price at which it had been
valued : it was thus obtained for 3000 piasters.

In trying to obtain the necessary firman for con-
tinuing my excavations, I met with new and great diffi-
culties, for the Turkish Government are collecting ancient
works of art for their recently established Museum in
Constantinople, in consequence of which the Sultan no
longer grants permission for making excavations. But
what I could not obtain in spite of three journeys to
Constantinople, I got at last through the intercession of
my valued friend, the temporary chargS d'affaires of the
United States to the Sublime Porte — Mr. John P. Brown,
the author of the excellent work ' Ancient and Modern
Constantinople' (London, 1868).

So on the 27th of September I arrived at the Dar-
danelles with my firman. But here again I met with
difficulties, this time on the part of the before named
Achmed Pacha, who imagined that the position of the field
which I was to excavate was not accurately enough indi-
cated in the document, and therefore would not give me
his permission for the excavations until he should receive
a more definite explanation from the Grand Vizier. Owing
to the change of ministry which had occurred, a long time
would no doubt have elapsed before the matter was settled,
had it not occurred to Mr. Brown to apply to his Excel-
lency Kiamil-Pacha, the new Minister of Public Instruction,
who takes a lively interest in science, and at whose inter-
cession the Grand Vizier immediately gave Achmed Pacha
the desired explanation. This, however, again occupied
13 days, and it was only on the evening of the 10th of
October that I started with my wife from the Dardanelles
for the Plain of Troy, a journey of eight hours. As,
according to the firman, I was to be watched by a
Turkish official, whose salary I have to pay during the
time of my excavations, Achmed Pacha assigned to me

60 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. I.

the second secretary of his chancellary of justice, an
Armenian, by name Georgios Sarkis, whom I pay 23
piasters daily.

At last, on Wednesday, the nth of this month, I again
commenced my excavations with 8 workmen, but on the
following morning I was enabled to increase their number to
3$, and on the 13th to 74, each of whom receives 9 piasters
daily (1 franc 80 centimes). As, unfortunately, I only
brought 8 wheelbarrows from France, and they cannot be
obtained here, and cannot even be made in all the country
round, I have to use 52 baskets for carrying away the
rubbish. This work, however, proceeds but slowly and is
very tiring, as the rubbish has to be carried a long way off.
I therefore employ also four carts drawn by oxen, each of
which again costs me 20 piasters a day. I work with great
energy and spare no cost, in order, if possible, to reach
the native soil before the winter rains set in, which may
happen at any moment. Thus I hope finally to solve the
great problem as to whether the hill of Hissarlik is — as I
firmly believe — the citadel of Troy.

As it is an established fact that hills which consist
of pure earth and are brought under the plough gradually
disappear — that for instance, the Wartsberg, near the
village of Ackershagen in Mecklenburg, which I once,
as a child, considered to be the highest mountain in the
world, has quite vanished in 40 years — so it is equally
a fact, that hills on which, in the course of thousands
of years, new buildings have been continually erected upon
the ruins of former buildings, gain very considerably in
circumference and height. The hill of Hissarlik furnishes
the most striking proof of this. As already mentioned, it
lies at the north-western end of the site of Ilium, which
is distinctly indicated by the surrounding walls built
by Lysimachus. In addition to the imposing situation
of this hill within the circuit of the town, its present
Turkish name of Hissarlik, "fortress" or "acropolis" — from

1871.] CUTTING ON THE NORTH. 6 I

the word ^L^* (root ,vt^ to enclose), which has passed

from the Arabic into the Turkish — seems also to prove that
this is the Pergamus of Ilium ; that here Xerxes (in
480 B.C.) offered up 1000 oxen to the Ilian Athena;* that
here Alexander the Great hung up his armour in the
temple of the goddess, and took away in its stead some
of the weapons dedicated therein belonging to the time
of the Trojan war, and likewise sacrificed to the Ilian
Athena.f I conjectured that this temple, the pride of the
Uians, must have stood on the highest point of the hill,
and I therefore decided to excavate this locality down
to the native soil. But in order, at the same time, to
bring to light the most ancient of the fortifying walls of
the Pergamus, and to decide accurately how much the hill
had increased in breadth by the debris which had been
thrown down since the erection of those walls, I made an
immense cutting on the face of the steep northern slope,
about 66 feet from my last year's work.J This cutting was
made in a direction due south, and extended across the highest
plateau, and was so broad that it embraced the whole build-
ing, the foundations of which, consisting of large hewn
stones, I had already laid open last year to a depth of from
only 1 to 3 feet below the surface. According to an exact
measurement, this building, which appears to belong to the
first century after Christ, is about 59 feet in length, and
43 feet in breadth. I have of course had all these founda-
tions removed as, being within my excavation, they were of
no use and would only have been in the way.

The difficulty of making excavations in a wilderness
like this, where everything is wanting, are immense and
they increase day by day ; for, on account of the steep

* Herod. VII. 43.

t Strabo, XIII. 1. 8 ; Arrian, I. 11. ; Plutarch, Life of Alexander the
Great, viii.

X See Plan II., of the Excavations.

6l TROY AND ITS REMAINS. LCHAP- T-

slope of the hill, the cutting becomes longer the deeper
I dig, and so the difficulty of removing the rubbish is always
increasing. This, moreover, cannot be thrown directly
down the slope, for it would of course only have to be
carried away again ; so it has to be thrown down on the
steep side of the hill at some distance to the right and left
of the mouth of the cutting. The numbers of immense
blocks of stone also, which we continually come upon,
cause great trouble and have to be got out and removed,
which takes up a great deal of time, for at the moment
when a large block of this kind is rolled to the edge of the
slope, all of my workmen leave their own work and hurry
off to see the enormous weight roll down its steep path
with a thundering noise and settle itself at some distance
in the Plain. It is, moreover, an absolute impossibility for
me, who am the only one to preside over all, to give each
workman his right occupation, and to watch that each
does his duty. Then, for the purpose of carrying away
the rubbish, the side passages have to be kept in order,
which likewise runs away with a great deal of time, for
their inclinations have to be considerably modified at each
step that we go further down.

Notwithstanding all these difficulties the work advances
rapidly, and if I could only work on uninterruptedly for
a month, I should certainly reach a depth of more than
32 feet, in spite of the immense breadth of the cutting.

The medals hitherto discovered are all of copper, and
belong for the most part to Alexandria Troas ; some also
are of Ilium, and of the first centuries before and after
Christ.

My dear wife, an Athenian lady, who is an enthusiastic
admirer of Homer, and knows almost the whole of the
' Iliad ' by heart, is present at the excavations from morning
to night. I will not say anything about our mode of life
in this solitude, where everything is wanting, and where
we have to take four grains of quinine every morning as

i87i.]

MADAME SCHLIEMANN.

a precaution against the pestilential malaria. All of my
workmen are Greeks, from the neighbouring village of
Renkoi ; only on Sunday, a day on which the Greeks do not
work, I employ Turks. My servant, Nikolaos Zaphyros,
from Renko'i, whom I pay 30 piasters a day, is invaluable
to me in paying the daily wages of the workmen, for he
knows every one of them, and is honest. Unfortunately,
however, he gives me no assistance in the works, as he
neither possesses the gift of commanding, nor has he the
slightest knowledge of what I am seeking.

I naturally have no leisure here, and I have only been
able to write the above because it is raining heavily, and
therefore no work can be done. On the next rainy day I
shall report further on the progress of my excavations.

No. 36. A large Trojan Amphora of Terra-cotta 8 m.).

( 64 )

CHAPTER II.

Number of workmen — Discoveries at 2 to 4 meters deep — Greek coins

— Remarkable terra-cottas with small stamps, probably Ex votos —
These cease, and are succeeded by the whorls — Bones of sharks,
shells of mussels and oysters, and pottery — Three Greek Inscriptions

— The splendid panoramic view from Hissarlik — The Plain of Troy
and the heroic tumuli — Thymbria : Mr. Frank Galvert's Museum —
The mound of Chana'i Te'pe — The Scamander and its ancient bed

— Valley of the Simo'is, and ruins of Ophrynium.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, October 26th, 187 1.

Since my report of the 18th I have continued the excava-
tions with the utmost energy, with, on an average, 80
workmen, and I have to-day reached an average depth of
4 meters (13 feet). At a depth of 6^ feet I discovered a well,
covered with a very large stone, and filled with rubbish.
Its depth I have not been able to ascertain ; it belongs to the
Roman period, as is proved by the cement with which the
stones are joined together. Ruins of buildings, consisting
of hewn stones joined or not joined by cement, I only find at
about a depth of 2 meters (6h feet). In the layers of oUbris
between 1 and 4 meters deep (6h to 13 feet), I find scarcely
any stones, and to my delight the huge blocks of stone no
longer occur at all. Medals belonging to Ilium and to the
first and second centuries before Christ, and the first two cen-
turies after Christ, as well as coins of Alexandria Troas and
Sigeum, the age of which I do not know, were found almost
immediately below the surface, and only in some few cases
as deep as 1 meter (3 - feet). By far the greater number of
the Ilian coins bear the image of Minerva, of Faustina the
elder, of Marcus Aurelius, of Faustina the younger, of

Ch. II. 1871.]

STAMPED TERRA-COTTAS.

Commodus or of Crispina, and I found one with the fol-
lowing inscription: <J>ATXTINA 3KTI2P IAI€X1N. As far

down as 2 meters (6^ feet) I found, as during my last year's
excavations in this hill, an immense number of round articles
of terra-cotta, red, yellow, grey and black, with two holes,
without inscriptions, but frequently with a kind of potter's
stamp upon them. I cannot find in the holes of any one
of these articles the slightest trace of wear by their having
been used for domestic purposes, and therefore I presume
that they have served as Ex votos for hanging up in the

Nos. 37-39. Stamped Terra-cottas [it — 2 M.).

temples. Upon most of those bearing a stamp I perceive

in it an altar, and above the latter

a bee or fly with outspread wings ;

upon others there is a bull, a swan,

a child, or two horses. Curiously

enough these articles vanish all

at once at a depth of 2 meters

(6-j feet), and from this depth

downwards I find, in their stead,

pieces that are sometimes as round

as a ball, exactly the shape of „ „

J I No. 40. Stamped lerra-cotta (2 M.).

a German humming-top, some-
times in the form of hemispheres, others again in the
form of cones, tops {carrouselen), or volcanoes. They are
from I of an inch to i\ inches high and broad,
and all the different forms have a hole right through the
centre ; almost all of them have on one side the most

66 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. II.

various kinds of decorations encircling the central hole.*
With the exception of a few of these objects made of blue
stone, from J of an inch to ii inch broad, and found at a
depth of 3 meters (10 feet), they are all made of terra-cotta,
and it is quite evident that the decorations were engraved
when the clay was still in a soft state. All are of such
excellent clay, and burnt so hard, that I at first believed
them to be of stone, and only perceived my mistake after
having carefully examined them. In the depth we have
now arrived at I also find very many of those elegant round
vertebrae which form the backbone of the shark, and of
which walking-sticks are often made. The existence of these
vertebras seems to prove that in remote antiquity this sea
contained sharks, which are now no longer met with here.
To-day I also found upon a fragment of rough pottery the
representation of a man's head with large protruding eyes,
a long nose, and a very small mouth, which seems clearly
to be of Phoenician workmanship.

I also constantly come upon immense quantities of
mussel-shells, and it seems as if the old inhabitants of Ilium
had been very fond of this shell-fish. Oyster-shells are
also found, but only seldom ; on the other hand, I find
very many fragments of pottery. As far as the depth yet
reached, all the buildings which have stood upon this hill
in the course of thousands of years seem to have been
destroyed by fire ; every one of them is distinctly indicated
by a layer of calcined ruins. This is at all events the
reason why I do not also find other objects, and especially
why I no longer find earthen vessels. Those I have hitherto
found uninjured are very small pots of coarse workman-
ship ; however, the fragments of the pottery prove that
even in the time to which the ruins belong, at a depth of
4 meters (13 feet), there already existed good kitchen utensils.

* The various forms of the whorls are shown in the lithographed
plates at the end of the volume.

1S71.] GREEK INSCRIPTIONS. 67

In the quadrangular building already mentioned I
found, at a depth of about 5 feet, a slab of marble ay 6
inches in length, the upper part of which is 13*6 inches in
breadth, and the lower part 15*36 inches. It contains the
following inscription : —

'E7T€iSt7 Ata^eV^s UoXXeco? T^/x^tr^?, hiaTpifiaip irapa
tw fiacriXei, fyiXos oiv /cat evpovs StareXet tw St^/xoj, ^petas
irape^o/xepoq TTpo6vfMO)? ets a av rts avrbv 7rapaKaXfj, 8eSo-
xOcu Trj /3ovXfj Kal tw St//^ erraiviaai [xev avrbv eVt tovtols,
TTapaKoktiv Se /cat ets to Xolttov elvau (^ikoTifxov ets rd tov
Sijfxov o~vjJL(f)€popTa, SeSocr#at Se avrco rroXireiav, irpo^eviav,
fE.yKT7](Tiv, ariXeiap oiv Kal 61 iroklrai dreXets etcrt Kal e^o&ov
eVt ttjp jSovXrjp TrpcoTO) jxerd tol lepd Kal dffa^LP Kal i/x TroXepao
Kal eV eiprjvr) ctcrvXet Kal ao-novSei' apaypdxjjaL Se rd SeSo-
jxeva airw ravTa eis o~TrjXr]p Kal (dpa)6elpai e(t? ....

The king spoken of in this inscription must have been
one of the kings of Pergamus, and from the character
of the writing I believe that it must be assigned to the third
century before Christ.

At about the same depth, and by the side of the build-
ing, I found a second marble slab 16*5 inches in length
and 13*4 inches in breadth. The inscription runs as
follows : —

'iXtet? eBocrav MeveXdco 'Appa(3atov ,A0rjpaLO) evepyery
yepofxepo) avrdv /cat 7re/ot ttjv eXevBepiav apSpl ayaOa) yepo-
/xeVw Trpo^eviap Kal evepyecriav.

This second inscription, to judge from the form of the
letters, appears to belong to the first century b.c. "'Appa-
/3ato<?" here occurs for the first time as an Attic name.

At the same depth, and likewise by the side of the
foundations of the same building, I found a third marble
slab, nearly 15 inches long and about 14 broad. Its
inscription is : —

F 2

63 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. II.

My)v6(J)l\o<; rXavpiov elneV iirethr) irXeioves rdv ttoXltcov
eTreXOoPTes eVt ttjv fiovXrjV (f>ao iv \oupeav tov TeTayp^ivov in
\\/3v8ov evvovv re eivcu rfj noket kclL eVtots tt pea (3evo pivots
vnb tov Sijpov irpbs avrbv f3ov\6pevov rfj iroXet ^apiZ,ea0aL
ttjv iraaav o~7rovSr]v kcu irpovoiav 7roelo~9ai koX rots avvav-
to)0~lv avTco tcov tto\lto)v (fnXapO 'pw77CD5 7rpoa(f>€p€a0aL, t^a
ovv /cat 6 Srjjxos (f)aLvr]Tai ttjv KadrjKovcrav ^dpcv a7ro8t8ou?
rot? irpoaipovpiivoi^ ttjv tt6(\li>) SeSo^^at.

This third inscription also appears to belong to the first
century b.c.

It is probable that the building in and around which I
discovered these three inscriptions was the Town-hall of
Ilium ; at all events, it does not appear to have been a
temple.

The view from the hill of Hissarlik is extremely magni-
ficent.* Before me lies the glorious Plain of Troy, which,
since the recent rain, is again covered with grass and yellow
buttercups ; on the north-north-west, at about an hour's
distance, it is bounded by the Hellespont. The peninsula
of Gallipoli here runs out to a point, upon which stands
a lighthouse. To the left of it is the island of Imbros,
above which rises Mount Ida of the island of Samothrace,
at present covered with snow ; a little more to the west, on
the Macedonian peninsula, lies the celebrated Mount Athos,
or Monte Santo, with its monasteries, at the north-western
side of which there are still to be seen traces of that great
canal which, according to Herodotus (VII. 22-23), was
made by Xerxes, in order to avoid sailing round the stormy
Cape Athos.

Returning to the Plain of Troy, we see to the right
of it, upon a spur of the promontory of Rhceteum, the
sepulchral mound of Ajax ; at the foot of the opposite
Cape of Sigeum that of Patroclus, and upon a spur of
the same cape the sepulchre of Achilles ; to the left of

* Sec Plate IV. View of the Northern part of the Plain of Troy.

1871.] VIEW OF THE PLAIN OF TROY. 69

the latter, on the promontory itself, is the village of Ye-
nishehr. The Plain, which is about two hours' journey in
breadth, is thence bounded on the west by the shores of
the iEgean, which are, on an average, about 131 feet high,
and upon which we see first the sepulchral mound of
Festus, the confidential friend of Caracalla, whom the
Emperor (according to Herodian, IV.) caused to be poisoned
on his visit to Ilium, that he might be able to imitate the
funeral rites which Achilles celebrated in honour of his
friend Patroclus, as described by Homer {Iliad, XXIII.).
Then upon the same coast there is another sepulchral
mound, called Udjck-TtpS, rather more than 78^ feet in
height, which most archaeologists consider to be that of the
old man .ZEsyetes, from which Polites, trusting to the swift-
ness of his feet, watched to see when the Greek army would
set forth from the ships.* The distance of this mound
from the Greek camp on the Hellespont is, however, fully
2>h hours, whereas at a distance of a quarter of an hour a
man cannot be seen. Polites, moreover, would not have
required to have been very swift-footed to have escaped at
a distance of 3^ hours. In short, from the passage in the
Iliad this tomb cannot possibly be identified with that of
yEsyetes, whether the site of ancient Troy be assigned to
the heights of Bunarbashi or to Ilium, where I am digging.
Between the last-named mounds we see projecting above
the high shores of the iEgean Sea the island of Tenedos.

* Homer, Iliad, II. 790-794 :—

'Ayxov 8' Icnafxtvr) irpoaitpt) 7r<55as wKta. 'lpis'
E'/craro Se (pdoyyijv vTi HpidfioLO HoXitt),
*Os Tpw&v (TKO-rcbs T£e, 7ro5a>Kei?/(Ti ireTroiQws,
Tv/j.fi(f) iir ciKpoTarai Aiavrtrao yepovTos,
A^ypavos diriroTe vav<piv a<pop/j.T]duey 'Axaiot —

" Swift Iris stood amidst them, and the voice
Assuming of Polites, Priam's son,
The Trojan scout, who, trusting to his speed,
Was posted on the summit of the mound
Of ancient ^Esyetes, there to watch
Till from their ships the Grecian troops should march-

70 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. II.

To the south, we see the Plain of Troy, extending again
to a distance of two hours, as far as the heights of
Bunarbashi, above which rises majestically the snow-capped
Gargarus of Mount Ida, from which Jupiter witnessed the
battles between the Trojans and the Greeks.* At half-an-
hour's distance to the left of Bunarbashi is the beautiful
estate of 5000 acres, whose name of Batak is now changed
into Thymbria, belonging to my friend Mr. Frederick
Calvert. It deserves the change of name for more than
one reason ; for not only does the river Thymbrius (now
Kemer) flow through it, but it comprises the whole site
of the ancient town of Thymbria, with its temple of
Apollo, among the ruins of which the proprietor's brother,
Mr. Frank Calvert — known for his archaeological investi-
gations — is making excavations, and has found several
valuable inscriptions ; among others, an inventory of the
temple. This estate further comprises the site of an ancient
town, which is apparently encompassed in some places by
ramparts ; it is covered with fragments of pottery, and in
regard to position, distance, &c, corresponds so closely
with the statements of Strabo that it must certainly be his
" 'I\ieW kwjli^," where, agreeing with the theory of Deme-
trius of Scepsis, he places the Homeric Troy. At the foot
of the hill containing the site, there are, curiously enough,
two springs, one of hot the other of cold water.f These
springs — probably owing to their natural channels having
been stopped up for centuries by a fallen bridge — have
formed a large marsh of 240 acres, the evaporations of
which greatly contribute to the malaria of the glorious
Plain. The marvellous circumstance that these springs are

* See Plate V., View of the South-eastern part of the Plain of Troy.
The word " perpetual " {ewigem) in reference to the snow on Ida is
omitted at the desire of the Author, who has ascertained that the summit
is clear of snow in July and August. — [Ed.]

+ The difference of temperature in the springs seems to have been
disproved afterwards. (See Chapter V.. p. 92.) — [Ed.]

view of the northern tart of the plain ok troy, from the mix of hissaruk

M.mnt Garmrus (Kasdak

1871.] VILLAGE OF THE ILIANS. 7 I

situated directly before the site of " 'DueW /cw/xr;," and that
their position corresponds so exactly with the two springs
of hot and cold water which existed in front of ancient
Troy, and in which the Trojan women used to wash their
clothes, convinces Mr. Frederick Calvert that Demetrius
of Scepsis and Strabo were right, and that he possesses the
actual site of ancient Troy. In order to gain 240 acres
of rich land and to make the district more healthy, but
especially also in the interest of science, Mr. Calvert has
now caused the channels to be opened, and he believes, as
the incline is considerable, amounting at least to 53 feet,
and the distance from the Hellespont is three hours, that by
next summer the whole marsh will be dried up, and the
two springs, which are now 5 feet under water, will be
brought to light.* I have in vain endeavoured to make
Mr. Calvert change his opinion, by seeking to convince
him that, according to the Iliad (II. 123-30),! Troy must
at least have had 50,000 inhabitants, whereas the site he
possesses is scarcely large enough for 10,000; further, that
the distance from the 'IXieW koj/xt] to the Hellespont directly
contradicts the statements of Homer, for we are told that
the Greek troops in one day twice forced their way fighting
from the camp to the town, and returned twice, fighting.
The distance of the town from the ships, therefore, in my
opinion, can at most have been that of one hour (about
3 miles). Mr. Calvert replies that the whole Plain of Troy
is alluvial land, and that at the time of the Trojan war its
site must have been nearer the Hellespont ; but, three years
ago, in my work, ' Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Troy,' I
endeavoured to prove that the Plain of Troy is decidedly
not alluvial land.

";:" This work has now been done. See ' Introduction,' p. 51.

t The ' Introduction ' has already shown how Dr. Schliemann
changed his opinion as to the magnitude of Troy. Compare also
Chapter XXIII. It is hard to see how the vague poetic language of the
passage cited furnishes any data for the computation in the text; — [Ed.]

72 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. II.

Another curiosity of this estate is, that close to the
temple of Apollo there exists a round hill, called " Chana'i
Tepe," about 32^ feet in height, and 216^ feet in diameter
at its base. It used to be considered a natural hill, till
Mr. Frank Calvert, in the year 1856, made a cutting in it,
and found upon a flat rock, 16 feet high, a circular space,
enclosed by a wall 6^ feet in height. The whole of the
inner space, as far as the edge of the surrounding wall,
was filled with calcined bones, which the surgeons of the
English fleet pronounced to be human bones. In the
centre Mr. Calvert found the skeleton of a human being.
The whole was covered with about 10 feet of earth.

The Plain of Troy is traversed from the south-east to
the north-west by the Scamander, which is distant from
Hissarlik ^ minutes' walk, and the bed of which I can
recognise from here by the uninterrupted row of trees
growing upon its banks. Between the Scamander and
Hissarlik, at a distance of only 15 minutes from the latter,
the Plain is again intersected by the river Kalifatli-Asmak,
which rises in the marshes of Batak (Thymbria), and is
filled with running water only in late autumn, winter, and
spring ; but during the hot summer months, till the
end of October, it consists of an uninterrupted series of
deep pools. This stream, even during the continual heavy
winter rains, and in comparison with its splendid and im-
mensely broad channel, has but a very scanty supply of
water — in fact, never so much as to cover even the tenth
part of the breadth of its bed. I therefore believe that its
huge bed must at one time have been the bed of the
Scamander ; I believe this all the more, as the SimoYs still
flows into the Kalifatli-Asmak at a quarter of an hour's
distance north of Ilium, where I am digging.* By identi-
fying the channel of this river, which may be traced to
the Hellespont near Cape Rhceteum, with the most ancient

* See the Map.

1871.] OLD BED OF THE SCAMANDER. 73

bed of the Scamander, we may settle the otherwise insur-
mountable difficulties of the Homeric topography of the
Plain of Troy ; for, had the Scamander occupied its
present bed at the time of the Trojan war, it would have
flowed through the Greek camp, and Homer would have
had abundant opportunity of speaking of this important
circumstance. But as he never mentions a river in the
camp, there can, of course, have been none there. More-
over, the Simo'is is now half-an-hour's distance from the
Scamander ; whereas Homer frequently mentions the con-
fluence of these two streams before Ilium, and most
of the battles took place in the fields between Troy, the
Scamander, and the Simo'is. At its confluence with the
Kalifatli-Asmak, whose enormous bed must, at one time,
have belonged to the Scamander, the Simo'is has an
especially large and deep bed, which is doubtless still
the same that this stream occupied at the time of the
Trojan war.

The Kalifatli-Asmak, after its confluence with the
Scamander near the village of Kum-koi, turns to the north-
west, and flows into the sea by three arms, not very far
from the present bed of the Scamander ; below the village,
however, it has quite a narrow bed, which is obviously of
recent formation. Its old channel, on the other hand,
which was the ancient bed of the Scamander and is of an
immense breadth, proceeds direct northwards from Kum-koi:
it is now occupied by the water of the small rivulet called
In-Upi-Asmak, which I shall afterwards describe minutely,
and empties itself, as before said, into the Hellespont close
to Cape Rhoeteum.

The Scamander did not take possession of its present
bed suddenly, but very gradually, probably in the course
of many centuries ; for between its present channel and its
ancient one there are three enormous river-beds, likewise
leading to the Hellespont, which possess no water and
must necessarily have been successively formed by the

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Ch. II. 1871.

Scamander, as there is no other river here that could have
formed them.

To the north-north-east, I overlook another plain,
called Chalil-Ovvasi, half an .hour in breadth and i^ hour
in length, which is traversed by the Sim 01s and extends to
the hill upon which are the mighty ruins of the ancient
city of Ophrynium. The coins which have been found
there leave no doubt about this. There, close to the
Simo'i's, was Hector's (so-called) tomb, and a grove sacred
to his memory.*

* Lycophron's Cassandra; Virgil's Aineid, III., 302-305 ; Strabo,
XIII., 1.

No. 41. A great mixing Vessel («p<XTijp), of Terra-cotta, with 4 Handles, about 1 ft. 5 in. high,
and nearly 1 ft. 9 in. in diameter (7 M.). (See pp. 157, 262).

( 75 )

CHAPTER III.

Puzzling transitions from the " Stone Age " to a higher civilization —
The stone age reappears in force, mixed with pottery of fine work-
manship, and the whorls in great number — Conjectures as to their
uses: probably Ex votos — Priapi of stone and terra-cotta : their
worship brought by the primitive Aryans from Bactria — Vessels
with the owl's face — Boars' tusks — Varied implements and weapons
of stone — Hand mill-stones — -Models of canoes in terra-cotta —
Whetstones — The one object of the excavations, to find Troy.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 3rd, 1871.

My last communication was dated the 26th of October,
and since then I have proceeded vigorously with 80 work-
men on an average. Unfortunately, however, I have lost
three days ; for on Sunday, a day on which the Greeks do
not work, I could not secure the services of any Turkish
workmen, for they are now sowing their crops; on two other
days I was hindered by heavy rains.

To my extreme surprise, on Monday, the 30th of last
month, I suddenly came upon a mass of debris, in which I
found an immense quantity of implements made of hard
black stone (diorite), but of a very primitive form. On the
following day, however, not a single stone implement was
found, but a small piece of silver wire and a great deal of
broken pottery of elegant workmanship, among others the
fragment of a cup with an owl's head. I therefore thought
I had again come upon the remains of a civilized people,
and that the stone implements of the previous day were the
remains of an invasion of a barbarous tribe, whose dominion
had been of but short duration. But I was mistaken, for
on the Wednesday the stone period reappeared in even

f6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. III.

greater force, and continued throughout the whole of yester-
day. To-day, unfortunately, no work can be done owing
to the heavy downpour of rain.

I find much in this stone period that is quite inexplic-
able to me, and I therefore consider it necessary to describe
everything as minutely as possible, in the hope that one or
other of my honoured colleagues will be able to give an
explanation of the points which are obscure to me.

In the first place, I am astonished that here on the
highest point of the hill, where, according to every suppo-
sition the noblest buildings must have stood, I come upon
the stone period as early as at a depth of 4I? meters (about

15 feet), whereas last year, at a distance of only 66 feet
from the top of the hill, I found in my cutting, at the
depth of more than 16 feet, a wall, 6\ feet thick, and by
no means very ancient, and no trace of the stone period,
although I carried that cutting to a depth of more than

16 feet. This probably can be explained in no other
way than that the hill, at the place where the wall stands,
must have been very low, and that this low position has
been gradually raised by the debris.

Further, I do not understand how it is possible that in
the present stratum and upon the whole length of my
cutting (which must now be at least 1 84 feet) to its mouth,
that is, as far as the steep declivity, I should find stone
implements, which obviously prove that that part of the
steep side of the hill cannot have increased in size since
the stone period by rubbish thrown down from above.

Next, I cannot explain how it is possible that I should
find things which, to all appearance, must have been used
by the uncivilized men of the stone period, but which
could not have been made with the rude implements at
their disposal. Among these I may specially mention the
earthen vessels found in great numbers, without decorations,
it is true, and not fine, but which however are of excellent
workmanship. Not one of these vessels has been turned

1871.] TERRA-COTTA WHORLS. 77

upon a potter's wheel, and yet it appears to me that they
could not have been made without the aid of some kind of
machine, such as, on the other hand, could not have been
produced by the rude stone implements of the period.

I am further surprised to find, in this stone period, and
more frequently than ever before, those round articles with
a hole in the centre, which have sometimes the form of
humming-tops or whorls {carrouscleii), sometimes of fiery
mountains. In the last form they bear, on a small scale,
the most striking resemblance to the colossal sepulchral
mounds of this district, which latter, both on this account
and also because stone implements have been found in one
of them (the Chanai Tepe) belong probably to the stone
period, and therefore perhaps to an age thousands of years
before the Trojan war.* At a depth of 3 meters (about 10
feet), I found one of these objects made of very fine marble :
all the rest are made of excellent clay rendered very hard
by burning ; almost all of them have decorations, which
have evidently been scratched into them when the clay was
as yet unburnt, and which in very many cases have been
filled with a white substance, to make them more striking
to the eye. It is probable that at one time the decorations
upon all of these objects were filled with that white sub-
stance, for upon many of them, where it no longer exists, I
see some traces of it. Upon some of the articles of very
hard black clay without decorations, some hand has endea-
voured to make them after the clay had been burnt, and,
when looked at through a magnifying glass, these marks
leave no doubt that they have been laboriously scratched
with a piece of flint.

The question then forces itself upon us : For wkatzuere

* For the further and most interesting discoveries which speedily led
Dr. Schliemann to recal this conjecture, and which have affected all
previous theories about the ages of stone and bronze, see the beginning
of Chapter IV.

78 rRO"i AND its REMAINS. [Chap. III.

these objects used f They cannot possibly have been cm-
ployed in spinning or weaving, or as weights for fishing-
nets, for they arc too fine and elegant for such purposes;
neither have I as yet been able to discover any indication
that they could have been used for any handicraft. When,
therefore, I consider the perfect likeness of most of these
objects to the form of the heroic sepulchral mounds, I
am forced to believe that they, as well as those with two
holes which occurred only at a depth of 6h feet, were used
as Ex votos.

Again, to my surprise, I frequently find the Priapus,
sometimes represented quite true to nature in stone or terra-
cotta, sometimes in the form of a pillar rounded off at the
top (just such as I have seen in Indian temples, but there only
about 4 inches in length). I once also found the symbol in
the form of a little pillar only about i inch in length, made
of splendid black marble striped with white and beau-
tifully polished, such as is never met with in the whole of
this district. I consequently have not the slightest doubt
that the Trojan people of the stone period worshipped
Priapus as a divinity, and that, belonging to the Indo-
Germanic race, they brought this religion from Bactria ;
for in India, as is well known, the god of production and
of destruction is represented and worshipped in this form.
Moreover, it is probable that these ancient Trojans are the
ancestors of the great Hellenic nation, for I repeatedly find
upon cups and vases of terra-cotta representations of the
owfs head, which is probably the great-great-grandmother
of the Athenian bird of Pallas- Athena.

With the exception of the above-mentioned piece of
silver wire and two copper nails, I have as yet found no
trace of metal in the strata of the stone period.

As in the upper strata, so in those of the stone period,
I find a great many boars' tusks, which, in the latter strata,
have without exception been pointed at the end, and have
served as implements. It is inconceivable to me how the

1871.] VARIOUS OBJEC 7 )

men of the stone period, with their imperfect weav
were able to kill wild boars. Their lances — like all their
other weapons and instruments — are, it is true, raa'i
very hard black or green stone, bur still they are so blunt
that it must have required a giant's strength to kill a boar
with them. Hammers and axes are met with of all /
and in great numbers.* I likewise find very many we:
of granite, also a number of hand-mills of lava, which
consist of two pieces about afoot in length, oval on one side
and flat on the other, between which the corn was cru
Sometimes these mill- are made of granite. Knives are

found in very great numbers : all are of flint, some in the
form of knife-blades, others — by far the greater majority —
are jagged on one or on both . !ike sav -dies

and bodkins made of bone are of frequent occurrence, and
sometimes aho small bon -.. Primitive canoes, such as

I frequently saw in Ceylon, formed out of a hollowed trunk
of a tree, arc often met with here in miniature, ma-
terra-cotta, and I presume that these small vessels may have
served as salt-cellars or pepper-bo:: — . I likewise find a
number of whetstones about 4 inches in length and nearly
as much in breadth, which are sometimes made of clay,
sometimes of green or black slate ; further, a numb-,
round, flat stone-> a little under and over two inch
diameter, painted red on one side; also many hundrc
round terra-cottas of the like size and shape, with a hole in
the centre, and which have evidently been made out
fragments of pottery, and may have been used on spindles.
Flat stone mortars are also met with.

1 also find in my excavations a b ill of the stone

period, consisting of stones joined by clay, like the buildings
which were discovered on the islands of Therasia and Thera

The stone implements here described are so similar in form to the
better-made objects of the same sort, exhibited in subsequent illustrations,
that it seems superfluous to engrave them here. — [Er>.]

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Ch. III. 1871.

(Santorin) under three layers of volcanic ashes, forming
together a height of 68 feet.

My expectations are extremely modest ; I have no hope
of finding plastic works of art. The single object of my
excavations from the beginning was only to find Troy,
whose site has been discussed by a hundred scholars in a
hundred books, but which as yet no one has ever sought to
bring to light by excavations. If I should not succeed in
this, still I shall be perfectly contented, if by my labours
I succeed only in penetrating to the deepest darkness of
pre-historic times, and enriching archaeology by the dis-
covery of a few interesting features from the most ancient
history of the great Hellenic race. The discovery of the
stone period, instead of discouraging me, has therefore only
made me the more desirous to penetrate to the place which
was occupied by the first people that came here, and I still
intend to reach it even if I should have to dig another
50 feet further down.

Note. — The " Stone Period " described in this chapter seems to be
that of the third stratum upwards from the rock (4 to 7 meters, or 13 to
23 feet deep) ; but the description does not make this perfectly clear. —

[Ed.]

(9 M.) (7 M.)

Nos. 42-44. Terra-cotta Whorls.
No. 44 is remarkable fur the dcf>th at which it was found

(14 M.)

( 8i )

CHAPTER IV.

Another passage from the Stone Age to copper implements mixed with
stone — The signs of a higher civilization increase with the depth
reached — All the implements are of better workmanship — Dis-
covery of supposed inscriptions — Further discussion of the use of
the whorls — Troy still to be reached — Fine terra-cotta vessels of
remarkable forms — Great numbers of stone weights and hand mill-
stones — Numerous house-walls — Construction of the great cutting
— Fever and quinine — Wounds and arnica.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 18th, 1871.

Since my report of the 3rd of this month I have continued my
excavations with the greatest zeal, and although interrupted
sometimes by the rain, and sometimes by Greek festivals,
and also in spite of the continually increasing difficulty in
removing the rubbish, I have now reached an average depth
of 10 meters or about 33 English feet.* Much that was in-
explicable to me has now become clear, and I must first of
all correct an error made in my last report, that I had come
upon the stone period. I was deceived by the enormous
mass of stone implements of all kinds which were daily dug
up, and by the absence of any trace of metal, except two
copper nails, which I believed to have come in some way
from one of the upper strata into the deeper stratum of the
stone period. But since the 6th of this month there have

* This depth of 10 meters, or 33 feet, is that which Dr. Schliemann
came to regard as the lower limit of the ruins of the true heroic Troy.
The depth of 7 meters, or 23 feet, presently mentioned is the upper limit
of the same stratum. (See the Introduction and the later Memoirs.) —
[Ed.]

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. IV.

appeared not only many nails, but also knives, lances, and
battle-axes of copper of such elegant workmanship that
they can have been made only by a civilized people.

/ g

No. 45. Copper Implements and Weapons from the Trojan stratum (8 M.).
a Axe of an unusual form ; b, c, Battle-Axes of the common form ; d, e, g, Knives ; f, a Na

Hence I must not only recal my conjecture that I had
reached the stone period, but I cannot even admit that I
have reached the bronze period, for the implements and
weapons which I find are too well
finished. I must, moreover, draw at-
tention to the fact, that the deeper I
dig, from 7 meters (23 feet) down-
wards, the greater are the indications
of a higher civilization. At a depth
of from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet)
the stone implements and weapons
were of a coarse description ; the knives
were of flint, generally in the form of
small saws, and rarely in that of a
blade ; but there were a very great number of sharp pieces
of silex, which must likewise have served as knives. Since

No. 46. A Mould of Mica-
schist for casting Copper
Implements (8 M.).

* These, like all the objects of copper found at Troy, are coated with
verdigris and malachite. (Letter-press to the Atlas.)

1871.] COPPER AND STONE TOGETHER. 83

then, however, the stone implements, such as hammers and
axes, are of much better workmanship ; there still occur a
quantity of silex knives in the form of saws, but they are
much better made than those of the upper strata, and at a
depth below 23 feet double-edged knife-blades of obsidian,
which are so sharp that they might serve as razors. In

No. 47. No. 48. No. 49. No. 50.

Stone Instruments from the Trojan stratum (8 M.).
Nos. 47, 48, 49, of Green Stone, probably Lance-Heads ; No. 50, of Diorite, use unknown.

these depths, moreover, as I have already said, we again
meet with weapons and quantities of nails, knives, and im-
plements of copper.

But what above all other circumstances seems to prove
that I never reached the stone period, and that, after
digging further down into the strata of rude races between
13 and 23 feet, I have again come upon the remains of a
more civilized nation, are two inscriptions, one of which,
found at a depth of jh meters (about 25 feet), seems to be
Phoenician, but consists of only about five letters, which
have been scratched by a pointed instrument, into that side
of a small terra-cotta disc which had been painted white,
the disc being only about 2-|- inches in diameter. The
letters, in any case, must have stood out very distinctly
in the white colour, but the greater portion of it has dis-
appeared, and thus two of the five written characters cannot

g 2

84 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. IV.

easily be distinguished. I hope, however, that the inscrip-
tion may nevertheless be deciphered.*

The other inscription was found at a depth of 8^ meters
(ijj feet) upon one of those small round articles of terra-
cotta with a hole in the centre, which, from a depth of
6h feet downwards, occur in immense numbers in the
form of the humming-top, the carrousel, and the volcano.
I have already expressed my opinion that they may have
been used as Ex votos, and I may now suggest whether
they might not even have been idols, and especially
whether those in the form of a volcano do not represent
Hephaestus ? This thought struck me principally from
the great resemblance between these objects and the
colossal sepulchral mounds on the Plain of Troy, which
cover the ashes of the corpses of the heroes, which were
burnt by the fire of Hephaestus. At all events, the deco-
rations introduced upon all of these objects — which seem
to have been executed with very great care, especially
on those made of immensely hard burnt terra-cotta — and
also the white substance with which these decorations are
filled so as to be more striking to the eye, leave no doubt
that they have served important purposes. It was upon
one of these small articles of terra-cotta, in the form of a
top, that I found the second inscription.! It is so admi-
rably engraved, that one is astonished to find such work
possible in terra-cotta. As the writing runs right round
the small whorl, and is formed on both sides alike, it seems
to me, in my complete ignorance of the language, impos-
sible to perceive with which letter it commences, or which
is the upper or lower portion of ir.

* See Plate LI., No. 496. Comp. Chapter IX., p. 138. This is
one of the most important of the inscriptions determined to be such by
Professor Gomperz. It has six characters. (See the Appendix.)

t This is given on Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Photograph, and
more accurately from M. Burnoufs drawing on Plate XLVIIL, No. 482.
Dr. Schliemann supposed that it bore an inscription ; but he afterwards
recalled the opinion. (See Chapter IX., p. 137.) — [Ed.]

1871.] EXCAVATIONS AT OTHER SITES. 8$

Upon an ordinary stone I at the same time found the
character \>. I should be immensely delighted if any
one were able to read these inscriptions, and thus be in
a position to give an explanation about the use of these
remarkable objects, about the people who made them, and
about the epoch in which I found myself at the depth of
from 25 to 28 feet.

When, at the time of writing my last report, I saw
stone implements and weapons brought to light, and none
but stone, and was forced to believe that I had penetrated
into the stratum of the people belonging to the stone
period, I really began to fear that the actual object of my
excavations, to find here the Pergamus of Priam, had failed ;
that I had already reached a period long anterior to the
Trojan war, and that the colossal sepulchral mounds in
the Plain of Troy were perhaps thousands of years older
than the deeds of Achilles. But as I find ever more and
more traces of civilization the deeper I dig, I am now per-
fectly convinced that I have not yet penetrated to the
period of the Trojan war, and hence I am more hopeful
than ever of finding the site of Troy by further excava-
tions ; for if there ever was a Troy — and my belief in
this is firm — it can only have been here, on the site of
Ilium. I think that my excavations of 1868 on the
heights of Bunarbashi have proved the impossibility of
a city or even a village ever having stood there, except
at the extreme end of Balidagh, where Consul Hahn has
made excavations, but where, owing to the small space,
which is limited by precipices, there can only have been a
small town of 2000 inhabitants at most. Upon the site of
the 'iXieW km/it), which place was regarded as the site
of ancient Troy by Strabo — who had never visited the
Plain of Troy — in accordance with the theory of Deme-
trius of Scepsis, which I discussed in my report of the 26th
of last month- — I have, since Tuesday the 21st, employed
ten workmen to lay bare a portion of the surrounding wall

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. IV.

which seems to be indicated by a low but long rise of the
ground. I do this, however, simply in the interest of science,
and I am far from fancying that I shall find Troy there.

I must also add, in regard to the round articles of terra-
cotta, that, after a depth of 7 meters (23 feet), those in the
form of the volcano occur less frequently, and almost all are
the shape of the top {carrousel). At this depth also, the
idols of Vishnu, in the form of the Priapus, are no longer

No. 51. No. 52.

Trojan Terra-cottas (8 M.).

No. 51. A Vase-cover. No. 52. A Two-handled Cup.

met with. But I still very frequently find at a depth
below 23 feet the owl's head on the earthen vessels, which,
although only of one colour and without any decorations,
are elegant in their simplicity, and become the more ele-
gant and finer the deeper I dig. I have to draw especial
attention to the bright red cups, which are sometimes
found in the form of a bell with a kind of coronet below *

* These cups, as already observed, are really covers of vases, the
" coronet " being the upper, instead of the under part. — [Ed.]

i87i.]

TROJAN TERRA-COTTA VASES.

sometimes in the shape of immense champagne-glasses

with two large handles. In neither form can they stand

upon the lower end like the cups of the present day, but

only upon the upper part, just as we should be obliged

to set down a bell, if we used it as a drinking-cup. I must

next mention the small pots with

three little feet, and the large ones

with a neck bent back, then the large

vessels with two handles and two

others in the form of upraised arms ;

and, lastly, the very large funereal no. 53- smaii Trojan vaSe (9m.).

urns, frequently more than a meter

(3^ feet) in height and breadth, which are met with in such

numbers that they hinder us in our work, but which have

hitherto been so much broken that I have been unable to

save even one of them. It is impossible to cement together

Nos. 54, 55. Trojan Terra-cotta Vases (8 M

the pieces of these broken urns, as the clay is from an inch
and a half to nearly 2 inches thick.

At a depth below 6 meters (nearly 20 feet) down to
the depth of 10 meters (33 feet), we find a great many
pieces of clay an inch and a half thick, from about 4
to 5 inches in height, and from about 3 to 4 inches

88 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. IV.

in breadth, with a perforated hole, either on the broad
upper side or on the narrow side, and which appear to
have been used as weights ; we also frequently meet with
cylinders of the same clay, which are from 3^ inches in
length to 2;j inches in breadth. The enormous quantities
of stone weights and hand-mills of lava, continually brought
to light, give an idea of the number of the houses, through
the ruins of which I daily penetrate. I have placed great
numbers of these mills and other stone implements in the
niches of the walls in my excavations for the inspection of
the admirers of Homer who may visit the Plain of Troy.

At a depth of from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), I have
found numerous fragments of a substance, about 2% inches
broad and if thick, which is on the inside as hard as
stone and of a resinous colour, and on the outside it has a
brilliant gloss, which has evidently been produced artificially.
It has clearly been poured into a mould when in a liquid
state, for it is channelled on all four sides. Doubtless in
the continuation of my excavations I shall obtain an
explanation of how these pieces (the length of which I do
not yet know, as I have hitherto only met with fragments)
were made, and what they were used for.*

The numerous house-walls, the ruins of which I have
daily to remove, are, at the depth of from 4 to 7 meters
(13 to 23 feet), all built of ordinary unhewn stones joined
with clay; and from 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet)
they are made of unburnt bricks, dried only in the sun.
The foundations and the door-cills of these brick houses,
however, consist of large stones, such as we have not met
with since 2 meters (6h feet) below the surface.

Lastly, as regards the inclination of the walls of my
great cutting, the nature of the debris allowed me only in
three places, each of about 49 feet in length, to make it

* In these the Author afterwards recognized moulds for casting
instruments and ornaments of copper. (See Chapter IX.) — [Ed.]

1871.] FEVERS AND QUININE. 89

at an angle of 85 degrees ; in all other places it is at an
angle of 67^ degrees. In order to make this more clear, I
may add that my walls of 33 feet high at an angle ot
85 degrees deviate only about 25 i inches, but those of
6yh degrees deviate about 8i feet from the perpendicular.

It would give me much pleasure if, in my next com-
munication, I could report some very interesting discovery.

November 11st. — The heavy rainfall of yesterday and
the clay before, which continued till this morning, rendered
it impossible to dispatch this report before the evening ;
for I am here living in a wilderness at eight hours' distance
from the nearest post-office, that is, from the Dardanelles.
I hope that the ground will have become sufficiently dry
by to-morrow morning for me to proceed with my work.
I intend, at all events, to continue the excavations till the
appearance of winter, and then to begin again in April.

The constant warm damp weather produces a very
malignant fever, and my services as a doctor are daily
sought. Fortunately, I have a large stock of quinine by
me, and can thus help everyone. But as I do not under-
stand anything about medicine I should, no doubt, make
great mistakes. Fortunately, however, I remember that
once when I was at the point of death with a fever con-
tracted in the marshes of Nicaragua, the excellent German
physician, Tellkampf of New York, saved my life by a dose
of 64 grains of quinine. Hence I give a similar quantity
here, but only in o?ie dose when the case is a very bad one ;
the quantity I generally give is four doses of 16 grains.
I am also daily called upon not only to cure wounded men,
but camels, donkeys, and horses. I have hitherto been
successful in all cases by using tincture of arnica. I have
also, thus far, cured all the fever patients who have applied
for my help. Not one of them, however, has ever come to
thank me ; indeed, gratitude does not appear to be one of
the virtues of the present Trojans.

( 90 )

CHAPTER V.

Interruptions from Rain — Last works of the season, 187 1 — The sup-
posed ruins of Troy reached — Great blocks of stone — Engineering
contrivances — Excavations at the " Village of the Ilians : " no traces
of habitation, and none of hot springs — Results of the excavations
thus far — Review of the objects found at various depths — Structure
of the lowest houses yet reached — Difficulties of the excavations —
The object aimed at — Growth of the Hill of Hissarlik.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 24th, 1871.

Since my last report, of the 18th and 21st instant, I have
had three days' work in spite of the continual wet weather ;
but unfortunately I rind myself now compelled to cease the
excavations for the winter, intending to begin again on the
1 st of April, 1872. It is not likely that winter will set in
before the middle of December, and I should gladly have
continued my work till then, in spite of the rain, especially
as I now most firmly believe that I -am already among the
ruins of Troy. Since the day before yesterday, I find on
the whole extent of my excavations scarcely anything but
large stones — sometimes hewn, sometimes unhewn — and
some of them are enormous blocks. This morning, for
instance, I worked for three hours with 6$ workmen in
removing a single threshold by means of ropes and rollers.
I have been obliged to abandon the two large side-
passages, when already at a depth of 23 feet, and I have
since caused all the rubbish and small stones to be brought
in baskets and wheel-barrows through the large exit-channel,
and thrown down at its end upon the sides of the steep
declivity. This channel — the walls of which have a slope
of 6yh degrees — is now, at the present depth of 33 feet,

Chap. V. 1871.J THE SUPPOSED RUINS OF TROY. 91

no longer wide enough for carrying away such enormous
blocks of stone, and it must first of all be made at least
13 feet wider. This is, however, a gigantic piece of work,
which, owing to the daily rain, I dare not venture to begin
with winter close upon me.

On account of the many huge stones, no terra-cottas
were found either yesterday or on the preceding day.
To day, however, during the last hour's work, I found a
small pot, only about 2 inches high, with three feet ; the
whole of the upper portion is in the form of a globe, and
is divided into five large and five small fields, changing
alternately in regular succession. All of the large fields
are filled with imprinted little stars. The mouth or open-
ing is only about -^ of an inch in diameter. I presume
that this small and wonderful Trojan vessel was used by
ladies for holding scented oil, which we know was applied
after the bath. It cannot have been used as a lamp, for
Homer, who lived 200 years after the destruction of Troy,
does not as yet know of lamps. I also found this morning
two copper arrow-heads, and one of those small terra-cotta
" volcanoes/' which for some days have been less frequently
met with. Further, a small leaden plate, nearly an inch and
a half in length as well as in breadth, with the character p
in the centre and a hole in one corner, which leaves no
doubt that the small piece used to be hung up.

Although the word ypafyeiv only occurs twice in
Homer, and both times only signifies "to scratch into,"
yet I am firmly convinced that an alphabetical language
was known in ancient Troy, and I cherish the hope of
being able next spring to discover inscriptions and other
monuments, which will leave no doubt, that, since yesterday,
at the depth of 33 feet,* I have begun to uncover the ruins
of the city of Troy, so long looked for theoretically and

* This refers to the lowest of the strata, which Dr. Schliemann long-
took for the ruins of the Homeric Troy. — [En.]

92 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. V.

now at last practically. All the objects that I find, I
shall, of course, describe in the most faithful and careful
manner.

My excavations at the village of the Ilians ('I\ieW
K(ojjL7)), as was to be expected, have decidedly turned out
unfavourable for Strabo and Demetrius of Scepsis ; for
the steep continuous elevation contains no trace of walls,
and consists of coarse sand without the slightest admixture
of ddbris. Neither do I believe, contrary to the assertion
of the proprietor of Thymbria, my worthy friend Mr.
Frederick Calvert, in the existence of a hot spring at the
foot of the hill of the 'I\ieW km/xt], for I have now searched
the whole marsh, with a thermometer in my hand, and I
nowhere find, either in the stagnant or the running water, the
faintest difference in temperature. Of cold springs there
are certainly more than one, but it will be impossible to
state how many till the marsh has been thoroughly drained ;
it consists at present of floating islands.

Now when I collect the result of my excavations : —
I found close to the surface only, and in rare cases as far as
a depth of i meter (32 feet), copper medals of Sigeum,
Alexandria Troas, and Ilium — the latter belonging to the
first centuries before and after Christ ; then small solid
round articles of terra- cotta, like lamps, with two holes,
which occur in great numbers, as far as a depth of 2 meters
(65 feet). These, however, have no ornaments except the
potter's stamp, in which there is sometimes an altar with a
bee or fly above it, sometimes a child with its hands
stretched forth, sometimes two horses, sometimes a bull or
a swan. Below this depth they cease all at once.* In place
of them I found, at depths of from 2 to 10 meters (6i to
33 feet), the often described terra-cottas in the form of
small volcanoes, humming-tops or whorls, which, at a depth

* A few, however, were afterwards found in lower strata, at 6 and
even 8 meters. (See p. 295.) — [Ed.]

1871.] RESULTS OF THE SEASON'S WORK. 93

of 3 meters only (nearly 10 feet), were frequently met with
in blue stone, but were in all other cases of terra-cotta,
and almost all of them with decorations. At 6\ feet below
the surface I found a Roman well, which I dug out to a
depth of more than 36 feet, but which seems to be sunk
down as far as the Plain. At all depths we met with many
mussel-shells, boars' tusks, and fish-bones ; but the bones
of sharks only at the depth of from n to 13 feet below the
surface. The ruins of houses built of hewn stone, joined
with cement or lime, seldom extend lower than 3^ feet,
and the ruins of buildings built of large hewn stones not
joined by any kind of cement, never below 6h feet : visitors
to the Plain of Troy can convince themselves of this with
their own eyes, by looking at the walls of my cuttings.
From a depth of 3 to 4 meters (6h to 13 feet) downwards, we
met with few or no stones ; and the calcined ruins of innume-
rable layers of debris seem to prove that all of the buildings
which existed there during the course of centuries were
built of wood, and were destroyed by fire. Consequently in
these depths I have hitherto only found fragments of good
earthenware ; the only things brought out in an uninjured
condition were small pots of the coarsest description.

At a depth of 4 meters (13 feet), I found a fragment
of pottery with a drawing of a bust, of Phoenician work-
manship. Directly upon it were an immense quantity
of stone implements and weapons of hard black stone,
which continued to a depth of 7 meters (23 feet).
Simultaneously with these, but extending to a depth
of 10 meters (33 feet), I found elegant pottery of one
colour and without any kind of ornament beyond the
owl's face ; small pots and vases of a larger size with three
little feet ; then, but only as far as a depth of 23 feet, the
Priapus of terra-cotta in its natural form, and also in the
form of a pillar rounded off at the top. From 4 to 7
meters (13 to 23 feet) deep, there were a great many rlint
knives, the majority of which have the shape of saws, or

TROY AND ITS RKMAINS.

[Chap. V.

consist only of sharp pieces, rarely in the form of blades;
needles and little spoons made of bone, as well as an enor-
mous number of terra-cotta discs with a hole through the
centre ; and two copper nails. As is proved by the numerous

No. 56.

No. 57.

No. 58.

No. 61.

No. 59. No. 60.

Stone Implements of the earliest Settlers (n and 14 M.).
Nos. 56 and 57. An Axe and Hammer of Diorite. Nos. 58, 59, 60. Knives of White Silex.

No. 61. Probably an Arrow-head.

house-walls which I have cut through in these depths,
many of which are in the earth-wall of my excavations, the
houses were built of small stones joined with earth. From
7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet), I found a great many copper
nails, frequently 5 inches in length, and a few lances and

i87i.]

CIVILIZATION INCREASING WITH DEPTH.

battle-axes of elegant workmanship. At every foot of earth
that we dig down, after a depth of 23 feet, we find the traces
of a much higher civilization; stone weapons are still occa-
sionally met with, but they are of splendid workmanship.
I found many copper knives, but also immense numbers
of flint knives, which, however, are incomparably better
made than those of the preceding strata. We also found,
although not often, very sharp double-edged knite-blades of
obsidian, 2f inches in length. The pots and vases continue

No. 62. Small Trojan Vase of Terra-cotla, with
Decorations 8 M.).

No. 63. A Trojan Vase-cover of red Terra-
cotta (7 M.).

to be more elegant ; there were also bright red vase-covers in
the form of a bell with a coronet above, or like gigantic
champagne glasses with two large handles ; very many
elegant vessels with or without three little feet, but with
little rings on the sides and holes in the mouth in the same
direction, so that they could not only stand, but also be
carried on a cord ; likewise a number of very small vases
with three little feet. All the terra-cottas are of a brilliant
red, yellow, green, or black colour ; only the very large
urns are colourless. From 2 to 10 meters deep (6^-33
feet) we note the complete absence of painting. At a depth

96 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. V.

of yh meters (24I feet) was a small terra-cotta disc with
rive letters, which I consider to be Phoenician ; at 28 feet
one of those frequently mentioned terra-cottas in the
form of a top with six written characters. At the same
depth, upon a stone, one letter, which to all appearance
belongs to a different language ; and lastly, at a depth
of 10 meters, or 33 English feet, a leaden plate with one
letter.

Now as regards the construction of the houses belong-
ing to the strata at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to
1,1, feet), only the foundations and thresholds were com-
posed of large stones — as anyone may convince himself
by a glance at the earthen walls of my excavations. The
house-walls, on the other hand, were composed of unburnt
sun-dried bricks. At a depth of 10 meters {^^ feet), I
again found the buildings to be of stone, but of colossal
proportions. Most of the stones are very large, many of
them hewn, and we meet with a great many massive blocks.
It appears to me that I have already brought to light
several walls at this depth ; but I have unfortunately
not yet succeeded in arriving at an opinion as to how
they were actually built and what their thickness was.
The stones of the walls seem to me to have been separated
from one another by a violent earthquake. I have hitherto
seen no trace of any kind of cement between them, either
of clay or lime.

Of the terrible difficulties of the excavations, where such
large pieces of stone are met with, only those can have any
idea who have been present at the work and have seen how
much time and trouble it takes, especially during the present
rainy weather — first to get out the small stones round one of
the many immense blocks, then to dig out the block itself, to
get the lever under it, to heave it up and roll it through
the mud of the channel to the steep declivity.

But these difficulties only increase my desire, after so
many disappointments, to reach the great goal which is at

1871.] GROWTH OF THE HILL. 97

last lying before me, to prove that the Iliad is founded on
facts, and that the great Greek nation must not be deprived
of this crown of her glory. I shall spare no trouble and
shun no expense to attain this result.

I must still draw attention to the remarkable growth
of this hill. The huge square stones of the foundations of
the house on the summit of the hill (where I found the in-
scription which appears to belong to the third century B.C.),
which in its clay must have been on the surface, are now in
some places only 13 inches, in others only 3^ feet below
the earth. But as the colossal ruins, which I positively
maintain to be those of ancient Troy, lie at a depth of
33 feet, the accumulation of debris on this part must have
amounted to more than 30 feet during the first 1000 years,
and only from 1 to 3 feet during the last 2000 years.

But, strange to say, on the north side of the hill, with
its steep declivity, at the place where I am digging, the
thickness of the hill has not increased in the slightest degree.
For not only do the ruins of the innumerable habitations
in all cases extend to the extreme edge of the declivity, but
I also find up to this point the same objects that I find
on the same horizontal line as far as the opposite end of
my excavations. Hence it is interesting to know that the
declivity of the hill on the north side was exactly as steep
at the time of the Trojan war as it is now, namely, that
even at that time it rose at an angle of 40 degrees.

No. 64. A stone Implement of unknown No. 65. A strange Vessel of Terra-cotta

use. Weight 472 grammes. [2M.) (15 m.).

( 9» )

WOF(K~ at HISSAI^IK IN 1872.

CHAPTER VI.

New assistants for 1872 — Cost of the excavations — Digging of the great
platform on the North — Venomous snakes — A supporting buttress
on the North side of the hill — Objects discovered : little idols of

fpHL —1 I

fine marble — Whorls engraved with the suastika (QKB and r-M —
Significance of these emblems in the old Aryan religion — Their
occurrence among other Aryan nations — Mentioned in old Indian
literature — Illustrative quotation from Emile Burnouf.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, April 5th, 1872.

My last report was dated November 24th, 1871. On
the first of this month, at 6 o'clock on the morning of
a glorious day, accompanied by my wife, I resumed the
excavations with 100 Greek workmen from the neigh-
bouring villages of Renkoi*, Kalifatli, and Yenishehr. Mr.
John Latham, of Folkestone, the director of the railway
from the Piraeus to Athens, who by his excellent manage-
ment brings the shareholders an annual dividend of 30 per
cent., had the kindness to give me two of his best workmen,
Theodorus Makrys of Mitylene, and Spiridion Demetrios
of Athens, as foremen. To each of them I pay 150 fr.
(6/.) per month, while the daily wages of the other men
are but 1 fr. 80 cent. Nikolaos Zaphyros, of Renko'i, gets
6 fr., as formerly ; he is of great use to me on account
of his local knowledge, and serves me at once as cashier,
attendant, and cook. Mr. Fiat, who has undertaken the
construction of the railroad from the Piraeus to Lanira,
has also had the kindness to let me have his engineer,
Adolphe Laurent, for a month, whom I shall have to pay
500 fr. (20/.), and his travelling expenses. But in addition

1872.] PLATFORM ON THE NORTH. 99

there are other considerable expenses to be defrayed, so
that the total cost of my excavations amounts to no less
than 300 fr. (12/.) daily.

Now in order to be sure, in every case, of thoroughly
solving the Trojan question this year, I am having an
immense horizontal platform made on the steep northern
slope, which rises at an angle of 40 degrees, a height
of 105 feet perpendicular, and 131 feet above the level
of the sea. The platform extends through the entire hill,
at an exact perpendicular depth of 14 meters or 4615
English feet, it has a breadth of 79 meters or 233 Eng-
lish feet, and embraces my last year's cutting.* M. Laurent
calculates the mass of matter to be removed at 78,545
cubic meters (above 100,000 cubic yards) : it will be less
if I should find the native soil at less than 46 feet, and
greater if I should have to make the platform still lower.
It is above all things necessary for me to reach the primary
soil, in order to make accurate investigations. To make
the work easier, after having had the earth on the
northern declivity picked down in such a manner
that it rises perpendicularly to the height of about
Si feet from the bottom, and after that at an angle of
5c degrees, I continue to have the dibris of the mighty
earth wall loosened in such a manner that this angle always
remains exactly the same. In this way I certainly work
three times more rapidly than before, when, on account of
the small breadth of the channel, I was forced to open it
on the summit of the hill in a direct horizontal direction
along its entire length. In spite of every precaution, how-
ever, I am unable to guard my men or myself against the
stones which continually come rolling down, when the
steep wall is being picked away. Not one of us is without
several wounds in his feet.

During the first three days of the excavations, in

* See the Frontispiece and Plan II.

H 2

IOO TROY AND ITS REMAIN'S. [Chap. VI.

digging down the slope of the hill, we came upon an
immense number of poisonous snakes, and among them a
remarkable quantity of the small brown vipers called an id ion
(^XvTrfkiov), which are scarcely thicker than rain worms,
and which have their name from the circumstance that the
person bitten by them only survives till sunset. It seems
to me that, were it not for the many thousands of storks
which destroy the snakes in spring and summer, the Plain
of Troy would be uninhabitable, owing to the excessive
numbers of these vermin.

Through the kindness of my friends, Messrs. J. Henry
Schroder and Co., in London, I have obtained the best
English pickaxes and spades for loosening and pulling
down the rubbish, also 60 excellent wheel-barrows with
iron wheels for carrying it away.

For the purpose of consolidating the buildings on the
top of the hill, the whole of the steep northern slope has
evidently been supported by a buttress, for I find the
remains of one in several places. This buttress is however
not very ancient, for it is composed of large blocks of
shelly limestone, mostly hewn, and joined with lime or
cement. The remains of this wall have only a slight
covering of earth ; but on all other places there is more
or less soil, which, at the eastern end of the platform,
extends to a depth of between 6^ and 10 feet. Behind
the platform, as well as behind the remains of the but-
tress, the debris is as hard as stone, and consists of the
ruins of houses, among which I find axes of diorite, sling-
bullets of loadstone, a number of flint knives, innu-
merable handmills of lava, a great number of small idols of
very fine marble, with or without the owl's-head and woman's
girdle, weights of clay in the form of pyramids and with
a hole at the point, or made of stone and in the form
of balls; lastly, a great many of those small terra-cotta
whorls, which have already been so frequently spoken of
in my previous reports. Two pieces of this kind, with

I872.]

MEANING OF THE SUASTIKA.

IOI

crosses on the under side, were found in the terramares of
Castione and Campeggine,* and are now in the Museum
of Parma. Many of these Trojan articles, and especially
those in the form of volcanoes, have crosses of the most
various descriptions, as may be seen in the lithographed

Nos. 66, 67, 68. Trojan Sling-bullets of Loadstone (9 and 10 M-).

drawings.")" The form dip occurs especially often ; upon
a great many we find the sign p|^J, of which there are
often whole rows in a circle round the central point. In my
earlier reports I never spoke of these crosses, because their
meaning was utterly unknown to me.

This winter, I have read in Athens many excellent
works of celebrated scholars on Indian antiquities, especially
Adalbert Kuhn, Die Herabkunft des Feuers ; Max
Midler's Essays ; Emile Burnouf, La Science des Reli-
gions and Essai sur le Veda, as well as several works
by Eugene Burnouf; and I now perceive that these crosses
upon the Trojan terra-cottas are of the highest importance
to archaeology. I therefore consider it necessary to enter
more fully into the subject, all the more so as I am now able
to prove that both the bSe and the pj-j , which I find in
Emile Burnouf s Sanscrit lexicon, under the name of "sua-
stika, " and with the meaning ev eVn, or as the sign of good
wishes, were already regarded, thousands of years before

* Gabriel de Mortillet, Lc Signc de la Croix avant le Christianisme.
t Plates XXI. to LIT. at the end of the volume.

I02 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VI.

Christ, as religious symbols of the very greatest importance
among the early progenitors of the Aryan races in Bactria
and in the villages of the Oxus, at a time when Germans,
Indians, Pelasgians, Celts, Persians, Slavonians and Iranians
still formed one nation and spoke one language. For
I recognise at the first glance the "suastika" upon one
of those three pot bottoms,* which were discovered on
Bishop's Island near Konigswalde on the right bank of
the Oder, and have given rise to very many learned
discussions, while no one recognised the mark as that
exceedingly significant religious symbol of our remote
ancestors. I find a whole row of these " suastikas " all
round the famous pulpit of Saint Ambrose in Milan ;
I find it occurring a thousand times in the catacombs of
Rome/j" I find it in three rows, and thus repeated sixty
times, upon an ancient Celtic funereal urn discovered in
Shropham in the county of Norfolk, and now in the
British Museum. J I find it also upon several Corinthian
vases in my own collection, as well as upon two very
ancient Attic vases in the possession of Professor Kuso-
pulos at Athens, which are assigned to a date as early,
at least, as iooo years before Christ. I likewise find it
upon several ancient coins of Leucas, and in the large
mosaic in the royal palace garden in Athens. An English
clergyman, the Rev. W. Brown Keer, who visited me here,
assures me that he has seen the Pj-J innumerable times in
the most ancient Hindu temples, and especially in those of
Ga"i'na.§ I find in the Ramayana that the ships of king

* Copied in the Zcitschrift fur Ethnologic, Organ der Berliner
Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic und Urgcschichte, 187 1, Heft III,

■j- Emile Burnouf, La Science des Religions.

% A. W. Franks, Horceferales, pi. 30, fig. 19.

§ The cut, for which we are indebted to Mr. Fergusson, represents
the foot-print of Buddha, as carved on the Amraverti Tope, near the
river Kistna. Besides the suastika, repeated again and again on the
heels, the cushions, and the toes, it bears the emblem of the mystic rose,

1872.]

THE SUASTIKA IN INDIA.

103

Rama — in which he carried his troops across the Ganges
on his expedition of conquest to India and Ceylon — bore
the P|-| on their prows. Sanscrit scholars believe that this
heroic epic (the Rama-
yana) was composed at
the latest 800 years before
Christ, and they assign
the campaign of Rama at
the latest to the thirteenth
or fourteenth century
b.c, for, as Kiepert
points out in his very
interesting article in the
National - Zeitung^ the
names of the products
mentioned in the 2nd
Book of Kings, in the
reign of King Solomon, as brought by Phoenician ships
from Ophir, as for example, ivory, peacocks, apes and
spices, are Sanscrit words with scarcely any alteration.
Hence we may surely regard it as certain, that it took at
least three or four centuries before the language of the con-
querors was generally introduced into the immensely large
and densely peopled country of India, especially as the
number of the conquerors cannot have been very large.
In the myths of the Rigveda, which were written before
the expedition into Northern India {Heptopotamia), the
Aryan population is always represented as inconsiderable
in numbers.

Emile Burnouf, in his excellent work La Science des
Religions, just published, says, " The pj-j represents the
two pieces of wood which were laid cross-wise upon one

No. 69. The Foot-print of Buddha.

likewise frequently repeated (comp. the lithographed whorls, Nos. 330,
339, &c), and the central circles show a close resemblance to some of
the Trojan whorls. — [Ed.]

104 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VI.

another before the sacrificial altars in order to produce the
holy fire {Agni), and whose ends were bent round at right
angles and fastened by means of four nails, ^, so that
this wooden scaffolding might not be moved. At the point
where the two pieces of wood were joined, there was a small
hole, in which a third piece of wood, in the form of a lance
(called Pramanthd) was rotated by means of a cord made
of cow's hair and hemp, till the fire was generated by
friction. The father of the holy fire (Agni) is Twastri, i. e.
the divine carpenter, who made the ^P and the Pramantha,
by the friction of which the divine child was produced.
The Pramantha was afterwards transformed by the Greeks
into Prometheus, who, they imagined, stole fire from heaven,
so as to instil into earth-born man the bright spark of the
soul. The mother of the holy fire is the divine Maja, who
represents the productive force in the form of a woman ;
every divine being has his Maja. Scarcely has the weak
spark escaped from its mother's lap, that is from the pi-[,
which is likewise called mother, and is the place where the
divine Maja principally dwells — when it (Agni) receives the
name of child. In the Rigveda we find hymns of heavenly
beauty in praise of this new-born weak divine creature.
The little child is laid upon straw ; beside it is the mystic
cow, that is, the milk and butter destined as the offer-
ing ; before it is the holy priest of the divine Vaju, who
waves the small oriental fan in the form of a fla°- so
as to kindle life in the little child, which is close upon
expiring. Then the little child is placed upon the altar,
where, through the holy "soma" (the juice of the tree of
life) poured over it, and through the purified butter, it
receives a mysterious power, surpassing all comprehen-
sion of the worshippers. The child's glory shines upon
all around it ; angels [dcvds) and men shout for joy,
sing hymns in its praise, and throw themselves on their
faces before it. On its left is the rising sun, on its right
the full moon on the horizon, and both appear to grow

1872.] THE SUASTIKA IN THE RIGVEUA. IO«J

pale in the glory of the new-born god (Agni) and to worship
him. But how did this transfiguration of Agni take place ?
At the moment when one priest laid the young god upon
the altar, another poured the holy draught, the spiritual
" soma " upon its head, and then immediately anointed it
by spreading over it the butter of the holy sacrifice. By
being thus anointed Agni receives the name of the Anointed
{akta)\ he has, however, grown enormously through the
combustible substances ; rich in glory he sends forth his
blazing flames ; he shines in a cloud of smoke which rises
to heaven like a pillar, and his light unites with the light
of the heavenly orbs. The god Agni, in his splendour
and glory, reveals to man the secret things ; he teaches the
Doctors ; he is the Master of the masters, and receives the
name of Jatavedas, that is, he in whom wisdom is in-born.

Upon my writing to M. E. Burnouf to enquire about
the other symbol, the cross in the form (gpjl, which oc-
curs hundreds of times upon the Trojan terra-cottas,
he replied, that he knows with certainty from the
ancient scholiasts on the Rigveda, from comparative phi-
lology, and from the Monuments figures, that Suastikas, in
this form also, were employed in the very remotest times for
producing the holy fire. He adds that the Greeks for a
long time generated fire by friction, and that the two lower
pieces of wood that lay at right angles across one another
were called " crravpos" which word is either derived from
the root " stri," which signifies lying upon the earth, and is
then identical with the Latin " sternere," or it is derived
from the Sanscrit word " stavara," which means firm, solid,
immovable. Since the Greeks had other means of pro-
ducing fire, the word crravpos passed into simply in the
sense of " cross."

Other passages might be quoted from Indian scholars to
prove that from the very remotest times the pj-j and the
^Ql were the most sacred symbols of our Aryan fore-
fathers.

I 06

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[CH. VI. 1872.

In my present excavations I shall probably rind a
definite explanation as to the purpose for which the
articles ornamented with such significant symbols were
used ; till then I shall maintain my former opinion, that
they either served as Ex votes or as actual idols of
Hephaestus.

No. 70. Large Terra-cotta Vase, with the Symbols of the Man Goddess 4 m.J.

{ io7 )

CHAPTER VII.

Smoking at work forbidden, and a mutiny suppressed — Progress of the
great platform — Traces of sacrifices — Colossal blocks of stone
belonging to great buildings — Funereal and other huge urns —
Supposed traces of Assyrian art — Ancient undisturbed remains —
Further discoveries of stone implements and owl-faced idols — ■
Meaning of the epithet " yAai'KW7ris " — Parallel of "Hpa /3ow7ri<;, and
expected discovery of ox-headed idols at Mycenas — Vases of re-
markable forms — Dangers and engineering expedients — Georgios
Photidas — Extent of the Pergamus of Troy — Poisonous snakes,
and the snake-weed — The whorls with the central sun, stars, the
suastika, the Soma, or Tree of Life, and sacrificial altars — The name
of Mount Ida, probably brought from Bactria.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, April 25th, 1872.

Since my report of the 5th of this month I have continued
the excavations most industriously with an average of 120
workmen. Unfortunately, however, seven of these twenty
days were lost through rainy weather and festivals, one day
also by a mutiny among my men. I had observed that the
smoking of cigarettes interrupted the work, and I therefore
forbad smoking during working hours, but I did not gain
my point immediately, for I found that the men smoked in
secret. I was, however, determined to carry my point, and
caused it to be proclaimed that transgressors would be
forthwith dismissed and never taken on again. Enraged at
this, the workmen from the village of Renko'i — about 70
in number — declared that they would not work, if every-
one were not allowed to smoke as much as he pleased ;
they left the platform, and deterred the men from the
other villages from working by throwing stones. The
good people had imagined that I would give in to them
at once, as I could not do without them, and that

Io8 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VII.

now I could not obtain workmen enough ; that more-
over during the beautiful weather it was not likely that
I would sit still a whole day. But they found them-
selves mistaken, for I immediately sent my foreman to the
other neighbouring villages and succeeded (to the horror
of the 70 Renko'its, who had waited the whole night at my
door) in collecting 120 workmen for the next morning
without requiring their services. My energetic measures
have at last completely humbled the Renko'its, from whose
impudence I had very much to put up with during my last
year's excavations, and have also had a beneficial effect upon
all of my present men. Since the mutiny I have not only
been able to prohibit smoking, but even to lengthen the
day's work by one hour ; for, instead of working as formerly
from half-past five in the morning to half-past five in the
evening, I now always commence at five and continue till
six in the evening. But, as before, I allow half an hour at
nine and an hour and a half in the afternoon for eating
and smoking.

According to an exact calculation of the engineer,
M. A. Laurent, in the seventeen days since the 1st of the
month I have removed about 8500 cubic meters (11,000
cubic yards) of debris ; this is about 666 cubic yards each
day, and somewhat above 5^- cubic yards each workman.

We have already advanced the platform 49 feet into
the hill, but to my extreme surprise I have not yet reached
the primary soil. The opinion I expressed in my report
of the 24th of November of last year, that the thick-
ness of the hill on the north side had not increased
since the remotest times, I find confirmed as regards the
whole western end of my platform, to a breadth of 45
meters (1472 feet) ; for it is only upon the eastern portion
of it, to a breadth of 82 feet, that I found 6\ and even
10 feet of soil; below and behind it, as far as 16^ feet
above the platform, there is debris as hard as stone, which
appears to consist only of ashes of wood and animals,

1872.] TRACES OF SACRIFICES. 109

the remains of the offerings presented to the Ilian Athena.
I therefore feel perfectly convinced that by penetrating
further into this part I shall come upon the site of the very
ancient temple of the goddess. The ashes of this stratum
have such a clayey appearance, that I should believe it to
be the pure earth, were it not that I find it frequently to
contain bones, charcoal, and small shells, occasionally also
small pieces of brick. The shells are uninjured, which
sufficiently proves that they cannot have been exposed to
heat. In this very hard stratum of ash, at 1 1 feet above
the platform, and 46 feet from its edge, I found a channel
made of green sandstone nearly 8 inches broad and above
7 inches high, which probably once served for carrying
away the blood of the animals sacrificed, and must neces-
sarily at one time have discharged its contents down the
declivity of the hill. It therefore proves that the thickness
of the hill at this point has increased fully 46 feet since
the destruction of the temple to which it belonged.

Upon the other 1472 feet of the platform I find every-
where, as far as to about i6i feet high, colossal masses
of large blocks of shelly limestone, often more or less
hewn, but generally unhewn, which frequently lie so close
one upon another that they have the appearance of actual
walls. But I soon found that all of these masses of
stone must of necessity belong to grand buildings which
once have stood there and were destroyed by a fearful
catastrophe. The buildings cannot possibly have been
built of these stones without some uniting substance, and
I presume that this was done with mere earth, for I
find no trace of lime or cement. Between the immense
masses of stone there are intermediate spaces, more or
less large, consisting of very firm debris, often as hard
as stone, in which we meet with very many bones, shells,
and quantities of other remains of habitation. No traces
of any kind of interesting articles were found in the
whole length of the wall of debris, 229^ feet in length

I IO

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. VII.

and 1 6\ feet in height, except a small splendidly worked
hair- or dress-pin of silver, but destroyed by rust. To-
day, however, at a perpendi-
cular depth of 14 meters
(46 feet) I found a beautiful
polished piece of mica-schist,
with moulds for casting two
breast-pins, and two other
ornaments which are quite
unknown to me — all of the
most fanciful description. I
also found a funereal or water
urn, unfortunately completely
broken, with decorations in
the form of two flat wreaths

No. 71. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting

ornaments [i4 ■.}. which run right round it. The

urn must have been 5 feet high, and at least 27^ inches in
breadth. In both of the wreaths there is an uninterrupted

No. 72. Fragment of

: I rn •)! L'erra-cotta with Assyrian (?) Decorations,
from die Lowest Stratum (14 M.).

row of cuneiform impressions, which at first sight seem to be
Assyrian inscriptions ; but on closer examination it is found
that they are mere ornaments. The fragments of this vase

1S72.J ASSYRIAN DECORATIONS. Ill

show a thickness of about | of an inch. Two other enor-
mous urns, but completely broken, either for water, wine,
or funereal ashes, with decorations in the form of several
wreaths, forming perfect circles, were found on the 22nd
and 23rd of this month, at from 19^ to 23 feet above the
platform, and therefore, at a perpendicular depth of from
26 to ^ feet. Both must have been more than 6h feet
high, and more than 3^ feet in diameter, for the fragments
show a thickness of nearly 2 inches. The wreaths are
likewise in bas-relief, and show either double triangles fitting
into one another with circles, or flowers, or three rows or
sometimes one row of circles. The last decoration was also
found upon the frieze of green stone which Lord Elgin
discovered in the year 18 10 in the treasury of Agamemnon
in Mycenae, and which is now in the British Museum.
Both this frieze, and the above-mentioned urns discovered
by me in the depths of Ilium, distinctly point to Assyrian
art, and I cannot look at them without a feeling of sadness
when I think with what tears of joy and with what delight
the ever-memorable German scholar, Julius Braun, who
unfortunately succumbed three years ago to his excessive
exertions, would have welcomed their discovery ; for he
was not only the great advocate of the theory that the
Homeric Troy must be only looked for below the ruins of
Ilium, but he was also the able defender of the doctrine,
that the plastic arts and a portion of the Egyptian and
Assyrian mythology had migrated to Asia Minor and
Greece, and he has shown this by thousands of irrefutable
proofs in his profound and excellent work, Gcschichte der
Kunstin ihrem Entwickclungsgange, which I most urgently
recommend to all who are interested in art and archaeology.
Both the urns found at a depth of 46 feet and those
at from 26 to ^ feet, as well as all the funereal urns and
large wine or water vessels which I formerly discovered, were
standing upright, which sufficiently proves that the colossal
masses of debris and ruins were graduallv formed on the

112 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VII.

spot, and could not have been brought there from another
place in order to increase the height of the hill. This is,
moreover, a pure impossibility in regard to the immense
numbers of gigantic blocks of stone, hewn and unhewn,
which frequently weigh from i to 2 tons.

In the strata at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to
33 feet), I found two lumps of lead of a round and con-
cave form, each weighing about two pounds ; a great
number of rusted copper nails, also some knives and a
copper lance ; further very many smaller and larger knives
of white and brown silex in the form of single and double-
edged saws ; a number of whet-stones of green and black
slate with a hole at one end, as well as various small objects
of ivory.* In all the strata from 4 to 10 meters (13 to 33
feet) deep I found a number of hammers, axes and wedges
of diorite, which, however, are decidedly of much better
workmanship in the strata below the depth of 7 meters
(23 feet) than in the upper ones. Likewise at all depths
from 3 meters ( 1 o feet) below the surface we find a number
of flat idols of very fine marble : upon many of them is
the owl's face and a female girdle with dots ; upon one
there are in addition two female breasts.f The striking-
resemblance of these owls' faces to those upon many of
the vases and covers, with a kind of helmet on the owl's
head, makes me firmly convinced that all of the idols, and
all of the helmeted owls' heads represent a goddess, and
indeed must represent one and the same goddess, all the
more so as, in fact, all the owl-faced vases with female
breasts and a navel have also generally two upraised arms :
in one case the navel is represented by a cross with four
nails.J. The cups (covers) with owls' heads, on the other

* See an illustration to Chapter X. for similar ivories, still more
interesting, from their greater depth, than those mentioned in the text,
which are very imperfectly shown on the original photograph.

t See the Plate of Idols, p. 36. | See Cut, No. 13, p. 35.

1872.] THE OWL-FACED ATHENA. 1 13

hand, never have breasts or a navel, yet upon some ot
them I find long female hair represented at the back.*

The important question now presents itself: — What
goddess is it who is here found so repeatedly, and is,
moreover, the only one to be found, upon the idols,
drinking-cups and vases ? The answer is : — She must
necessarily be the tutelary goddess of Troy, she must be
the Ilian Athena, and this -indeed perfectly agrees with
the statement of Homer, who continually calls her 64a
yXavKco-ms iA.6-qvqi "the goddess Athena with the owl's
face." For the epithet " yXavKaj-ms " has been wrongly
translated by the scholars of all ages, because they could
not imagine that Athena should have been represented
with an owl's face. The epithet, however, consists of
the two words y\av£ and com], and, as I can show by
an immense number of proofs, the only possible literal
translation is " with an owl's face " ; and the usual trans-
lation " with blue, fiery or sparkling eyes " is utterly
wrong. The natural conclusion is that owing to pro-
gressive civilization Athena received a human face, and
her former owl's head was transformed into her favourite
bird, the owl, which as such is unknown to Homer. The
next conclusion is that the worship of Athena as the
tutelary goddess of Troy was well known to Homer ;
hence that a Troy existed, and that it was situated on the
sacred spot, the depths of which I am investigating.

In like manner, when excavations shall be made in the
HercEiim between Argos and Mycenae, and on the site of
the very ancient temple of Hera on the island of Samos,
the image of this goddess with a cow's head will doubtless
be found upon idols, cups and vases ; for " /3ow7ri<?," the
usual epithet of Hera in Homer, can originally have

* Dr. Schliemann is here speaking of the " cups " which he after-
wards decided to be covers, which of course represent only the head, the
body being on the vase. — [Ed.]

ii4

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. VII.

signified nothing else than "with the face of an ox." But
as Homer also sometimes applies the epithet /3ow7u<? to
mortal women, it is probable that even at his time it was
considered to be bad taste to represent Hera, the wife of
the mightiest of all the gods, with the face of an ox, and
that therefore men even at that time began to represent
her with a woman's face, but with the eyes of an ox, that is,
with very large eyes ; consequently the common epithet of
(3ocottl<;, which had formerly been only applied to Hera
with the meaning of " with the face of an ox," now merely
signified with large eyes.

Of pottery we have found a great deal during the last
weeks, but unfortunately more than half of it in a broken
condition. Of painting upon terra-cotta there is still no
trace ; most of the vessels are of a simple brilliant black,
yellow, or brown colour : the very large vases on the other

hand are generally colourless.
Plates of ordinary manufac-
ture I have as yet found only
at a depth of from 8 to 10
meters (16 to 33 feet), and,
as can be distinctly seen, they
have been turned upon a pot-
ter's wheel. All the other
vessels hitherto found seem,
however, to have been formed
by the hand alone ; yet they
possess a certain elegance,
and excite the admiration of
beholders by their strange and
\ ery curious forms. The
vases with a long neck bent
back, a beak-shaped mouth turned upwards, and a round
protruding body * —two of which are in the British

No. 73. Trojan Plates found on the Tower
(8 M.).

< 'in. No. 5 |. p. 86.

1872.] VESSELS WITH SYMBOLS OF ATHENA. 115

Museum, several of those found in Cyprus in the
Museum in Constantinople, and several of those dis-
covered beneath three layers of volcanic ashes in Thera and
Therassia in the French school in Athens — are almost
certainly intended to represent women, for I find the
same here at a depth of from 26 to ^ feet, with two or
even with three breasts, and hence I believe that those found
here represent the tutelary goddess of Ilium. We also
find some vases and covers with men's faces, which, how-
ever, are never without some indications of the owl ;
moreover, the vases with such faces always have two
female breasts and a navel. I must draw especial atten-
tion to the fact that almost all of the
vases with owls' faces, or with human
faces and the indications of the owl,
have two uplifted arms, which serve
as handles, and this leads me to con-
jecture that they are imitations of the
large idol which was placed in the very
ancient temple of the Ilian divinity, N°- m- yase Cover with ataman

r J ' face. r-rom the Trojan Stratum

which therefore must have had an (8m)'
owl's face, but a female figure, and two arms beside the
head. It is very remarkable that most of the vessels
which I find have been suspended by cords, as is proved
by the two holes in the mouth, and the two little tubes, or
holes in the handles, at the side of the vessels.

Unfortunately, many of the terra-cottas get broken
when the debris is being loosened and falls down, for there
is only one way in which I can save my men and myself
from being crushed and maimed by the falling stones : this
is, bv keeping the lowest part of the mighty earthen wall on
the perpendicular up to 16 feet (not 7 feet, as on the first
five days), and the whole of the upper part at an angle of
50 degrees, by always loosening the perpendicular portion,
by making shafts, and working with large iron levers in
pieces of from 15 to 30 cubic metres (20 to 40 cubic

1 2

I 1 6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VII.

yards). Bv thus causing the debris and the stones of the
upper portion to be loosened with the pickaxe, the stones
fall in almost a direct line over the lower perpendicular wall
of 1 6 feet ; therefore they roll at most a few paces, and
there is less danger that anyone will be hurt. By this
means I also have the advantage that the greatest portion
of the debris falls down of its own accord, and what re-
mains can be shovelled down with little trouble, whereas
at first I spent half of my time in getting it down. As,
however, in making shafts and in bringing down the
colossal lumps of earth a certain amount of skill and caution
is necessary, I have engaged a third foreman at 7 francs a
day, Georgios Photidos, of Paxos, who has for seven years
worked as a miner in Australia, and was there occupied
principally in making tunnels. Home-sickness led him back
to his native country, where, without having sufficient
means of earning his daily bread, he, in vouthful thought-
lessness and out of patriotism, married a poor girl of his
own people who was but fifteen vears old. It was only
after his marriage, and in consequence of domestic cares,
that he recovered his senses. He heard that I was making-
excavations here, and came on speculation to offer me his
services. As he had assured me, when I first saw him, that
my accepting his services was a question of life and death
to him and his wife, I engaged him at once, the more so
because I was very much in want of a miner, tunnel -maker,
and pitman, such as he is. Besides acting in these capa-
cities, he is of great use to me on Sundays and on other
festivals, for he can write Greek, and he is thus able to copy
my Greek reports for the newspapers and learned societies
in the East ; for I had hitherto found nothing more in-
tolerable than to have to write out in Greek three times
over my long reports about one and the same subject,
especially as I had to take the time from my sleep. To
mv great regret, the excellent engineer Adolphe Laurent
leaves me to-morrow, tor his month is up. and he has now

1872.] EXTENT OF THE PERGAMUS. I 17

to commence the construction of the railroad from the
Piraeus to Lamia. He has, however, made me a good
plan of this hill. I must add that the Pergamus of
Priam cannot have been limited to this hill, which is,
for the most part, artificial ; but that, as I endeavoured
to explain four years ago,* it must necessarily have ex-
tended a good way further south, beyond the high plateau.
But even if the Pergamus should have been confined
to this hill, it was, nevertheless, larger than the Acropolis
of Athens; for the latter covers only 50,126 square
meters (about 60,000 square yards), whereas the plateau
of this hill amounts to 64,500 square meters (about 77,400
square yards). I must further mention that, according to
Laurent's calculation, the plateau rises 46 feet above my
platform, and that his measurements of its height (about
38 feet on the north and 39 feet on the south) applies to
those points where the steep precipice commences. I have
just built a house with three rooms, as well as a magazine
and kitchen, which altogether cost only 1000 francs (40/.),
including the covering of waterproof felt ; for wood is
cheap here, and a plank of about 10 feet in length, 10
inches in breadth, and 1 inch thick, may be got for 2 piasters,
or 40 centimes. {These houses are seen in Plates X. and
XL)

We still find poisonous snakes among the stones as far
down as from ^ to 36 feet, and I had hitherto been
astonished to see my workmen take hold of the reptiles
with their hands and play with them ; nay, yesterday I saw
one of the men bitten twice by a viper, without seeming
to trouble himself about it. When I expressed my horror,
he laughed, and said that he and all his comrades knew
that there were a great many snakes in this hill, and they
had therefore all drunk a decoction of the snake-weed which

* Ithague, Ic Peloponriese et Troie. Dr. Schliemann's subsequent
change of opinion on this point is explained in subsequent chapters,
and in the Introduction.

Il8 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VII.

grows in the district, and which renders the bite harmless.
Of course I ordered a decoction to be brought to me, so
that I also may be safe from their bites. I should, how-
ever, like to know whether this decoction would be a safe-
guard against the fatal effects of the bite of the hooded
cobra, of which in India I have seen a man die within half
an hour ; if it were so, it would be a good speculation to
cultivate snake-weed in India.

The frequently-discussed terra-cottas in the form of the
volcano and top {carrousel) are continually found in immense
numbers, as far as a depth of from ^ to 36 feet, and most
of them have decorations, of which I always make an
accurate drawing.* On comparing these drawings, I now
rind that all, without exception, represent the sun in the
centre, and that almost the half of the other carvings show
either only simple rays or rays with stars between, or round
the edge ; or again, three, four, six, or eight simple, double,
treble, and quadruple rising suns in a circle round the
edge.f Sometimes the sun is in the centre of the cross with
four nails, which, according to the explanations in my sixth
memoir, can evidently, and in all cases, represent only the
instrument which our Aryan forefathers used for producing
the holy fire (Agni), and which some Sanscrit scholars
call " Arani" and others " Suastika." The rising sun must
have been the most sacred object to our Aryan ancestors ;
for, according to Max Miiller ('Essays'), out of it — that
is, out of its struggle with the clouds — arose a very large
portion of the gods who afterwards peopled Olympus.
Upon some pieces the sun is surrounded by 40 or 50
little stars. I also found one upon which it is represented

* The various types of whorls spoken of here and throughout the
work are delineated in the lithographic Plates at the end of the volume,
and are described in the List of Illustrations.

t These " rising suns " are the arcs with their ends resting on the
circumference of the whorl, as in Nos. 321-28, and many others on
the Plates. M. Burnouf describes them as " stations of the sun."

1872.] WHORLS WITH THE SUASTIKA. 119

in the centre, surrounded by 32 little stars and three
Pj-J ; another where one entire half of the circle is filled
by the rays of the sun, which, as in all cases, occupies the
central point; on the other half are two Pj-J and 18 little
stars, of which twice three (like the sword of Orion) stand in
a row ; and another where even four are seen in a row. As
M. Emile Burnouf tells me, three dots in a row, in the
Persian cuneiform inscriptions, denote " royal majesty." I
do not venture to decide whether the three dots here admit
of a similar interpretation. Perhaps they point to the
majesty of the sun-god and of Agni, who was produced out
of the pj-J. Upon some of these terra-cottas the sun is
even surrounded by four pj-J, which again form a cross
by their position round it. Upon others, again, I find
the sun in the centre of a cross formed by four trees,
and each one of these trees has three or four large leaves.*
Indian scholars will, perhaps, find these tree-crosses to
represent the framework upon which our ancestors used
to produce the holy fire, and the repeatedly-recurring fifth
tree to be the " Pramantha." I find representations of this
same tree several times, either surrounded by circles or
standing alone, upon small terra-cotta cones of from i^ to
2^ inches in diameter, which, in addition, have the most
various kinds of symbols and a number of suns and stars.
Upon a ball, found at the depth of 8 meters (16 feet),
there is a tree of this kind, surrounded by stars, opposite a
pj-j, beside which there is a group of nine little stars.f I
therefore venture to express the conjecture that this tree is
the tree of life, which is so frequently met with in the Assyrian
sculptures, and that it is identical with the holy Soma-tree,
which, according to the Vedas (see Emile Burnouf, Max
M tiller, Adalbert Kuhn, and Fr. Windischmann), grows in

* For the type of whorls with " soma-trees " or " trees of life " (four,
or more, or fewer), see Nos. 398, 400, 401, 404, &c. In No. 410 the
four trees form a cross.

| Plate LI I., No. 498.

120 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. Chap. VII.

heaven, and is there guarded by the Gandharvas, who belong
to the primeval Aryan period, and subsequently became the
Centaurs of the Greeks. Indra, the sun-god, in the form of a
falcon,* stole from heaven this Soma-tree, from which trickled
the Amrita (ambrosia) which conferred immortality. Fr.
Windischmann y has pointed out the existence of the Soma-
tree worship as common to the tribes of Aryans before their
separation, and he therefore justly designates it an inheritance
from their most ancient traditions. J Julius Braun§ says,
in regard to this Soma-tree : " Hermes, the rare visitor,
is regaled with nectar and ambrosia. This is the food
which the gods require in order to preserve their immor-
tality. It has come to the West from Central Asia, with
the whole company of the Olympian gods ; for the root of
this conception is the tree of life in the ancient system
of Zoroaster. The fruit and sap of this tree of life bestows
immortality, and the future Messiah (Sosiosk, in the Zend
writings) will give some of it to all the faithful and make
them all immortal. This hope we have seen fully expressed
in the Assyrian sculptures, where the winged genii stand
before the holy tree with a vessel containing the juice and
fruit."

Just now two of those curious little terra-cottas, in the
form of a volcano, were brought to me, upon one of which
three animals with antlers are engraved in a circle round the
sun ; || upon another there are four signs (which I have
hitherto not met with) in the shape of large combs with

* This falcon seems to be represented by rude two-legged figures on
some of the whorls : — e.g. on Plate XLV., No. 468 (comp. p. 135).

j- Abhandlungen der K. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1846,
s. 127.

% A. Kuhn, ' Herabkunft des Feuers.'

§ Geschichte der Kunst.

|| See the cut No. 75 and also on Plate XXX., No. 382. M. Burnouf
describes the animal to the right as a hare, the symbol of the Moon,
and the other two as the antelopes, which denote the prevailing of the two
halves of the month [quinzaines).

1872.] NAME OF MOUNT IDA 121

long teeth, forming a cross round the sun.* I conjecture
that these extremely remarkable hieroglyphics, which at
first sight might be imagined to be
actual letters, can by no means repre-
sent anything else than the sacrificial
altar with the flames blazing upon it.
I do not doubt moreover, that in the
continuation of the excavations I shall
find this comb-shaped sign together
with other symbols, which will confirm No- 75. a whori, with three

» ' animals (3 M.).

my conjectures.

I must also add that the good old Trojans may perhaps
have brought with them from Bactria the name of Ida,
which they gave to the mountain which I see before me to
the south-east, covered with snow, upon which Jove and
Hera held dalliance,^ and from which Jove looked down
upon Ilium and upon the battles in the Plain of Troy, for,
according to Max M tiller, J Ida was the wife of Dyaus
(Zeus), and their son was Eros. The parents whom Sappho
ascribes to Eros — Heaven and Earth — are identical with his
Vedic parents. Heracles is called 'iScuo?, from his being
identical with the Sun, and he has this name in common
with Apollo and Jove.

To-morrow the Greek Easter festival commences, during
which unfortunately there are six days on which no work is
done. Thus I shall not be able to continue the excava-
tions until the ist of May.

* See Plate XXXV., No. 414. The same symbol is seen on several
other examples.

t Iliad, XIV. 346-351. An English writer ought surely to use our
old-fashioned form Jove, which is also even philologically preferable as
the stem common to Zers and _///-piter (/^Lo~ZeF=J'ov), rather than the
somewhat pedantically sounding Zeus. — [Ed.]

X Essays, II. 93.

( 122 )

CHAPTER VIII.

Hindrances through Greek festivals — Thickness of the layers of dtbris
above the native rock — Date of the foundation of Troy — Impos-
sibility of the Bunarbashi theory — Homeric epithets suitable to
Hissarlik — Etymology of "IAios, signifying probably the " fortress of
the Sun " — The Aruna of the Egyptian records — Progress of the
platform, and corresponding excavation on the south - — The bulwark
of Lysimachus — Ruins of great buildings — Marks of civilization
increasing with the depth — Vases, and fragments of great urns —
A remarkable terra-cotta — A whorl with the appearance of an
inscription.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, May nth, 1872.

Since my report of the 25th of last month I have only
been able to have ten days' digging, owing to the various
Greek festivals, for even the poorest Greek of this district
would not work on a church festival even if he could earn
1000 francs in an hour. Turkish workmen were not to be
had, for they are at present occupied with field work. The
weather has been and still is very favourable for making
excavations, as the heat during the day does not yet rise
above 200 Reaumur (770 Fahrenheit) in the shade, and
then it never rains here from the beginning of May till
October, except during thunderstorms, and they rarely last
more than half an hour at a time. Moreover, the Plain
of Troy is at present still healthy ; the notorious Trojan
fevers do not actually begin till July, when the many stag-
nant waters have evaporated, and the pestilential miasma
arises from the decomposition of the millions of dead frogs,
and from the dried-up marshes, the ground of which cracks
with the heat of the sun. My wife and I have therefore

Ch. VIII. 1872.] DATE OF TROY'S FOUNDATION. 123

still six weeks before us, with the precaution of taking-
quinine to guard against fever.

I have cleared out the Roman well, which has been
repeatedly mentioned, to a depth of 20 meters (6^ feet),
and I find that it is walled only as far as $i\ feet
below the surface of the hill, and then runs into the lime-
stone rock which forms the native soil. I have caused
Georgios Photidas to make a small tunnel in this rock
from the well, and have now become quite convinced
that the ground — upon which, according to Homer, the
Trojan king Dardanus, who had up to that time lived at
the foot of many-fountained Ida, built the town of Dar-
dania (Troy) in the Plain*- — is covered with a layer of dSbris
about 16 meters, or 52^ English feet, thick. I must here
remind the reader that the ruins of the Greek colony, which
settled on the spot, scarcely extend to a depth of 6\ feet ; that
consequently if, with Strabo (XIII. 1, 43) we suppose the
establishment of this colony to have taken place under the
Lydian dominion, that is about 700 b.c, and calculate the
duration of the reigns of the six kings (Dardanus, Erich-
thonios, Tros, Ilus, Laomedon, and Priam) who, according
to the Iliad (XX. 215-240), preceded the destruction of
Troy, at 200 years, and thus presume the town to have
been founded about 1400 years before Christ, the accu-
mulation of debris must in this place have amounted to
14 meters, or 46 feet, during the first 700 years.

I am firmly convinced that, on a glance at my excava-
tions, every one of the remaining advocates of the anti-

Tliad, XX. 216-218:-

Kr/ffixe 5e AapSaviriv' eirel ov-nui "\\ws Ipr)
'Ec 7reSi&) ■Keir&XicTTO, tt6\ls jxip6irci:v avdptoirooi',
'AAA' e6' {nrwpe'ias wKtov TroAviriSaKOS "iSris.

" By Dardanus, of cloud-compelling Jove
Begotten, was Dardania peopled first,
Ere sacred Hi on, populous city of men,
Was founded on the plain ; as yet they dwelt
On spring-abounding Ida's lowest spurs."

124 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VIII.

quated theory that Troy is to be looked for at the back
of the Plain, upon the heights of Bunarbashi, will at once
condemn that theory, for the Acropolis and town which
once stood upon those heights, and the small area of which
is accurately defined by the ruins of the surrounding walls
and by the precipices, is scarcely large enough to have
contained a population of 2000 souls ; the accumulation of
dibris moreover is extremely small. In many places, even
in the middle of the Acropolis, the naked rock protrudes,
and between the area of this small town and Bunarbashi
the ground — in some places pointed, in others abrupt, but
in all parts irregular — shows that no village, much less a
town, can ever have stood upon it. Immediately above
Bunarbashi, and in fact wherever there was any earth at all,
I and my guide, with five workmen, made (in August
1868) a long series of borings at distances of 100 meters
(328 feet) apart, as far as the Scamander, but we found
the primary soil in all cases directly, and the rock at quite
an insignificant depth ; and nowhere wras there a trace of
fragments of pottery or other indications that the place
could ever have been inhabited by human beings. Even
in Bunarbashi itself I found the primary soil at a depth of
less than 2 feet. Besides this, if Troy had been built at the
back of the Plain, upon the heights of Bunarbashi, Homer
{Iliad, XX. 216-218) would not have expressly said that
previous to its foundation by Dardanus it had not yet been
built in the Plain.

The primary soil of Hissarlik is indeed less than 20
meters (6$\ feet) above the Plain, immediately at the foot
of the hill ; but at all events the Plain itself, and especially
that part bordering upon the hill, has increased in height
considerably in the course of 31 centuries. But even
if this had not been the case, still the Troy built upon
this hill running out into the Plain would, on account
of its high and imposing position, deserve the Homeric
epithets of oc/>puoecrcra, alneLVT], and iqpe/xoecrcra, especially

1872.] ETYMOLOGY OF IAIOT. 125

the latter ; for one of my greatest troubles here is the con-
tinual high wind, and it cannot possibly have been other-
wise in Homer's time. It is assuredly time that the
Bunarbashi theory, which stands in direct contradiction
with all the statements of the Iliad, should now at last come
to an end. The theory, in fact, would never have arisen
had its advocates, instead of spending one hour, remained a
whole day on the heights, and made investigations even
with the aid of a single workman.

As I observed in my last report, I here find the sun
represented in the centre of all the innumerable round
ornamented terra-cottas in the form of the volcano and top
(carrousel), and yesterday I even found one upon which the
central sun was surrounded by five other suns, each of
them with twelve rays.#

I know very well that some would derive the name of
the town of Ilium (TXios or TXiov) from the Sanscrit word
villi, " fortress," and "HXto? from a lost masculine form
of ^ekrjvr], probably Setpiog, and the thought involun-
tarily forces itself upon me, when looking at the above-
mentioned terra-cottas with the five suns in a circle round
the central sun, that the image of the Sun which occurs
thousands and thousands of times must be connected with
the name of Troy, namely TA.105, for "IXlov only occurs once
in Homer (Iliad, XV. 7 1 ); he always elsewhere speaks ofTXio?,
and always uses this word as a feminine. Homer, it is true,
always says 'He'Aios instead of "HXios, but in my opinion the
root of both is eXrj or eiXr), from the verb alpeco, the aorist
of which is elXov. In Germany, according to the Eras-
mian pronunciation elXrj is certainly pronounced heila, and
elXov, hcilon ; but in the modern Greek pronunciation elXrj
is Hi ; elXov, Hon ; and c/H\io<?, ilios. There are a number
of proofs that the Erasmian pronunciation is radically wrong,
and that the modern Greek is the correct one. Among these

:' See Plate XX 1 1., No. 327.

126 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VIII.

I will only mention that all the Greek words which passed
over into the Russian language, when Russia embraced
Christianity 900 years ago, are pronounced in Russian
exactly as they still are in Greece ; and moreover that
those who decipher the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions
(especially, I believe, J. Oppert, in Paris), have pointed out
that the Greek names, which occur in these inscriptions
from the time of the SeleucidcC, are represented in the cunei-
form writing exactly according to the modern Greek pro-
nunciation. Now, if out of the word elXr), eXr), or elXov,
there has arisen 'HeXios and c/H\io<?, then surely by the
sameness of the pronunciation there may have arisen out of
one of the first three words in pre-Homeric times "iXios in
the feminine for ttoXls 'RXlov or 'IXlov, signifying " Sun-
castle," for the earlier meaning of ttoXls was certainly castle,
fortress, or acropolis, as for instance in the Iliad, VI. 88,
257, 317, XXII. 383. Although I am well aware that
Egyptian scholars have hitherto found no relationship
between the hieroglyphic and Sanscrit languages, yet I
cannot help mentioning that three years ago, in the Institute
of France, I heard a lecture by the Vicomte de Rouge, who
had found in a papyrus the names of the powers leagued
against Rameses III., and among these the state of Arouna
or Aruna, which he without hesitation identified with Ilium,
as he thought that this was the only way in which the
latter word could be rendered in the hieroglyphic language.
Now, curiously enough, according to Max Muller* and
Adalbert Kuhn,| the Sanscrit word Aruna signifies
" charioteer of the sun." I leave it to Egyptian and Sanscrit
scholars to judge whether and how far this may serve to
confirm what I have said above.

Although since Easter I have been obliged to pay my
men 1 piaster more per diem, which makes their wages
10 piasters or 2 francs a day, still I am now working with

"' Essays, U. 324. t Herabkujift des Fetters, \>. 59.

1872.] ENGINEERING WORK. I 27

130 men, and I firmly hope by the 1st of October to have
carried my great platform through the entire hill, preserving
exactly the same, breadth ; for while my wife and I, with
85 workmen, are busy on the platform on the north
side, Georgios Photidas and 45 men have for 10 days been
working towards us from a second platform on the south
side. Unfortunately, however, the slope of the hill on the
south side is so slight, that we were forced to begin this
work 163 feet below the surface, in order to have room and
freedom for removing the (Ubris ; we have, however, given
it a dip of 1 40, so that it must reach the primary soil at
a length of about 75 meters (246 feet). This southern
platform is under the sole direction of Georgios Photidas,
for he has proved himself to be a very skilful engineer, and
he works forward very quickly through his cleverly devised
side terraces. He has hitherto, however, had only light
debris to remove, and has not yet come upon that very hard,
tough, damp debris which I have on my platform at the
depth of 10 to 16 meters (33 to 52^ feet). To-day he has
brought to light a splendid bastion, composed of large
finely-hewn blocks of limestone, not joined by either cement
or lime, which, however, does not seem to me to be older
than the time of Lysimachus. It is certainly very much in
our way, but it is too beautiful and venerable for me to
venture to lay hands upon it, so it shall be preserved.

On the south side the accumulation of debris from the
Greek period is much more considerable than on the north
side and upon the plateau ; and thus far Georgios Photidas
constantly finds Greek pottery and those terra-cottas with
two holes at one end, which, in my excavations hitherto,
ceased entirely at a depth of 2 meters (6h feet). The greater
portion of these round articles have the potter's stamp
already mentioned, representing a bee or fly with outspread
wings above an altar. (See Cuts, Nos. 37-40, p. 6$.)

I have also given the platform on the north side an inclina-
tion of 10 in a length of 66 feet, so as to be able to work

I 28 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. VIII.

forward on the primary soil, without the indescribable
trouble of lowering it another 6-r feet, and of thus having
to remove 4000 cubic yards of debris. This primary soil
sufficiently proves that all those enormous masses of im-
mense stones, generally more or less hewn, with which, as
already said, I had continually to battle at a depth of from
10 to 14 meters (33 to 46 feet), are the remains of large
buildings, which in the course of centuries have been
erected successively upon the ruins of others. For it does
not appear conceivable to me that even a large palace,
were it six storeys high, could leave such colossal ruins,
which, as they reach down to the rock, are nearly 20 feet
in height.

For some days these masses of stone have diminished
in number, but we continually find many single large
blocks. Instead of the stone strata, however, we now have
before us, upon the whole breadth of the platform (230
feet), and to the height of 20 feet (hence at a depth of
from 10 to 16 meters, 33 to 52^ feet), a damp wall as hard
as stone, composed of ashes mixed with small shells, bones,
boars' tusks, &c, exactly like that which we before found
at the east end. This mass is so tough, that it is only by
making shafts, and breaking down the wralls by means of
huge iron levers, that we manage to get on at all.

The signs of a higher civilization increasing with the
greater depth — which I mentioned in my last report when
speaking of the large urn with Assyrian inscriptions — con-
tinue down to the native soil. Close above it I find a great
quantity of fragments of brilliant black and sometimes red
or brown pottery, with engraved decorations, of a quality
more excellent than I have hitherto met with even in the
highest strata, among the ruins of the Greek period. I
also found several fragments of cups, the lower part of
which likewise forms a cup, but not a large one, and hence
I do not doubt that these are fragments of double cups
(SeVas ajjLffuKVTreWop). In Homer it indeed seems as if all

® # ® m^

No. 76. Fragment of a Vase of polished black
Earthenware, with Pattern inlaid in White, from
the Lowest Stratum (14 m.).

1872.] POTTERY OF THE LOWEST STRATUM. 129

double cups were made of gold or silver with a gilt rim,*
but I do not doubt that there were at the same time also
double cups made of clay.f

The other vessels, of which I found fragments, were
made so as to be carried
by strings, as is proved by
the two rings projecting
beside one another on
either side. I also found
upon the primary soil the
head of a brilliant black
pitcher, with a beak-shaped
mouth bent back ; also the
fragment of a vessel painted
white, but divided into
two compartments by black lines drawn horizontally ;
the upper compartment contains undulating black lines,
which are perhaps meant
to represent water, the
lower one is filled with
a row of arrow-shaped
decorations, with square
pointed heads, in the
centre of which there is
always a dot.

At the same depth I
found fragments of large
water or funereal urns
with engraved ornaments
of various descriptions ; also a square piece of terra-cotta
painted black and ornamented all round with lines and four
rows of dots filled with a white substance. As appears

No. 77. Fragment of Terra-cotta, perhaps part of a
box, found on the primitive Rock ivi6 M.).

* See, for example, Iliad, XI. 633-635, Odyssey, XV. 116, 446.

t Dr. Schliemann found afterwards that these fragments did not
belong to double cups. (See Chap. XXII., p. 313, and 'Introduction,'
P- >5-)

l3°

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Ch. VIII. 1872.

from the upper and the lower side, and from the two per-
forations, it must have been the setting and decoration of
a wooden jewel-casket. It is made with so much symmetry
and looks so elegant, that I at first thought it was ebony
inlaid with ivory.

At the depth of 8 meters (26 feet) I found a terra-
cotta seal an inch and a half in length, with a hole for
suspending it ; there are a number of signs
upon it resembling the ancient Koppa — like
that stamped upon Corinthian coins. *

At a depth of 5 meters (16^ feet), I found
to-day a very pretty jar with three feet, which is
evidently intended to represent a woman, pro-
bably the Ilian Athena, for it has two breasts
and a navel.

The snakes seem to have been enticed out
of their winter quarters by the warm weather which has set
in ; for it is ten days since I have seen any.

Amid all the fatigues and troubles of the excavations
there is this among other pleasures, that time never hangs
heavy on one's hands.

No. 78. A Tro-
jan Terra-cotta
Seal ,8 M.).

"::" As the device on a seal may be presumed to be significant, and as
patterns strikingly similar to this occur on some of the whorls (e.g.
on Plate XLIV., No. 461), we have a strong argument for the significance
of the latter class of devices. — [Ed.]

3 M.

No. 78*. Terracottas with Aryan Emble

5 M.

( W )

CHAPTER IX.

Superstition of the Greeks about saints' days — Further engineering works
— Narrow escape of six men — Ancient building on the western
terrace — The ruins under this house — Old Trojan mode of build-
ing— Continued marks of higher civilization — Terra-cottas engraved
with Aryan symbols : antelopes, a man in the attitude of prayer,
flaming altars, hares — The symbol of the moon — Solar emblems and
rotating wheels — Remarks on former supposed inscriptions — Stone
moulds for casting weapons and implements — Absence of cellars,
and use of colossal jars in their stead — The quarry used for the
Trojan buildings — " Un Me'decin malgre lui." — Blood-letting
priest-doctors — Efficacy of sea-baths — Ingratitude of the peasants
cured — Increasing heat.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, May 23rd, 1872.

Since my report of the 1 ith instant there have again been,
including to-day, three great and two lesser Greek church
festivals, so that out of these twelve days I have in reality
only had seven days of work. Poor as the people are, and
gladly as they would like to work, it is impossible to
persuade them to do so on feast days, even if it be the day
of some most unimportant saint. Mas Sepvec 6 ayios (" the
saint will strike us ") is ever their reply, when I try to
persuade the poor creatures to set their superstition aside
for higher wages.

In order to hasten the works, I have now had terraces
made at from 16 to 19 feet above the great platform on
its east and west ends ; and I have also had two walls made
of large blocks of stone — the intermediate spaces being-
rilled with earth — for the purpose of removing the debris.
The smaller wall did not seem to me to be strong enough,
and I kept the workmen from it ; in fact, it did not

k 2

132 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. IX.

bear the pressure, and it tell down when it was scarcely
finished. Great trouble was taken with the larger and
higher wall : it was built entirely of large stones, for the
most part hewn, and all of us, even Georgios Photidas,
thought it might last for centuries. But nevertheless on
the following morning I thought it best to have a buttress
of large stones erected, so as to render it impossible for the
wall to fall ; and six men were busy with this work when
the wall suddenly fell in with a thundering crash. My
fright was terrible and indescribable, for I quite believed
that the six men must have been crushed by the mass of
stones ; to my extreme joy, however, I heard that they had
all escaped directly, as if by a miracle.

In spite of every precaution, excavations in which men
have to work under earthen walls of above $o feet in per-
pendicular depth are always very dangerous. The call of
" guarda, guarda" is not always of avail, for these words
are continually heard in different places. Many stones
roll down the steep walls without the workmen noticing
them, and when I see the fearful danger to which we are all
day exposed, I cannot but fervently thank God, on re-
turning home in the evening, for the great blessing that
another day has passed without an accident. I still think
with horror of what would have become of the discovery
of Ilium and of myself, had the six men been crushed by
the wall which gave way; no money and no promises
could have saved me; the poor widows would have torn
me to pieces in their despair — for the Trojan women have
this in common with all Greeks of their sex, that the
husband, be he old or young, rich or poor, is everything to
them ; heaven and earth have but a secondary interest.

Upon the newly made western terrace, directly beside
my last year's excavation, we have laid bare a portion of a
large building — the walls of which are 6) feet thick, and
consist for the most part of hewn blocks of limestone
joined with clay. (JVo. i\on Plan ff.) None of the stones

1872.] DISCOVERY OF A HOUSE. I 33

seem to be more than 1 foot 9 inches long, and they are so
skilfully put together, that the wall forms a smooth surface.
This house is built upon a layer of yellow and brown ashes
and ruins, at a depth of 6 meters (20 feet), and the portion of
the walls preserved reaches up to within 10 feet below the
surface of the hill. In the house, as far as we have as yet
excavated, we found only one vase, with two breasts in front
and one breast at the side ; also a number of those frequently
mentioned round terra-cottas in the form of the volcano
and top, all of which have five or six quadruple rising
suns in a circle round the central sun.* These objects, as
well as the depth of 6 meters (20 feet), and the architecture
of the walls described above, leave no doubt that the house
was built centuries before the foundation of the Greek
colony, the ruins of which extend only to a depth of 6\
feet. It is with a feeling of great interest that, from this
great platform, that is, at a perpendicular height of from
2,y to 42 feet, I see this very ancient building (which
may have been erected 1000 years before Christ) standing
as it were in mid air. To my regret, however, it must in
any case be pulled down, to allow us to dig still deeper.
As I said before, directly below this house there is a layer of
ruins consisting of yellow and brown ashes, and next, as
far as the terrace, there are four layers more of ashes and
other cUbriS) each of which represents the remains of one
house at least. Immediately above the terrace, that is 13
feet below the foundation of that very ancient house, I find
a wall about 6 feet thick, built of large blocks of lime-
stone, the description of which I must reserve for my next
report, for a large portion of the building I have mentioned,
and immense masses of the upper strata of dfbris, as well
as the high earthen wall of the terrace (26 feet thick and 20
feet high) must be pulled down, before I can lay bare any
portion of this wall and investigate how far down it extends.

* See Plate XXII., No. 321.

1^4 TROY AND ll'S REMAINS. [Chap. IX.

If it reaches to or even approaches the primary soil, then
I shall reverently preserve it. (See No. 25 on Plan II.)
It is a very remarkable fact, that this is the first wall built
of large stones that I have hitherto found at the depth
of from 10 to 16 meters (33 to 52^ feet).* I cannot
explain this, considering the colossal masses of loose stones
which lie irregularly beside one another (especially at a
depth of from 36 to 52^ feet), in any other way than by
supposing that the houses of the Trojans were built ot
blocks of limestone joined with clay, and consequently easily
destroyed. If my excavations are not interrupted by any
accident, I hope, in this at all events, to make some interest-
ing discoveries very soon, with respect to this question.

Unfortunately during the last twelve days I have not
been able to pull down much of the lower firm earth-wall,
for, in order to avoid fatal accidents, I have had to occupy
myself especially in making and enlarging the side terraces.
I have now, however, procured enormous iron levers of
nearly 10 feet in length and 6 inches in circumference,
and I thus hope henceforth to be able at once to break
down, by means of windlasses, the hardest of the earth-
walls, which are 10 feet thick, 66 broad, and from 16 to
16 feet high. In the small portion of the earth-wall pulled
down during these last days, I repeatedly found the most
irrefutable proofs of a higher civilization ; but I will only
mention one of these, a fragment of a brilliant dark grey
vessel which I have at present lying before me, found at a
depth of 15 meters (49 feet). It may probably have been
nearly 2 feet in diameter, and it has decorations both outside
and inside, which consist of engraved horizontal and undu-
lating lines. The former are arranged in three sets in
stripes of five lines, and the lowest space is adorned with
eight and the following with five undulating lines, which
are probably meant to represent the waves of the sea ; of the

That is, belonging to the lowest stratum.

i872.]

SYMBOLS ON THE WHORLS.

!35

next set no part has been preserved ; the thickness of the
clay is just | of an inch.

No. 79. Fragment of a brilliant dark -grey Vessel, from the Lowest Stratum (15 m.).
a Inside ; b Outside.

In my report of the 25th of last month,* I mentioned
the discovery of one of those terra-cottas upon which were
engraved three animals with antlers in the circle round the
central sun. Since then four others of these remarkable
objects with similar engravings have been discovered.
Upon one of them, found at a depth of 6 meters (20 feet),
there are only two animals with antlers in the circle round
the sun, and at the end of each antler, and connected with
it, is an exceedingly curious sign resembling a large candle-
stick or censer, which is certainly an especially important
symbol, for it is repeatedly found here standing alone.j
Upon a second, there is below a rough representation of a
man who seems to be praying, for he has both arms raised
towards heaven ; this position reminds us forcibly of the two
uplifted arms of the owl-faced vases ; to the left is an animal
with but two feet and two trees on its back. J Indian scholars
will perhaps find that this is intended to represent the falcon,
in which shape the sun-god stole the sacred soma-tree from

* Chapter \ IT., p. 121.
t See No. 380, on Plate XXIX. % See No. 383, on Plate XXX.

136 IknY AND ITS REMAINS [Chap. IX.

heaven. Then follow two animals with two horns, probably
antelopes, which are so frequently met with upon ancient
Greek vases, and which in the Rigveda are always made to
draw the chariot of the winds. Upon a third terra-cotta there
are three of these antelopes with one or two rows of stars
above the back, which perhaps are intended to represent
heaven ; then five fire-machines, such as our Aryan ancestors
used ; lastly, a sign in zigzag, which, as already said, cannot
represent anything but the flaming altar. * Upon the fourth
whorl are four hares, the symbols of the moon, forming a
cross round the sun. They probably represent the four
seasons of the year.f

At a depth of 14 meters (46 feet) we found to-day two
of those round articles of a splendidly brilliant black terra-
cotta, which are only f of an inch in height, but 2^ inches
in diameter, and have five triple rising suns and five
stars in the circle round the central sun. All of these
decorations, which are engraved, as in every other case, are
filled in with a very fine white substance. When looking at
these curious articles, one of which is exactly the shape of
a carriage-wheel,! the thought involuntarily strikes me that
they are symbols of the sun's chariot, which, as is well
known, is symbolized in the Rigveda by a wheel, and that
all and each of these articles met with in the upper strata
(although their form deviates from that of a wheel on
account of their greater thickness) cannot be anything but
degenerated representations of the sun's wheel. I conjecture
this all the more, because not only is the sun the central

* Plate XXIX., No. 379. The front bears 4 ^1-1 ; on the back
are the emblems described, which are shown separately in detail, and
of which M. Burnouf gives an elaborate description. (See List of
Illustrations.)

+ Plate XXVIII., No. 377 ; compare Plate XXVIL, No. 367.

J See Plate XXII., No. 328 ; the depth (14 m.) deserves special
notice. The wheel-shape, which is characteristic of the whorls in the
lowest stratum, is seen at No. 314, Plate XXI.

1872.] PATTERNS OF MOVING WHEELS. 137

point of all the round terra-cottas, but it is almost always

surrounded by one, two, three, four or live circles, which

may represent the nave of the wheel. At a depth of

16 meters (52^ feet) we found a round terra-cotta, which is

barely an inch in diameter, and a fifth of an

inch thick; there are five concentric circles

round the central point, and between the fourth

and fifth circle oblique little lines, which are

perhaps meant to denote the rotation of the ^'^0^ moving

. . Wheel (16 M.i.

wheel.

I must here again refer to the round terra-cotta men-
tioned in my report of the 18th of November, 1871,* and
to my regret I must now express my firm conviction that
there are no letters upon it, but only symbolical signs ; that
for instance the upper sign (which is almost exactly the same
as that upon the terra-cotta lately cited) | must positively
represent a man in an attitude of prayer, and that the three
signs to the left can in no case be anything but the fire-
machine of our Aryan ancestors, the ^j-j little or not at all
changed. The sign which then follows, and which is con-
nected with the fourth and sixth signs, I also find, at least
very similar ones, on the other, cited in the same report,
but I will not venture to express an opinion as to what
it may mean.J The sixth sign (the fifth from the figure
in prayer) is very like the Phoenician letter " Nun," but
in my opinion cannot be a letter, for how would it be
possible to find a single Semitic letter, between Aryan
religious symbols ? Its great resemblance to the zigzag
sign of other examples,^ which I recognise to be lightning,

* Chapter IV. p. 84. See Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Atlas of
Photographs, and Plate XLVIIL, No. 482, from M. Burnouf s drawings.

+ Plate XXX., No. 383.

J Page 83, and Plate LI., No. 496. This is one of the inscriptions
examined by Professor Gomperz. (See Appendix.)

§ See Cut, No. 8t, and Plate XXVII., No. 369. The latter is an in-
scription, which Professor Gomperz has discussed. (See Appendix.)

138 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. IX.

leads me to suppose that it likewise can only represent

lightning.

Ml the primitive symbols of the Aryan race, which I
find upon the Trojan terra-cottas, must he
symbols of good men, for surely only such
would have been engraved upon the thou-
sands of terra-cottas met with here. Yet
these symbols remind one forcibly of the

No. 81. Whorl with Sym- " cnjfxaTa Xvypd " and " 6vjAO(f)06pa" which

Ih.U of Lightning 7. M.). T,-. -,-, r rr\- t> 11 1

King Proetus or 1 lryns gave to bellerophon
to take to his father-in-law in Lycia.* Had he scratched a
symbol of good fortune, for instance a pj-J, upon the
folded tablet, it would assuredly have sufficed to secure
him a good reception, and protection. But he gave him
the symbol of death, that he might be killed.

The five [six] characters found on a small terra-cotta disc
at a depth of 24 feet, and which in my report of November
1 8th, 1871,1 I considered to be Phoenician, have unfortu-
nately been proved not to be Phoenician, for M. Ernest
Kenan of Paris, to whom I sent the small disc, finds nothing
Phoenician in the symbols, and maintains that I could not
find anything of the kind in Troy, as it was not the custom
of the Phoenicians to write upon terra-cotta, and moreover
that, with the exception of the recently discovered Moabite
inscription of King Mesha, no Phoenician inscription has

* Iliad, VI. 168-170:—

Tlt/Aire 8e fx.iv AvKi-qvSe. irnptv 8' o ye ar\uara Avypd,
rpdipas iv irivaKi irrvKTai QvfxocpQopa -koWo.,
AeT£cu 8 rifwytiv w ■Kevdepai u(pp' dWAuiTo.

" But to the father of his wife, the Kino
Of Lycia, sent him forth, with tokens charged
Of dire import, on folded tablets traced,
Which, to the monarch shown, might work his death."

t Chapter IV., pp. 83-84. Though not Phoenician, these are Cyprian
letters, and they have heen discussed by Professor Comperz, who
found in this very whorl his experimentitm cruris. (See Appendix.)

I872.]

MOULDS FOR CASTINGS.

J39

ever been found belonging to a date anterior to 500
years b.c.

I may also remark, with regard to my last year's excava-
tions, that I have now found quadrangular pieces of mica-
schist and chlorite slate, from nearly 6 inches to nearly
11 inches long, and from about i\ to 3^ inches thick,

No. 82. Two fragments nf a great Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Weapons and
Ornaments (14 M.).

which have on all four sides, and several of them on
six sides, forms or moulds for casting weapons and in-
struments; and further, that the channelled pieces, spoken
of in the report of November 18th, 1871,* are nothing but
fragments of similar stone-moulds ; the brilliant, glossy
appearance of the slate seems to have been produced by
simple polishing.

' Chapter IV., p. 87,

140 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. IX.

Of cellars, such as we have in civilized countries, I have
as yet found not the slightest trace, either in the strata of
the Hellenic or in those of the pre-Hellenic period ; earthen
vessels seem everywhere to have been used in their stead.
On my southern platform, in the strata of Hellenic times,
I have already had ten such vessels dug out in an uninjured
condition ; they are from 5^ to 6h feet high, and from 2 to
4^ feet in diameter, but without decorations.* I sent seven
of these jars (ttlOol) to the Museum in Constantinople.

In the strata of the pre-Hellenic period I find an
immense number of these ttlOol, but I have as yet only
succeeded in getting two of them out uninjured, from a
depth of 26 feet; these are about 3^ feet high and 26^
inches in diameter ; they have only unimportant deco-
rations.

In my last communication, I was able to speak of a
lesser number of the blocks of stone obstructing the works
upon the great platform ; to-day, however, I have again
unfortunately to report a considerable increase of them.

At a distance of scarcely 328 yards from my house, on
the south side, and at the part of the plateau of Ilium in a
direct perpendicular line below the ruined city wall, which
seems to have been built by Lysimachus, I have now dis-
covered the stone quarry, whence all those colossal masses
of shelly limestone {Muschelkalk) were obtained, which
the Trojans and their successors, down to a time after the
Christian era, employed in building their houses and walls,
and which have given my workmen and me such inex-
pressible anxiety, trouble, and labour. The entrance to
the quarry, which is called by the native Greeks and
Turks "lagum" ("mine" or "tunnel," from the Arabic
word ^ii, which has passed over into Turkish), is filled
with rubbish, but, as I am assured by all the people about

* Some examples of these jars, still more interesting on account of
the great depth at which they were found, are seen in Plate XL, p. 290.

1872.] EFFICACY OF SEA BATHS. 141

here, it was still open only 20 years ago, and, as my exca-
vations have proved, it was very large. The town, as seems
to be indicated by a continuous elevation extending below
the quarry, had a double surrounding wall at this point,
and this was in fact necessary, for otherwise the enemy
would have been able, with no further difficulty, to force
his way into the quarry below the town-wall, as the entrance
to the quarry was outside of the wall.

Unfortunately, without possessing the slightest know-
ledge of medicine, I have become celebrated here as a
physician, owing to the great quantity of quinine and tinc-
ture of arnica which I brought with me and distributed
liberally, and by means of which, in October and November
of last year, I cured all fever patients and wounds. In
consequence of this, my valuable time is now claimed in a
troublesome manner by sick people, who frequently come
from a distance of many miles, in order to be healed of
their complaints by my medicine and advice. In all the
villages of this district, the priest is the parish doctor,
and as he himself possesses no medicines, and is ignorant
of their properties, and has besides an innate dislike to
cold water and all species of washing, he never uses any
other means than bleeding, which, of course, often kills
the poor creatures. Wrinkles on either side of the lips
of children from 10 to 12, years of age show that the priest
has repeatedly bled them. Now I hate the custom of
bleeding, and am enthusiastically in favour of the cold-
water cure ; hence I never bleed anyone, and I prescribe
sea-bathing for almost all diseases ; this can be had here by
everyone, except myself, who have no time for it. My
ordering these baths has given rise to such confidence, nay
enthusiasm, that even women, who fancied that it would
be their death to touch their bodies with cold water, now
go joyfully into the water and take their dip. Among
others, a fortnight ago, a girl of seventeen from Neo-
Chori was brought to me ; her body was covered with

( '43 )

CHAPTE R X.

A third platform dug — Traces of former excavations by the Turks —
Block of triglyphs, with bas-relief of Apollo — Fall of an earth-wall —
Plan of a trench through the whole hill — Admirable remains in the
lowest stratum but one — The plain and engraved whorls — Objects of
gold, silver, copper, and ivory — Remarkable terra-cottas— The pottery
of the lowest stratum quite distinct from that of the next above —
Its resemblance to the Etruscan, in quality only — Curious funereal
urns — Skeleton of a six months' embryo — Other remains in the
lowest stratum — Idols of fine marble, the sole exception to the
superior workmanship of this stratum — The houses and palaces of
the lowest stratum, of large stones joined with earth — Disappearance
of the first people with the destruction of their town.

The second settlers, of a different civilization — Their buildings of unburn t
brick on stone foundations — These bricks burnt by the great confla-
gration — Destruction of the walls of the former settlers — Live toads
coeval with Troy ! — Long duration of the second settlers — Their
Aryan descent proved by Aryan symbols — Various forms of their
pottery — Vases in the form of animals — The whorls of this stratum
-Their interesting devices — Copper weapons and implements, and
moulds for casting — Terra-cotta seals — Bracelets and ear-rings, of
silver, gold, and electrum — Pins, &c, of ivory and bone — Fragments
of a lyre — Various objects.

The third stratum : the remains of an Aryan race — Hardly a trace of
metal — Structure of their houses — Their stone implements and
terra-cottas coarser — Various forms of pottery — Remarkable terra-
cotta balls with astronomical and religious symbols — Whorls — Stone
weapons — Whetstones — Hammers and instruments of diorite —
A well belonging to this people — This third town destroyed with its
people.

The fourth settlers : compararively savage, but still of Aryan race —
Whorls with like emblems, but of a degenerate form — Their pottery
inferior, but with some curious forms — Idols of Athena — Articles
of copper — Few stones — Charred remains indicating wooden
buildings — Stone weights, hand-mills, and knives and saws of flint —
With this people the pre-Hellenic ages end- -The stone buildings and

144 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

painted and plain terracottas of Greek Ilium — Date of the Greek
colony — Signs that the old inhabitants were not extirpated — The
whorls of very coarse clay and patterns — Well, and jars for water
and wine — Proofs of the regular succession of nations on the hill —
Reply to the arguments of M. Nikolaides for the site at Bunarbashi

-The Simoi's, Thymbrius, and Scamander — The tomb of Ajax at
In-Tepe — Remains in it — Temple of Ajax and town of Aianteum

- Tomb of Achilles and town of Achilleum — Tombs of Patroclus
and Antilochus — The Greek camp — The tomb of Batiea or
Myrina — Further discussion of the site.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, June 18th, 1872.

Since my report of the 23rd of last month I have been
excavating, with the consent of my honoured friend, Mr.
Frank. Calvert, on that half of the hill which belongs to him,
on condition that I share with him the objects I may rind.
Here, directly beside my large platform, and at a perpen-
dicular depth of 40 feet below the plateau, I have laid out a
third platform about 109 feet broad, with an upper terrace
1 1 2 feet broad, and I have seventy men digging there.
Immediately beside the edge of the steep northern declivity
I found a square depression in the ground about 112 feet
long and 76 feet broad, which can only have been caused by
excavations made by the Turks hundreds of years ago,
when searching for pillars or other kinds of marble blocks
suitable for tombstones : for all of the old Turkish ceme-
teries in the Plain of Troy and its vicinity, nay even as far
as beyond Alexandria Troas, possess thousands of such
marble blocks, taken from ancient buildings. The in-
numerable pieces of marble, which cover the whole of Mr.
Frank Calvert's part of the plateau, leave no doubt that
the field, at least that part of it with the square depression,
has been ransacked by marble-seeking Turks.

I had scarcely begun to extend this third platform
horizontally into the hill, when I found a block of triglyphs
of Parian marble, about 6h feet long, nearly 2 feet 10 inches
high, and nearly 22 inches thick at one end, and a little over
14 inches on the other. In the middle there is a piece of

1872.] SCULPTURE OF THE SUN-GOD. 145

sculpture in high relief, a little above 2 feet 10 inches long
and nearly the same height, which represents Phoebus
Apollo, who, in a long woman's robe with a girdle, is
riding on the four immortal horses which pursue their
career through the universe. Nothing is to be seen of
a chariot. Above the splendid, flowing, imparted, but not
long hair on the head of the god, there is seen about
two-thirds of the sun's disc with ten rays 2]- inches long,
and ten others 3^ inches long. The face of the god is
very expressive, and the folds of his long robe are so
exquisitely sculptured that they vividly remind one of
the masterpieces in the temple of Nlkt} airrepo^ in the
Acropolis of Athens. But my admiration is especially
excited by the four horses, which, snorting and looking
wildly forward, career through the universe with infinite
power. Their anatomy is so accurately rendered that I
frankly confess that I have never seen such a masterly
work. On the right and left of this metope are Doric
triglyphs ; there is a third triglyph on the left side of the
marble block, which is nearly 22 inches thick, whereas the
right side (14 inches thick) contains no sculpture. Above
and below the block, iron clamps are fastened by means
of lead ; and from the triglyphs on the left side I presume
that this metope, together with another sculpture which ■
has a Doric triglyph on the right side as well, adorned the
propylaea of the temple. {See Plate IV., p. 32.)

It is especially remarkable to find the sun-god here,
for Homer knows nothing of a temple to the Sun in Troy,
and later history does not say a word about the existence
of such a temple. However, the image of Phoebus Apollo
does not prove that the sculpture must have belonged to
a temple of the Sun ; in my opinion it may just as well
have served as an ornament to any other temple.

As early as my report of the nth of May,* I ventured

* Chapter VIII.

146 TKOY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

to express the conjecture that the image of the Sun, which
I find represented here thousands and thousands of times
upon the whorls of terra-cotta, must be regarded as the
name or the emblem of the town, that is vI\io<?. I now
venture to express the opinion, that in like manner this
Sun-god shone in the form of a woman upon the Pro-
pylaea of the temple of the Ilian Athena as a symbol ot
the Sun-city (7-779 'IXiov). I have heard a learned friend
express the opinion that this masterpiece belonged to
the period between Pericles and Alexander the Great,
because the Sun-god's outstretched hand is very similar
to that of Phoebus Apollo on the coins of Rhodes of the
same period. But, according to Strabo (XIII. 1), Alexander
the Great, on his visit to Ilium, found there a little temple
(evTeXrj vaov) of the Ilian Athena ; and a little temple,
of course, cannot have possessed such excellent works of
plastic art. Besides this, the head of the Sun-god appears
to me to have so much of the Alexandrian style, that I
must adhere to history and believe that this work of art
belongs to the time of Lysimachus, who, according to
Strabo (XIII. 1), after the death of Alexander the Great,
built here the new temple of the Ilian Athena, which
Alexander had promised to the town of Ilium after the
subjugation of the Persian Empire. #

The discovery of this work of art upon the steep
declivity of the hill — whereas it must necessarily have
stood on the opposite side above the entrance to the

* For a further description and discussion of this splendid relief, see
the Introduction, pp. 32-34. An acute critic has suggested to us that the
metope is a sculpture of the best age of Greek art, before or about the time
of Alexander, inserted in a Doric frieze of late debased work, as is proved
by the difference of styles, and by the evident fact that the metope was
originally too large for the space between the triglyphs. The temple to
which it belonged, in Dr. Schliemann's final opinion, was a temple of
Apollo, which he discovered later (comp. Chap. XIV., p. 223, and
Chap. XVII.. ]». 257), [En.]

1872.] A SERIOUS ACCIDENT. 147

temple — can only be explained by the fact that the Turks
who came here in search of monumental pillars despised
this sculpture because it represented living creatures, the
imitation of which is strictly forbidden in the Koran.

Beneath the ruins of this temple I hope to discover
the remains of that little temple which Alexander the
Great found here. I do not, however, think it likely that
I shall discover in its depths the old Trojan temple in
which Hecuba caused the priestess Theano to lay her
costly robes on the knees of Athena.* To judge from the
debris of the ashes of animal sacrifices, which is as
hard as stone, and which gives me such exceedingly
great trouble along an extent of 82 feet at the eastern
end of my large platform, the area of the very ancient
temple cannot possibly be identical with the one built
by Lysimachus ; it must certainly be somewhat more to
the west, and must commence somewhere near its western
end.

After my report of the 23rd of last month, I began to
loosen the lower earthen wall, which is as hard as stone, by
means of those immense iron levers which I have already
described. However, I was unfortunate ; for, after having
worked for three hours with 40 men and with the huge
levers and windlasses in loosening an earthen wall 16 feet
high, 16 broad and 10 thick, which had been already pre-
pared by shafts and mines, only just succeeded after the
strongest chains had given way several times, when the
adjoining earth-wall fell of its own accord, and buried
Georgios Photidas and a workman who were engaged in the

* Iliad, VI. 302-304 :-

'H 8' apa tt4tt\oi' eXovaa ®eavo> KaXKi.Tva.pyos
@i}Kev 'A6r)va'n)s enl yovvaffiv rjVKOfxoto,
EuxOjUePTj 8' i)pa.TO Aws Kovpij /jLtyaXoto.

" But fair Theano took the robe and placed
( )n Pallas' knees, and to the heavenly maid,
Daughter of Jove, she thus addressed her prayer."

L 2

148 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

lower excavations, believing that they were perfectly safe
under thick logs of wood 23 inches high and 10 thick,
which were covered with planks 3 inches thick. All of us
naturally thought that the two men must have been
crushed beneath the enormous mass of 100 cubic yards
of stone and earth, which had dashed the thick planks
to pieces. Our fright was terrible, but without losing a
moment we set to work to rescue the unfortunate men.
We had scarcely begun when we heard them moaning
beneath the weight of earth, for the logs had only been
upset, and, lying lengthwise, they still partly supported the
vault, so that the men had breathing space left. But their re-
lease could not be effected without the greatest danger, owing
to several large gaps in the cracked earthen wall, and the men
had to be cut out. I myself cut out Georgios Photidas
with my knife ; the other man was cut out by my men.

In consequence of this accident, I have decided in the
first place to cut a trench 98 feet broad at the top and
6$ below, commencing at the platform, which is to be
carried along the primary soil through the entire hill, and
not to cut through the other portion of the great platform
until this is finished ; for I shall then be in a position to
judge how we can best accomplish the former work. I am
having the whole length of this trench commenced at the
same time on a breadth of 98 feet, and I hope thus to have
it ready in two months. In digging this trench I found
that, at about 69 feet from the steep side of the hill, the
primary soil gradually rises about 2 meters (63 feet), and as
the cutting must necessarily follow the primary soil, I have
from this point again had the debris thrown upon the great
platform, and have thus formed an embankment 6$\ feet
broad and 6-? feet high, as far as the steep slope.

Were it not for the splendid terra-cottas which I find
exclusively upon the primary soil and as far as 6\ feet
above it, I could swear that, at a depth of from 8 meters
flown to exactly 10 meters (26 to 2,3 feet), I am among

1872.] METAL AND IVORY ORNAMENTS. 149

the ruins of the Homeric Troy.* For at this depth I have
again found, as I found last year, a thousand wonderful
objects ; whereas I find comparatively little in the lowest
stratum, the removal of which gives me such unspeakable
trouble. We daily find some of the whorls of very fine
terra-cotta, and it is curious that those which have no
decorations at all, are always of the ordinary shape and
size of small tops or like the craters of volcanoes, while
almost all those possessing decorations are flat and in the
form of a wheel.f Metals, at least gold, silver and copper,
were known to the Trojans, for I found a copper knife
highly gilded, a silver hair-pin, and a number of copper
nails at a depth of 14 meters (46 feet) ; and at a depth of
16 meters (52^ feet) several copper nails from 4 to 6\ inches
in length. There must have been also copper weapons and
tools for work, though I have as yet not found any ; but I
found many small instruments for use as pins ; also a
number of ivory needles, likewise a small ivory plate,
almost the shape of a playing-card, with six little stars or
small suns, also a curious piece of ivory covered with the
same decorations, in the form of a paper-knife, and a still
more curious one in the form of an exceedingly neat
dagger.^ The ornaments on both sides of this dagger
seem certainly to represent the Ilian Athena with the owl's
head. We also discovered some ivory and copper rings,
likewise a pair of bracelets of copper. One-edged or
double-edged knives of white silex in the form of saws,
from above if inch to nearly 2 inches in length, were
found in quantities ; also many hand millstones of lava
about 13 inches long, and 6§ inches broad, in the form
of an egg cut in half longitudinally. All of the terra-

■ The reader should bear in mind that Dr. Schliemann finally came
back to this opinion. It is not " second thoughts " (say the authors of
'Guesses at Truth'), but Jirst and third thoughts, that are "best." — [Ed.]

t Compare the sections shown on Plate XXI.

% See No. 14, on page 36.

l5°

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

No.

83. A real

86. Kgilt

Nos

No. 91.

Objects of Metal from the Lowest Stratum (11-15 "■)•
r„mf.r israil Nos 84, 8s. Copper Dress-Pins (too long and thin for nails).

Sp^Knl. No°.>4,A5Si>verPDress-Pin. No.^.^Copper Bracelet

91. Copper Knives.

No. 90. A Silver Crescent.

Nos. 92-toi. Ivory Pins, Needles, &c, from the Lowest Stratum (ir-15 m.).

187:

THE LOWEST STRATUM.

151

Nos. 102, 103. Hand Mill-stones of Lava from Lowest Stratum [I4-i6 «.)•

No. 104. A splendid Vase with Suspension-rings, from the Lowest Stratum (15 M-).

I52

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

cottas were brought out in a broken condition ; however, I
have got all or almost all the pieces of a number of vases
and of several jars, so that I can restore them. I must
specially mention a large yellowish bowl 13^ inches high
and nearly 17 inches broad, which in addition to a handle
has three large curled ram's horns ; then a black vase with a
round bottom, with two rings on either side for hanging it up;
a beautiful red vase with four handles ; also a very fine red
cup : further, an exceedingly
curious red vessel in the form
of two jugs with long per--

No. 106. Black Vase of Terra-cotta from the
lowest Stratum (14 or 15 M.).

No. 105. Singular Double Vase from the
lowest Stratum (13-14 M.).

fectly upright beak-shaped
mouths, the two jugs being
connected with each other
at the bulge, as well as by a
handle ; further, a brilliant
black vase, 95 inches high, with rings on the sides for
hanging it up, and a very wide neck in the form of a
chimney ; the lower portion of the vase is ornamented with
signs in the form of lightning, the upper part with dots.
Of a pair of brilliant black Trojan deep plates I have so
nearly all the pieces, as to be able to put them together ;
these plates are very remarkable, for on two sides at the
edge they have long horizontal rings for suspension by

I872.]

URNS CONTAINING HUMAN ASHES.

153

strings ; the large dishes have such rings very large. I have
the fragments of several black double cups, but not enough
of any one to restore it.

Unfortunately, the tremendous weights of stone in the
lowest stratum have broken or crushed to pieces all the
terra-cottas ; but all the splendid earthen vessels that I
have been able to save bear witness of wealth and art, and
it is easily seen at a first glance that they were made by a
people quite distinct from the one to which the next stratum
belongs (at the depth of from 7 to 10 meters, 23 to 33 feet).
I must draw especial attention to the great similarity in
the quality of the terra-cotta of the black Trojan vessels to
that of the vessels found in the Etruscan tombs ; but their
forms and decorations are wholly different. In those
found here the patterns have always been engraved upon
the clay when it was still in a soft state. Most of the
Trojan terra-cottas are indestructible by moisture ; some of
them, however, have become limp by damp, and I found,
for instance, upon the
primary soil at a depth
of 15^ meters (51 feet),
in a small private burial-
ground, formed and pro-
tected by three stones
2515 inches long and
18 inches broad, two
vessels of a very remark-
able form with three
long feet and filled with
human ashes. The ves-
sels had suffered so from
moisture that in spite of
every care and precau-
tion I COuld nOt 2[et them No- io7- Funereal Urn of Stone, found on the Primary
& Rock, with Human Ashes in it (15^ M.).

out without breaking

them completely. I have, however, collected all the pieces

154 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

of both vessels, and shall be able to restore them. In one
of them I found among the human ashes the bones of an
embryo of six months, a fact which I can only explain by
the mother's having died in pregnancy and having been
burnt, while the bones of the embryo, being surrounded
by the membrane which enclosed it, were protected and
remained uninjured. Yet it seems wonderful that these
small bones should have been preserved, for the bones of
the mother are burnt to ashes and I found only small frag-
ments of them. I have most carefully collected the bones
of the Trojan embryo, and shall have the little skeleton re-
stored by a skilful surgeon. The celebrated Doctor Aretaios,
of Athens, has just written to me that the preservation of
the bones of the embryo is only possible on the supposition
that the mother had brought forth the child and then died,
that her body was burnt and the unburnt embryo was put
into the funereal urn with her ashes, where I found it.

In the deepest strata we also meet with simple black
cups, resembling our drinking-glasses ; likewise black cups
(vase-covers) with a handle below, so that they can only stand
upon their mouth. I also find on the primary soil weights
made of granite, the exact specific weights of which I shall
state in a separate table;* hammers and axes, as well as a
number of large and small wedges of diorite, of splendid
workmanship ; sometimes also small beautifully-cut in-
struments in the form of wedges, made of very beautiful
transparent green stone.f Besides these, we come upon
quantities of round black and red terra-cotta discs, gene-
rally nearly i inches in diameter, with a hole in the centre ;
and stone quoits (Sutkoi), about 6 inches in diameter, with a
hole in the centre for throwing them. Further, a number
of idols of very fine marble, which form the only exception
to the rule that at an increasing depth the objects are of

* At the end of the volume, pp. 359, 360.

t Dr. Schliemann afterwards pronounced these " wedges " to be
battle-axes. See Introduction, p. 21.

I872.]

PRE-TROJAN HOUSES.

155

much better workmanship than those above. In fact, the
idols met with in the Trojan [pre-Trojan] strata of debris

No. 108. a, Hand Millstone of Lava (15 M.). b, Brilliant black Dish with side Rings

for hanging it up (14 M.).

c,c,c,c, Small decorated Rings of Terra-cotta (10-14 M.).

from 2 to 4 meters (6h to 13 feet) above the primary soil,
that is, at a depth of from 12 to 14 meters (39^ to 46 feet),
are so coarsely wrought, as may be seen from the drawings
(on page 36), that one might be inclined
to believe that they were the very first at-
tempts of an uncivilized people at making
plastic representations of a deity. There
was only one mutilated idol of terra-cotta
found among these ruins, a drawing of
which I give; all the others are of very
fine marble. I must also mention another
Priapus, of fine marble, which was dis-
covered at a depth of 13 meters (42^ feet).

In these depths we likewise find many bones of animals,
boars' tusks, small shells, horns of the buffalo, ram, and
stag, as well as the vertebrae of the shark.

The houses and palaces, in which the splendid terra-
cottas were used, were large and spacious, for to them
belong all those mighty heaps of large stones hewn and un-
hewn, which cover them to the height of from 13 to 20 feet.

No. 109.

Rude Terra-cotta Idol

(14 M.).

156 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

These houses and palaces were easily destroyed, for the
stones were only joined with earth, and when the walls
fell everything in the houses was crushed to pieces by the
immense blocks of stone. The primitive Trojan people
disappeared simultaneously with the destruction of their
town, for in none of the succeeding layers of debris do
we find the style of architecture to consist of large blocks
of stone joined with earth ; in none do we find the terra-
cottas—with the exception of the round articles in the form
of tops and volcanoes — to possess any resemblance with the
excellent and artistic earthenware of the people of Priam.*

Upon the site of the destroyed city new settlers, of
a different civilization, manners and customs, built a new
town ; but only the foundation of their houses consisted
of stones joined with clay ; all of the house-walls were
built of unburnt bricks. Many such walls may be seen
at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet) in the
earthen sides of my excavations ; they have been preserved
through the very fact that the houses were burnt out, and
the walls of unburnt bricks, through the great heat, received
a sort of brick-crust, or became actually burnt bricks.

In my memoir of the 23rd of last month, I spoke of
a stone wall, found at a depth of ^ feet, which I hoped
would extend down to the primary soil. Unfortunately,
however, it proved to be merely the foundation of a house be-
longing to the immediate successors of the ancient Trojans,
and these foundations only extended to a depth of if foot.

The remains of the ruined walls belonging to ancient
Troy had, of course, to be levelled by the new settlers,
whose mode of life and style of architecture were entirely
different. This explains how it is that, with the exception
of a small wall in the northern entrance of my large trench,
I have hitherto not been able to point out a single wall

':;' Here, as well as in what goes before, Dr. Schliemann writes on the
supposition, which he 'afterwards abandoned, that the remains in the
lowest stratum are those of the Trojans of the Iliad. — [Ed.]

1872.] LIVE TOADS IN THE DEPTHS. 157

belonging to ancient Troy ; and that, until now, I have
only been able to present archaeology with a few splendid
urns, vases, pots, plates, and dishes, and with but one
bowl {crater). (See Cut, No. 41, p. 74.) Yet I have
found thousands of fragments of other excellent vessels,
the sad memorials of a people whose fame is immortal.

I cannot conclude the description of the lowest
stratum without mentioning that among the huge blocks
of stone, at a depth of from 12 to 16 meters (392 to
$i\ feet), I found two toads; and at a depth of 39^ feet
a small but very poisonous snake, with a scutiform head.
The snake may have found its way down from above ;
but this is an impossibility in the case of the large toads
— they must have spent 3000 years in these depths. It
is very interesting to find in the ruins of Troy living
creatures from the time of Hector and Andromache, even
though these creatures are but toads.*

I must also draw attention to the fact that I have
found the Pj-J twice on fragments of pottery,
one of which was discovered at a depth
of 16 meters {$ih feet), the other at 14
meters (46 feet). The primitive Trojans,
therefore, belonged to the Aryan race, which
is further sufficiently proved by the symbols
on the round terra-cottas.

The existence of the nation which suc-
ceeded the Trojans was likewise of a long
duration, for all the layers of debris at the Fragment of Pottery,

•' with the Suastika,

depth of from 10 to 7 meters {^ to 23 &iheM1(jwest Stra"
feet) belong to it. They also were of
Aryan descent, for they possessed innumerable Aryan re-
ligious symbols. I think I have proved that several of the

* "We believe that naturalists are now agreed that such appearances of
toads imprisoned for long periods are deceptive. Into what depths cannot
a tadpole (whether literal or metaphorical) wriggle himself down ? — [Ed.]

■58

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

symbols were common to our ancestors at a time when
Germans, Pelasgians, Hindoos, Persians, Celts, and Greeks
still formed one nation. I found no trace of a double
cup among this people, but instead of it, those curious
cups (vase - covers) which have a coronet below in
place of a handle; then those brilliant red fanciful
goblets, in the form of immense champagne-glasses,
with two mighty handles on the sides : they are round

Nos. in, 112. Double-handed Vases of Terra-cotta, from the Trojan Stratum (9 M.).

below, so that they also can only stand on their
mouths. Further, those small covers, from about 4 to 4!
inches high, with owls' faces, with a kind of helmet
on the lower end, furnished with a high button or tuft,
which is, no doubt, intended to represent the. crest of a
helmet and served as a handle. This cup likewise can
only stand on its mouth.* Further, all those splendid
vessels of burnt earthenware — as, for instance, funereal,
water, or wine urns, 5 feet high and from if to 3^ feet in

* This description itself suggests an inversion of the so-called "cup,"
which is, in fact, a vase-cover. For its form see No. 74, on p. 115. — [Ed.]

^72.] TROJAN POTTERY. 1 59

diameter ; also smaller funereal urns, plates, dishes, and
vases, of exceedingly fanciful forms, and from about 8 to io
inches in height, with the owl's face of the tutelary goddess
of Troy, two female breasts, and a navel, besides the two
upraised arms on each side of the head, which served as
handles; further, all of those vessels with a beak-shaped
mouth, bent back, and either
short or long. Most of these
vessels are round below, so that
they cannot stand; others have
three feet ; others, again, are
flat-bottomed. The neck of
many is so much bent Dack-
wards that it resembles a swan or
a goose. To this class also be-
long all of those globular and
egg-shaped vessels, small and
large, with or without a neck
like a chimney, which have a
short ring on either side, and
a hole in the same direction
in the lip, through which
was passed the string for sus-
pending them ; many have in
addition three little feet. All
are of uniform colour, either brown, yellow, red, or
black ; some have rows of leaves or twigs as decora-
tions. I also meet with very curious vases, in the shape
of animals, with three feet. The mouth of the vessel
is in the tail, which is upright and very thick, and which
is connected with the back by a handle. Upon one of
these last-mentioned vases there are decorations, consist-
ing of three engraved stripes of three lines each. I formerly
found the Priapus only at a depth of 7 meters (23 feet) ;
but a short time ago I found one at a depth of 13 meters
(4 2 A- feet). I now find it again at 8 meters (26 feet)

No. 113. A Trojan Vase in Terra-cotta
of a very remarkable form (8 M.).

i6o

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

No. 114. Engraved Terra-cotta Vessel in the form
of a Pig (or Hedgehog?). 7 M.

that is, among the ruins of the nation of which I am at
present speaking. In these strata we also meet with an

immense quantity of those
round terra-cottas (the
whorls), which, it is true,
deviate from the wheel-
shape of the articles found
on the primary soil owing
to their greater thickness,
and are also not of such
excellently-burnt clay as
those ; but, as anyone
may convince himself by
examining the drawings,
they are embellished with uncommonly beautiful and in-
genious symbolical signs. Among these the Sun-god always
occupies the most prominent position ; but the fire-machine
of our primeval ancestors, the holy sacrificial altar with
blazing flames, the holy soma-tree or tree of life, and the
rosa mystic a, are also very frequently met with here.
This mystic rose, which occurs very often in the Byzantine
sculptures, and the name of which, as is well known, is
employed to designate the Holy Virgin in the Roman
Catholic Litanies, is a very ancient Aryan religious symbol,
as yet, unfortunately, unexplained. * It is very ancient,
because I find it at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters
(23 to 33 feet) in the strata of the successors to the
Trojans, which must belong to a period about 1200
years before Christ.f

The sign which resembles the Phoenician letter " Nun "
I found represented sixteen times % upon one of those round

* See Plate XXIII., No. 339 ; Plate XLVIL, No. 478.

t According to Dr. Schliemann's later view these " successors to the
Trojans " were, as we have seen, the Trojans themselves. — [Ed.]

% The drawing, Plate XLVIL, No. 480, shows the sign 20 times in 5
groups of 4 each. This seems to be a similar type to the one described,
but from a lesser depth. — [Ed.]

1872.] TROJAN WHORLS. 1 61

terra-cottas from a depth of 8 meters (26 feet) ; for these signs
stand in groups of four, and by their position form a cross
round the sun, or, if my present supposition is right, round
the nave of the wheel representing the chariot of the sun.
I also find the symbol of lightning in all the higher strata
up to 10 feet below the surface. In all the strata, from a
depth of 33 feet up to if feet below the surface, I find
engravings of the sun with its rays innumerable times upon
the round terra-cottas, exactly as it is represented on the
head of the Sun-god on the metope which I discovered
when excavating the temple ; but more frequently still in
circles of three, four, five, six or eight double, treble or
quadruple rising suns, and in by far the greater number of
cases it stands in the centre of four treble rising suns, which
form a cross round it. Hundreds of times I find the sun
surrounded by stars in the centre of a double or treble
cross, which has a large dot on every one of the four ends.
These dots probably denote the four nails which fixed the
wopden frame by which the holy fire was prepared. At the
depth of from 10 to 7 meters {33 to 23 feet) I also found
although more rarely, five mystic roses in a circle round
the sun. One with signs, which may
probably prove to be not merely symbols,
but actual letters, I found at a depth of 7
meters (23 feet).* I have still to mention
those round articles from the same depth,
which have three mystic roses and two

No. 115.

sheaves of sun-rays in the circle round the Inscribed Whorl (7 m.).
sun. Further, from a depth of 9 meters (29^ feet) I have
several round pieces, upon which there are 14 crooked
sheaves of three sun-rays each, resembling the sails of a
windmill, which radiate in all directions from the sun, while
the compartments between the sheaves of rays are filled
with stars. This representation must indicate the rotation

' The inscription, which Professor Gomperz has pointed out, is identi-
cal with that on PI. LI., No. 496. (See pp. 83-84 and Appendix.)— [Ed. ]

1 62

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

of the wheel in the course of the sun's chariot in the
heavens, that is, if the supposition I before ventured to
make, that the round objects represent the wheel, is correct.
Another, found at the same depth, has on one side three
holy sacrificial altars covered with flames, and a group of
stars; on the other side three similar altars, and a suastika
forming a cross round the sun.* There also occur some
with only four curved sheaves of rays, or two Pj-J and two
flaming altars in a cross round the sun ; there is again
another upon which two crosses stand opposite each
other, and all the rest of the space round the sun (or
round the nave of the wheel) is filled with stars. All
the whorls met with at a depth of from 10 to 7 meters
(33 to 23 feet) are made of clay, for the most part of black
or red clay, and as hard as stone, which, in comparison
with that of the whorls in the higher strata, is distinguished
by its fineness. We also find in these strata some whorls
made of lead or fine marble, but they have no decorations.
In the strata of the same nation I found also copper battle-
axes, lances, arrows, knives, and implements of different
kinds, as well as a number of moulds of schist and chlorite
slate for casting these and many other objects,
some being of forms quite unknown to me.
Seals of terra-cotta, with crosses and other or-
naments, are not peculiar to these strata, but
occur also at a depth of from ^^ feet as far
up as it feet below the surface. We have
also brought to light hand mill-stones of lava,
which are oval on one side and flat on the
other, and some also of granite ; large and
small hammers, axes, and balls with a hole
through the centre ; further, mortars and
pestles of diorite, and weights of granite ;
quoits made of granite and other kinds of stone, with

No. 116.

Terra-cotta Seal

(1 M.).

* The types here described will be found on the Lithographs.

I872.]

TROJAN STONE IMPLEMENTS.

163

a hole through the centre for throwing them. Sling-bullets
made of loadstone, and great quantities of knives made
of white or yellow silex in the form of saws, sometimes
also knives of volcanic glass and lances of diorite are met

No. 117. A Trojan Hand Mill-stone of Lava (10 M.

No. 118. No. 119. No. 120.

A Piece of Granite, perhaps used, by means A massive Hammer of Diorite Piece of Granite, probably

of a wooden Handle, as an upper Mill- (10 M.). used as a Pestle. From

stone (10 M.). the lowest Stratum (n-

l6 M.).

with among the ruins of this people, but all these instru-
ments are much better finished than in the strata above a
depth of 7 meters (23 feet).

I likewise find in these strata numerous idols of very
fine marble, and upon a number of them are engraved the

m 2

1 64

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

owl's face of the Ilian Athena and her girdle. At a depth of
8 meters (26 feet) we discovered a terra-cotta idol of the
same tutelary goddess ; four horizontal strokes on the neck

No. 121. Idol of Athena <8 M.). a. Front; b. Back.

seem to denote her armour ; only one of the arms has been
preserved, which is in an upright position ; two lines
proceeding from the arms and crossing each other over
the body give her a warlike appearance ; her breasts are
indicated by two points ; her long hair is distinctly marked
at the back of the head.

At a depth of gh meters (30^ feet) among the yellow
ashes of a house which was destroyed by fire, I found a
large lump of thick wire, which I believed to be copper
wire, and therefore laid carelessly upon my table ; but when
the lump was knocked down accidentally, a silver wire,
which held the packet together, broke, and out fell three
bracelets, one of which is simple, the second double, and the
third treble : within the last is a very artistic ornament and
an ear-ring formed of six wires, and these things must have
been welded to the bracelet by the heat of the conflagration,
for it cannot possibly have been worn on the arm as it is
now.* The packet further contained a very pretty gold
ear-ring, which has three rows of little stars on both sides ;
then two bunches of ear-rings of various forms, most of
which are of silver and terminate in five leaves. But the
packet also contained several ear-rings of the same form

* Similar jewels are depicted among the articles of the Treasure
(Chapter XXIII., Plate XX.).

1872.] VARIOUS TROJAN ARTICLES. I 65

made of electrum (rj\eKTpov) : three of the ear-rings I
know positively to be of electrum ; there are, however,
probably several others of electrum among the two bunches
which I dare not attempt to loosen for fear of breaking the
silver ear-rings which have suffered very much from rust.

According to Pliny (//. JV. XXXIII. 23), and Pausanias
(V. 12, § 6) electrum was an artificial compound of metals,
four parts of gold and one of silver. The most ancient
Lydian coins are likewise made of electrum.

At the same depth I not unfrequently find balls of
serpentine or porphyry of nearly 2 inches in diameter, and
with a hole through the centre. Besides these we find spoons
made of bone or terra-cotta, and great quantities of instru-
ments of ivory and bone for use as pins. I also found a

Nos. 122, 123, 124. Balls of fine red Agate ; from the Trojan Stratum (9 M.).

very artistically carved piece of ebony, which is certainly
part of a musical stringed instrument. I must also mention
having found, not only in these depths, but also up to
6 meters (20 feet) below the surface, round pieces of terra-
cotta with a hole running longitudinally through them,
2 1 inches long and 2?. inches broad ; and also pieces of
terra-cotta from 2! to nearly 4 inches broad, flat below
and rounded off at the top, with two holes at the edge of
the broad surface, or with only one hole above running
through from the side. All of these articles have probably
served as weights. In all of the strata we discovered a
number of the vertebrae of sharks, boars' tusks, antlers,
and great quantities of the shells of small sea-mussels, of
which the Trojans and their successors at all times must
have been very fond.

i66

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

I now come to the strata of debris at a depth of from
7 to 4 meters (23 to 13 feet), which are evidently also the
remains of a people of the Aryan race, who took possession
of the town built upon the ruins of Troy, and who destroyed
it and extirpated the inhabitants ; for in these strata of
10 feet thick I find no trace of metal beyond two nails and
a small piece of silver wire, and the structure of the houses
is entirely different. All the house-walls consist of small
stones joined with clay ; in the larger buildings the stones
are more or less hewn, but in the smaller they are alto-
gether rough. Visitors to the Plain of Troy can see in
the earthen walls of my excavations, at these depths, a
number of larger or smaller house-walls of this descrip-
tion. Among others are the
remains of those huge walls 6\
feet thick, of which I spoke in
my report of the 23rd of last
month. The foundations lie at
a depth of 20 feet, and they

No. 125.
A curious Terra-cotta Cup (4 M.).

No. 126.
Terra-cotta Pitcher of a frequent form

(6 M.).

extend to within 10 feet below the present surface;* for
as, with the exception of excavating the temple, I only

* Chapter IX., pp. 132-3.

1872.] TERRA-COTTAS OF THE THIRD PEOPLE. 167

intend to make the trench through the hill 98 feet broad
above, it has not been necessary to pull down the building
entirely.

In these strata (at a depth of from 23 to 13 feet) not
only are all the stone implements much rougher, but all

No. 127. No. 128.

A small Terra-cotta Vase, with two Handles Terra-cotta Vase of a frequent form

and three feet (6 M.) (6 M.).

the terra-cottas also are of a coarser quality. Still it cannot
be denied that with all their simplicity they possess a certain
elegance, and I must especially mention the very pretty
black or red vases in the form of hour-glasses with two
large handles, the red ones being nearly 4 inches high, the
black ones 5^ inches high; the small jars in the form of
cups with large handles, the larger jars with one or two
handles ; but above all the frequently occurring covers
with the owl's face of the tutelary goddess of Troy, which
are, it is true, almost like those from a depth of from
30 to 23 feet in size, but considerably inferior in quality.

The terra-cotta balls found in these strata are especially
remarkable, owing to their most varied symbols. I will
describe two of these, found at a depth of 5 meters (i6i
feet). The surface of the one is divided by lines into
eight equal parts ; * in one of these is a sun with ten rays,
of which only four are straight, all of the others seem
to represent religious symbols. One ray has the form of
the Phcenician letter " Nun," and must denote lightning ;

* See Plate LI., No. 493. M. Burnoufs drawings, from which our
engraving is taken, seem to differ from Dr. Schliemann's description
in a few of the minuter details. — [Ed.]

l68 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. (Chap. X.

another ray has the form of a serpent ; another again the
form of the numeral III. ; a fourth is the shape of a sign-
post; and the remaining two in the form of fishing-hooks ;
beside the sun is a star. In the next division is a tree with
eight branches, a quadrangle with two stars, and a triangle
with four stars. The third field contains a tree with twelve
branches ; a circle with a star ; and, beside and above
a stroke, twelve stars, one of which has a dot in the
centre. The twelve little stars may possibly denote the
twelve signs of the zodiac, which, being the twelve stations
of the sun, are personified in the Rigveda by the twelve
Adityas, sons of Aditi, the indivisible and infinite space.
The fourth field contains a tree with only six branches,
a triangle with three compartments, in one of which is a
stroke, and also two squares. The fifth field has again a
sun with six crooked rays and one straight ray. The sixth
field has five divisions : in the first there are five, in the
second four, and in the third seven little stars ; the fourth
division contains a sign resembling the numeral II., together
with three stars ; in the fifth division there is a simple cross.
In the seventh field is a tree with ten branches. In the
eighth field there is a figure like a serpent, and a star.

Upon the second terra-cotta ball there is a sun with
thirteen straight rays ; further there are, between two pj-J,
three groups of three stars each, and four straight lines ;
lastly, below the sun three similar lines and three
stars.* We also frequently find in these strata terra-
cotta balls completely covered with stars ; likewise an
immense number of the round terra-cottas in the form of
tops and volcanoes, more than half of which are adorned
with the most various symbolical signs. We have also
discovered here many weapons of diorite and hard green
stone, as well as a number of whetstones of black and

* On Plate L., No. 491, this ball is represented from M. Burnouf's
drawings, showing six different faces.

1872.] WELL OF THE THIRD NATION. 169

green slate with a hole at one end.* The use of these whet-
stones is not very clear to me, for, as I have already said,
in the depths of from 7 to 4 meters (13 to 1 3 feet) I have
found no trace of any metal beyond the two nails and the
piece of silver wire. However, we came upon a few frag-
ments of moulds for casting instruments, and hence it is
probable that copper was known. In any case, however,
it was rare and costly, for otherwise I should not have
found such colossal masses of stone instruments.

I found in these depths a large number of curious
large vases, and among them several beautiful urns with
the owl's head of the Ilian Athena, her two female breasts,
navel, and the two upraised arms beside the head. Upon
one of the navels is a cross and four holes, which are
doubtless intended to represent the four nails employed by
our Aryan ancestors to fasten the two pieces of wood
which were laid crosswise for producing the holy fire.f
In these strata I also discovered a number of those
cups in the form of champagne-glasses with two handles,
which however, as may be seen from the drawings,
become clumsier, smaller, and inferior in quality at
every yard the higher we ascend. Cups with coronets
below (vase-covers) also occur, like-
wise many small red jars with three
feet and two handles, and several
hundreds of uncoloured jars, with
a handle from nearly 4 to 4t inches
high. There are also enormous „ N°- 129-

O 1 erra-cotta V ase of a form fre-

masses of large clumsy hammers iuentatthedepthof3-sM.
and other instruments of diorite ; I also found a Priapus of
diorite, which is above 12^ inches high and 7-4 inches thick.
There is a well belonging to this nation, built of good
hewn stones cemented with clay ; its opening is at a depth

* See No. 5, p. 24. — [Ed.] Perhaps they were used to polish the
terra-cotta vases.

t See No. 13. p. 35.

1 70

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.

of 13 feet. I have had it cleared out almost as far as the
primary soil ; one wall of this well is still to be seen on
the left side of the northern entrance of my great cutting.
Hand mill-stones of lava are also found in immense numbers
in these strata.

A new epoch in the history of Ilium commenced when
the accumulation of debris on this hill had reached a height
of 4 meters (13 feet) below its present surface; for the town
was again destroyed, and the inhabitants killed or driven
out by a wretched tribe, which certainly must likewise have
belonged to the Aryan race, for upon the round terra-cottas
I still very frequently find the tree of life and the simple
and double cross with the four nails. In these depths,
however, the form of the whorls degenerates ; they become
more elongated and pointed ; I also find many in the
form of cones about i>- inch to ii inch in heisht, which

No. 130. Terra-cotta Vessel (4 M.).

No. 131. A small Terra-cotta Vase with
two Rings for suspension (2 M.).

never occur in the lower strata ; most of them are without
decorations. Of pottery much less is found, and all of it
is much more inartistic than that in the preceding strata.
However, an exceedingly fanciful goblet, found at a depth
of 13 feet, deserves to be specially mentioned; its body,
which rests upon three little feet, is a tube, out of which
three small cups stand up. We still frequently meet with
cups (vase-covers) bearing the owl's face of the Ilian Athena,
and a kind of helmet, but they continue to become more
and more rude.* In like manner the cups in the form of

,; Compare these with Cut No. 74 on p. 115.

1872.]

THE FOURTH NATION.

I?1

champagne-glasses continue to be inferior in quality, they are

always smaller and coarser, and are now only about 5 inches

high, whereas at a depth of

33 feet they were 12^ inches

high. Several vases with female

breasts, navel, and upraised

arms, occur at a depth of 4

Nos. 132, 133. Owl-faced Vase-covers (3 m.). The second is of an unusual form.

Nos. 134, J35- Two-handled Cups from the upper Stratum (2 M.).

No. 136. Terra-cotta Vase (2 M.).

No. 137. Perforated Terra-cotta [2 M.).

meters (13 feet), one at a depth of i\ meters (about 8 feet).
Small red vases in the form of hour-glasses with a handle
are still frequently met with ; two were found at as small
a depth as 2 meters {6\ feet). A very great number of

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. X.
of 4 and

172

small ordinary jars were found at a depth

3 meters (13 to 9! feet), but they almost entirely cease

to be found at 2 meters (6& feet) below the surface. At

Nos. 138, 139. Deep Plates [patera) with Rings for suspension, placed [a) vertically or [6) hori-
zontally (i and 2 M.).

the depths of 4, 3, and even 2^ meters (13, 91, and 8 feet)
I also found very many idols of the Ilian Athena, made ot
fine marble; upon several there are engravings of her owl's
head and girdle.

At a depth of 3 meters (10 feet) I also found a terra-
cotta idol, which represents this same goddess with the owl's
face and two enormous eyes ; she has two female breasts,

No. 140. a. Front.

No. 140. b. Back.
Idols of the Ilian Athena (3 M.).

No. 141.

and long hair hanging down behind. Three horizontal
lines on the neck seem to denote armour. At the same
depth I also found a small and splendid sacrificial basin of
terra-cotta, with three feet; in the basin there are engraved

I872.]

THE FOURTH NATION.

J73

a suastika, a tree with twenty-four branches, and a cater-
pillar.*

Copper was known to this people, for I discovered here
knives, lances, and nails made of this metal. The form of
the nails is often curious, for occasionally I find them with
two heads, one beside the other, sometimes with no head at
all, but merely two pointed ends, so that a kind of head had
to be made by bending over about J- of an inch at one of
the ends. Another proof of their knowledge of metals is
furnished by the moulds in mica-schist.

We find scarcely any stones in these strata, and the
masses of charred ruins and wood-ashes leave no doubt
that all the buildings of this tribe
were made of wood. I find in these
strata of 6h feet thick some few stone
weights, also a couple of hand-mills
of lava, but otherwise no imple-
ments of stone except knives of
silex in the form of saws, which
seem often to have been made with
great care. Thus, for instance, at a
depth of 6i feet I found a saw made
of silex 4! inches in length and 1 ■ 3
in breadth, which was so exquisitely
made that I at first thought it must be a comb. The
upper portion of the saw bore the clearest marks of
having been encased in wood.

No. 142. Mould in Mica-schist
for casting some unknown ob-
ject (2i M.).

With the people to whom these strata belonged — from
4 to 1 meters (13 to 6^ feet) below the surface — the pre-
Hellenic ages end, for henceforward we see many ruined
walls of Greek buildings, of beautifully hewn stones laid
together without cement, and in the uppermost layer of all
even the ruins of house-walls, in which the stones are joined

See Plate XLVIIL, No. 484.

I -4 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

with lime or cement. Moreover, the painted and unpainted
terra-cottas, occasionally found at a depth of 2 meters
(6h feet), leave no doubt that a Greek colony took posses-
sion of Ilium when the surface of this hill was still that
much lower than it is now. It is impossible to determine
exactly when this new colonization took place, but it must
certainly have been much earlier than the visit of Xerxes
reported by Herodotus (VII. 43), which took place 480
years before Christ. According to Strabo (XIII. 1. 42) the
town was built under Lydian dominion, and hence this
event may have taken place about 700 b.c, for the com-
mencement of the Lydian dominion is assigned to the year
797 b.c Fluted jars, which archaeologists believe to belong
to a period 200 years anterior to Christ, are found imme-
diately below the surface, at a depth of from if to 3! feet.
The Greek colony does not appear by any means to have at
all extirpated the inhabitants of Ilium, for I still find a great
deal of pre-Hellenic pottery at a depth of 6h and even of
5 feet. At all events those round lamp-shaped terra-cottas
with a potter's stamp and two holes at the edge, found as far
down as 6h feet, seem to me to be of Greek manufacture.
The round articles with one hole through the centre, without
or with decorations representing the sun and its rays, or the
sun with stars, or four double or treble rising suns forming
a cross, or even the sun in the centre of a simple or double
cross, occur in numbers as far up as a depth of 3^ feet; but
in these uppermost strata the quality of the clay of which
these articles are made is very bad, and the symbolical signs
are very coarsely and inartistically engraved. My wife, who
is enthusiastic about the discovery of Ilium, and who helps
me assiduously in the excavations, found, in a cutting which
she and her maid had opened close to our house, the same
round terra-cottas, with or without decorations, even quite
close to the surface. Plow these exceedingly remarkable
objects, which are adorned with the most ancient religious
symbols of the Aryan race, can have continued to be used

1872.] THE GREEK COLONY. 175

for more than 1000 years by the four tribes which succes-
sively held possession of Ilium, and even by the civilized
Greek colony, is to me a problem as inexplicable as the
purpose for which they were used. If, as I now conjecture,
they represent the wheel, which in the Rigveda is the symbol
of the sun's chariot, they were probably used as Ex votos, or
they were worshipped as idols of the sun-god, Phoebus Apollo.
But why are there such enormous numbers of them ?

The well, which I last year discovered at a depth of
6\ feet, built of hewn stones with cement, belongs of course
to the Greek colony ; so also do all those enormous water
and wine urns (ttlOol), which I met with in the upper-
most strata. I find all of these colossal urns, as well as all
those met with in the deeper strata, standing upright, which
is the best proof, if indeed any were needed, that the
mighty masses of debris cannot have been brought here
from another place, but that they were formed gradually in
the course of thousands of years, and that the conquerors
and destroyers of Ilium, or at least the new settlers after its
conquest and destruction, never had the same manners and
customs as their predecessors. Consequently, for many
centuries, houses with walls built of unburnt bricks stood
upon the mighty heaps of stone, from 13 to 20 feet thick,
belonging to the enormous buildings of the primitive
Trojans ; again, for centuries, houses built of stones joined
with clay were erected upon the ruins of houses of brick ;
for another long period, upon the ruins of these stone
houses wooden houses were erected ; and lastly, upon the
charred ruins of the latter were established the buildings
of the Greek colony, which at first consisted of large hewn
stones joined with clay or cement. It can thus no longer
seem astonishing that these masses of ruins, covering the
primary soil, have a thickness of from 14 to 16 meters
(46 to ^i\ feet) at the least.

I take this opportunity of giving a translation of the
answer I made to an article published bv M. G. Nikolaides

1-6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

in No. 181 of the Greek newspaper ' 'Ecfyrjixepls ^vt^rrjcreoiv^
in which the author endeavours to prove that I am giving
myself unnecessary trouble, and that the site of Troy is not
to be found here, but on the heights of Bunarbashi.*

"M. Nikolaides maintains that the site of Troy cannot
be discovered by means of excavations or other proofs,
but solely from the Iliad. He is right, if he supposes that
Ilium is only a picture of Homer's imagination, as the City
of the Birds was but a fancy of Aristophanes. If^ however,
he believes that a Troy actually existed, then his assertion
appears most strange. He thereupon says that Troy was
situated on the heights of Bunarbashi, for that at the foot
of them are the two springs beside which Hector was killed.
This is, however, a great mistake, for the number of springs
there is forty, and not two, which is sufficiently clear from
the Turkish name of the district of the springs, 'Kirkgios'
(40 eyes or springs). My excavations in 1868, on the
heights of Bunarbashi, which I everywhere opened down
to the primary soil, also suffice to prove that no village,
much less a town, has ever stood there. This is further
shown by the shape of the rocks, sometimes pointed,
sometimes steep, and in all cases very irregular. At the
end of the heights, at a distance of ui miles from the
Hellespont, there are, it is true, the ruins of a small town,
but its area is so very insignificant, that it cannot possibly
have possessed more than 2000 inhabitants, whereas, ac-
cording to the indications of the Iliad, the Homeric Ilium
must have had over 50,000. In addition to this, the small
town is four hours distant, and the 40 springs are 3^ hours
distant, from the Hellespont ; and such distances entirely
contradict the statements of the Iliad, according to
which the Greeks forced their way fighting, four times in

* We do not feel it right to spoil the unity of the following disquisition
by striking out the few repetitions of arguments urged in other parts of
the work. — [Ed.]

1872.] ANSWER TO M. NIKOLAIDES. 177

one day, across the land which lay between the naval camp
and the walls of Troy.

" M. Nikolaides's map of the Plain of Troy may
give rise to errors ; for he applies the name of Simois to
the river which flows through the south-eastern portion
of the Plain, whereas this river is the Thymbrius, as
Mr. Frank Calvert has proved. In his excavations on
the banks of that river, Mr. Calvert found the ruins ol
the temple of the Thymbrian Apollo, about which there
cannot be the slightest doubt, owing to the long inscrip-
tion which contains the inventory of the temple. Then
on the map of M. Nikolaides I find no indication what-
ever of the much larger river Doumbrek-Su, which flows
through the north-eastern portion of the Plain of Troy, and
passed close by the ancient town of Ophrynium, near
which was Hector's tomb and a grove dedicated to him.*
Throughout all antiquity, this "river was called the Simo'is,
as is also proved by Virgil {Ain. III. 302,305). The map
of M. Nikolaides equally ignores the river which flows
from south to north through the Plain, the Kalifatli-
Asmak, with its enormously broad bed, which must cer-
tainly at one time have been occupied by the Scamander,
and into which the Simois still flows to the north of Ilium.
The Scamander has altered its course several times, as is
proved by the three large river-beds between it and the
bed of the Kalifatli-Asmak. But even these three ancient
river-beds are not given in the map of M. Nikolaides.

" In complete opposition to all the traditions of an-
tiquity, the map recognises the tomb of Achilles in the
conical sepulchral mound of In-Tepe, which stands on a hill
at the foot of the promontory of Rhoeteum, and which,
from time immemorial, has been regarded as the tomb of
Ajax. During an excavation of this hill, in 1788, an

* Strabo, XIII. i. p. 103; Lycophron, Cassandra, 1208. See
further, on the Simois, Note A, p. 358.

jyS TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X

arched passage was found, about 37 feet high, and built of
bricks ; as well as the ruins of a small temple. According
to Strabo (XIII. i.p. 103), the temple contained the statue
of Ajax, which Mark Antony took away and presented to
Cleopatra. Augustus gave it back to the inhabitants of
the town of Rhoeteum, which was situated near the tomb.
According to Philostratus {Heroica, I.), the temple, which
stood over the grave, was repaired by the Emperor Hadrian,
and according to Pliny {H. TV., V. ^^), the town of Aian-
teum was at one time situated close to the tomb. On the
other hand, throughout antiquity, the tomb of Achilles was
believed to be the sepulchral mound on an elevation at the
foot of the promontory of Sigeum, close to the Hellespont,
and its position corresponds perfectly with Homer's de-
scription.*

"The field situated directly south of this tomb, and
which is covered with fragments of pottery, is doubtless the
site of the ancient town of Achilleum, which, according to
Strabo (XIII. 1. p. 1 10), was built by the Mitylena\ans, who
were for many years at war with the Athenians, while the
latter held Sigeum, and which was destroyed simultaneously
with Sigeum by the people of Ilium. Pliny {H. IV., V. ^^)
confirms the disappearance of Achilleum. The Ilians here
brought offerings to the dead, not only on the tomb of
Achilles, but also upon the neighbouring tombs of Patro-
clus and Antilochus.f Alexander the Great offered sacri-

* Odyssey, XXIV. 80--81 :

'Afj.<p' avTolai 5' tntna /xeyav Kal a/xvfj.ova rvfifiov
Xtvaixfy 'Apytioov itpbs (Trparbs alxuriTawv,
'Aktt) eV) irpovxoviry, eVl TrAaTe? '^.K\T)a-n6vTif,
' Cls Kev rr)\«pavj)S e'/c Trovroipiv avSpdfftv e?r)
To?j, o? vvv yeydatri, ko.) ot uerdirtadev tcrovTcu.

"We the holy army of the spear-throwing Argives, then raised round these
(bones) a great and honourable tomb on the projecting shore of the broad Hellespont,
so that it might be seen from the sea by the men who are now bom and who shall be
hereafter." — Dr. Schlieinann's translation.

t Strabo, XIII. i.

i*','&:-

^gp-^

A.— MOUND OF IN-TKI'K,
'1 he traditional Tomb of Ajax, with the Ruins of his Tempi

B.— MOUND CALLED THE TOMB OF ACHILLE

1872.] THE SEPULCHRES OF HEROES. I 79

fices here in the temple of Achilles.* Caracalla also,
accompanied by his army, offered sacrifices to the manes
of Achilles, and held games around the tomb.f Homer
never says anything about a river in the Greek camp, which
probably extended along the whole shore between Cape
Sigeum and the Scamander, which at that time occupied
the ancient bed of the Kalifatli-Asmak. But the latter,
below the village of Kumkoi, is at all events identical
with the large bed of the small stream In-tepe-Asmak,
which flows into the Hellespont near Cape Rhceteum.

" M. Nikola'i'des further quotes the following lines from
the Tliad (II. 811-815) : —

"Eoti 8e Tts TrpoTrdpoiOe 7roAtos ahreia koXwvtj,
'Ev 7reStu) aTrdvtvBt, 7repi8/30yu.os evOa xal ev8a,
Trjv T7T01 avBpes BotTieiay klkXtjo-kowlv,
' AOdvaroL Se T€ crrjfxa TroXvaKapO fxoto Miyjivjys.
"E^vOa totc Tpwes re. SuKpiOev 778 i-KiKOvpoi.

' Before the city stands a lofty mound,
Each way encircled by the open plain ;
Men call it Batiea; but the Gods
The tomb of swift Myrina; mustered there
The Trojans and Allies their troops arrayed.'

M. Nikolaides gathers from this, that in front of Ilium there
was a very high hill, upon which the Trojan army of
50,000 men were marshalled in battle-array. I, however,
do not interpret the above lines by supposing that the
mound of Batiea was large and spacious, nor that 50,000
were marshalled upon it in battle-array. On the contrary,
when Homer uses the word ' anrvs ' for height, he always
means ' steep and lofty,' and upon a steep and lofty height
50,000 Trojans could not possibly have been marshalled.
Moreover, the poet expressly says that the steep hill is
called by the gods the tomb of the nimble-limbed Myrina,

'" Plutarch, ' Life of Alexander the Great ' ; Cicero, pro Archia, 10 ;
/Elian. V. H., 12, 7.

+ Dio Cassius, LXXVII.

N 2

180 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. X.

while ' Batiea,' the name which men gave the hill, can
signify only ' the tomb of Batiea.' For, according to
Apollodorus (iii. 12), Batiea was the daughter of the Trojan
King Teucer, and married Dardanus, who had immigrated
from Samothrace, and who eventually became the founder
of Troy.* Myrina was one of the Amazons who had under-
taken the campaign against Troy.f Homer can never have
wished us to believe that 50,000 warriors were marshalled
upon a steep and lofty tumulus, upon whose summit
scarcely ten men could stand ; he only wished to indicate
the locality where the Trojan army was assembled ; they
were therefore marshalled round or beside the tumulus.

" M. Nikolaides goes on to say, that such a hill still exists
in front of Bunarbashi, whereas there is no hill whatever, not
even a mound, before Ilium Novum. My answer to this
is that in front of the heights of Bunarbashi there are none
of those conical tumuli called ' o-rjfiaTa ' by Homer, that
however there must have been one in front of Hissarlik,
where I am digging, but it has disappeared, as do all earthen
mounds when they are brought under the plough/}; Thus,
for instance, M. Nikolaides, during his one day's residence
in the Plain of Troy in the year 1867, still found the
tumulus of Antilochus near the Scamander, for he speaks
of it in his work published in the same year. I, too, saw
the same tumulus in August, 1868, but even then it had
considerably decreased in size, for it had just begun to be
ploughed over, and now it has long since disappeared.

" M. Nikolaides says that I am excavating in New Ilium.
My answer is that the city, whose depths I am investigating,
was throughout antiquity, nay from the time of its founda-
tion to that of its destruction, always simply called Ilium,
and that no one ever called it New Ilium, for everyone

* Iliad, XX. 2 1 5-2 1 8.

t Herodotus, I. 27 ; Iliad, III. 189-190; Strabo, XIII. 3.

% But see further on this point. Chapter XI.. pp. 197-S. — [En. J

1872.] NEW ILIUM NO ANCIENT NAME. 181

believed that the city stood on the site of the Homeric Ilium,
and that it was identical with it. The only person who
ever doubted its identity with Ilium, the city of Priam, was
Demetrius of Scepsis, who maintained that the famous old
city had stood on the site of the village of the Ilians
('iXieW K(o[A7}), which lies 30 stadia (3 geog. miles) to
the south-east. This opinion was afterwards shared by
Strabo, who however, as he himself admits, had never
visited the Plain of Troy ; hence he too calls the town
' to a-q^epiuov vlAio^,' to distinguish it from the Homeric
Ilium. My last year's excavations on the site of the 'IXieW
Kdjfxrj have, however, proved that the continuous elevation
on one side of it, which appeared to contain the ruins of
great town walls, contains in reality nothing but mere
earth. Wherever I investigated the site of the ancient
village, I always found the primary soil at a very inconsider-
able depth, and nowhere the slightest trace of a town ever
having stood there. Hence Demetrius of Scepsis and
Strabo, who adopted his theory, were greatly mistaken.
The town of Ilium was only named Ilium Novum about
1000 years after its complete destruction ; in fact this
name was only given to it in the year 1788 by Lechevalier,
the author of the theory that the Homeric Ilium stood on
the heights of Bunarbashi. Unfortunately, however, as his
work and map of the Plain of Troy prove, Lechevalier
only knew of the town from hearsay ; he had never taken
the trouble to come here himself, and hence he has com-
mitted the exceedingly ludicrous mistake, in his map, of
placing his New Ilium 4^ miles from Hissarlik, on the
other side of the Scamander, near Kum-kaleh.

" I wonder where M. Nikola'i'des obtained the information
that the city which he calls Ilium Novum was founded by
Astypalaeus in the sixth century B.C. It seems that he
simply read in Strabo (XIII. 602), that the Astypalaeans,
living in Rhoeteum, built on the Simois the town of
Polion (which name passed over into Polisma), which, as

I 82 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap- x-

it had no natural fortifications, was soon destroyed, and
that he has changed this statement of Strabo's by making
the Astypahcans build Ilium Novum in the sixth century
B.C. In the following sentence Strabo says that the town
(Ilium) arose under the dominion of the Lydians, which
began in 797 b.c Whence can M. NikolaYdes have
obtained the information that the foundation of the town
was made in the sixth century ?

" M. Nikolaides further says that Homer certainly saw
the successors of ./Eneas ruling in Troy, else he could not
have put the prophecy of that dynasty into the mouth of
Poseidon.* I also entertained the same opinion, until my
excavations proved it to be erroneous, and showed un-
doubtedly that Troy was completely destroyed, and rebuilt
by another people.

" As a further proof that the site of the Homeric
Ilium was on the heights of Bunarbashi, M. NikolaYdes
says that the Trojans placed a scout on the tumulus of
/Esyetes, to watch when the Achaeans would march forth
from their ships, and he thinks that, on account of the
short distance from the Hellespont, this watching would
have been superfluous and unreasonable if, as I say, Troy
had stood on the site of Ilium, which M. NikolaYdes calls
Ilium Novum. I am astonished at this remark of M.
NikolaYdes, for, as he can see from his own map of the
Plain of Troy, the distance from hence to the Hellespont
is nearly four miles, or i£ hour's walk, whereas no human
eye can recognise men at a distance of 1 mile, much
less at a distance of four. M. NikolaYdes, however, be-
lieves the tumulus of iEsyetes to be the mound called
Udjek-Tepe, which is 8 miles or 3^ hours' journey from
the Hellespont. But at such a distance the human eye
could scarcely see the largest ships, and could in no case
recognise men.

* Iliad, XX. 307-308, quoted in the Introduction, p. 19.

1872.] SPRINGS CLOSE TO TROY. I 83

" In like manner, the assertion of M. Nikola'ides, that
there is no spring whatever near Hissarlik, is utterly wrong.
It would be unfortunate for me if this were true, for I have
constantly to provide my 130 workmen with fresh water
to drink ; but, thank God, close to my excavations, im-
mediately below the ruins of the town-wall, there are two
beautiful springs, one of which is even a double one.
M. Nikola'ides is also wrong in his assertion that the
Scamander does not flow, and never has flowed, between
Hissarlik and the Hellespont ; for, as already stated, the
Scamander must at one time have occupied the large
and splendid bed of the Kalifatli-Asmak, which runs into
the- Hellespont near Cape Rhceteum, and which is not
given in the map of M. Nikola'ides.

" Lastly, he is completely wrong in his statement that
the hill of Hissarlik, where I am digging, lies at the
extreme north-eastern end of the Plain of Troy ; for, as
everyone may see by a glance at the map, the Plain
extends still further to the north-east an hour and a half
in length and half an hour in breadth, and only ends at
the foot of the heights of Renko'i* and the ancient city of
Ophrynium.

" It will be easily understood that, being engaged with
my superhuman works, I have not a moment to spare,
and therefore I cannot waste my precious time with idle
talk. I beg M. Nikola'ides to come to Troy, and to
convince himself with his own eyes that, in refuting his
erroneous statements, I have described all I see here before
me with the most perfect truth."

( 1 84 )

CHAPTER XI.

Increase of men and machinery and cost on the works : but slow pro-
gress— Continued hurricane on " the windy Ilium " ("IAios ^rc/xoccro-a)
— The great platform proves too high — New cutting — Excavation
of the temple — Objects found — Greek statuettes in terra-cotta —
Many whorls with 7-+^ and suns — Wheel-shaped whorls with simple
patterns in the lowest strata — Terra-cotta balls with suns and stars —
Use of the whorls as amulets or coins discussed — Little bowls,
probably lamps — Other articles of pottery — Funnels — A terra-
cotta bell — Various beautiful terra-cottas — Attempts at forgery
by the workmen — Mode of naming the men — The springs in front
of Ilium — Question of Homer's hot and cold spring — Course of
the Simoi's — The tomb of Batiea or Myrina identified with the
Pacha Tepe — Theatre of Lysimachus — Heat and wind — Plague
of insects and scorpions — Konstantinos Kolobos, a native genius
without feet.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, July 13th, 1872.

My last report was dated the 18th of June. As the great
extent of my excavations renders it necessary for me
to work with no less than 120 men, I have already been
obliged, on account of the harvest season, to increase the
daily wages to 12 piasters since the 1st of June; but even
this would not have enabled me to collect the requisite
number of men, had not Mr. Max Midler, the German
Consul in Gallipoli, had the kindness to send me 40 work-
men from that place. In consequence of this, even during
the busiest harvest season, I have always had from 120 to
130 workmen, and now that the harvest is over, I have
constantly 150. To facilitate the works, I have procured,
through the kindness of the English Consul in Con-
stantinople, Mr. Charles Cookson, 10 "man-carts," which

Chap. XL 1872.] " ILIUM THE WINDY." 1 85

are drawn by two men and pushed by a third. The same
gentleman also sent me 20 wheel-barrows, so that I now
work with 10 man-carts and 88 wheel-barrows. In addi-
tion to these I keep six more carts with horses, each of
which costs 5 francs a day, so that the total cost of my
excavations amounts to more than 400 francs (16/.) a
day. Besides battering-rams, chains, and windlasses, my
implements consist of 24 large iron levers, 108 spades, and
103 pickaxes, all of the best English manufacture. From
sunrise to sunset all are busily at work, for I have three
capital foremen, and my wife and I are always present at
the works. But for all this I do not think that I now
remove more than 400 cubic yards of debris in a day, for
the distance is always increasing, and in several places it
is already more than 262 feet. Besides this, the continual
hurricane from the north, which drives the dust into
our eyes and blinds us, is exceedingly disturbing. This
perpetual high wind is perhaps explained by the fact that
the Sea of Marmora, with the Black Sea behind it, is con-
nected with the iEgean Sea by a strait comparatively so
narrow. Now, as such perpetual high winds are unknown
in any other part of the world, Homer must have lived in
the Plain of Troy, otherwise he would not have so often
given to his Taios the appropriate epithet of " rjpefxoeaaa "
(the " windy " or " stormy "), which he gives to no other
place.

As I have already said, at a perpendicular depth of 12
meters (39^ feet) below the summit of the hill (on the
site of what is probably the temple built by Lysimachus)
I have dug a platform, 102 feet broad below and 112 feet
wide at the top: it already extends to a length of 82 feet.
But to my great alarm I rind that I have made it at least
5 meters (i6h feet) too high; for, in spite of the great
depth and the great distance from the declivity of the hill,
I am here still in the debris of the Greek colony, whereas
on the northern declivity of the hill I generallv reached the

1 86 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XI.

ruins of the preceding people at a depth of less than 6h
feet. To make the whole platform i6h feet lower would
be a gigantic piece of work, for which I have no patience
at present, on account of the advanced season of the year.
But in order as soon as possible to find out what lies
hidden in the depths of this temple, I have contented
myself with making a cutting 26 feet broad above and
13 feet wide below, exactly i6i feet below the platform
and in the centre of it. This cutting I am having dug
out at the same time from below and on two terraces, so
it advances rapidly.

Since the discovery of the Sun-god with the four horses,
many blocks of marble with representations of suns and
flowers have been found, but no sculptures of any impor-
tance. As yet very few other objects have been brought
to light from the excavation of the temple ; only a few
round terra-cottas with the usual decoration of the central
sun surrounded by three, four, or five triple or quad-
ruple rising suns ; knives of silex in the form of saws, a
few pretty figures in terra-cotta, among which is a priestess
with very expressive Assyrian features, with a dress of a
brilliant red and green colour, and a red cloth round her
head ; also a small bowl, the lower end of which represents
the head of a mouse. The mouse, it is well known, is a
creature inspired by the vapours of the earth, and, as the
symbol of wisdom, was sacred to Apollo. According to
Strabo (XIII. p. 613) Apollo is said to have caused mice
to show the Teucrians, who migrated from Crete, the
place where they were to settle. However, the bowl with
the head of a mouse is no more a proof that the temple
built here by Lysimachus was dedicated to Apollo than is
the metope representing the Sun-god with four horses.

In the other parts of my excavations, since my last
report, we have again brought to light an immense number
of round terra-cottas, and among them, from a depth of
from 4 to 10 meters (13 to ^^ feet), a remarkable number

1872.] INTERESTING WHORLS. 1 87

with three, four, or five ^[-j round the central sun.* One,
from a depth of 23 feet,f shows the central sun surrounded by-
six suns, through each of which a pj-J passes ; upon another,
found at a depth of 33 feet, the central sun has 12 trees
instead of rays ;J upon a third, brought from a depth of \6\
feet, the sun has seven rays in the form of fishing-hooks,
one in the form of the figure three and two in the shape of
the Phoenician letter Nun, then follow 1 2 sheaves of rays, in
each of which are four little stars ; upon a fourth terra-
cotta, which I found at a depth of i6h feet, there are four
rising suns and a tree in the circle round the sun.§ I very
frequently find between the rising suns three or four rows
of three dots running towards the central sun, || which,
as already said, according to E. Burnouf, denote " royal
majesty " in the Persian cuneiform inscriptions. It is
certain that this symbol is here also intended to glorify the
Sun-god. At a depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to ^^
feet) we also find round terra-cottas, upon which the entire
surface round the sun is filled with little stars, and in
addition only one p|-j.

During the last few days we have also found, in
the strata next above the primary soil, at a depth of from
46 to 36 feet, a number of round brilliant black terra-
cottas of exquisite workmanship ; most of them much flatter
than those occurring in the higher strata, and resembling
a wheel ; many are in the shape of large flat buttons.^]
But we also meet with some in the form of tops and
volcanoes, which differ from those found in the higher
strata only by the fineness of the terra-cotta and by their
better workmanship. The decorations on these very
ancient articles are, however, generally much simpler than

* See the Plates of Whorls, Nos. 350, 351, 352, 356, 357, 359, &c.
t Plate XXVI., No. 362. M. Burnouf calls these "the 6 bi-monthly
sacrifices."

t Plate XXXIIL, No. 402. § Plate XXXIV., No. 403.

|| Plate XXII.. No. 320. If See the Sections on Plate XXI.

i88

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XI.

those met with above a depth of 10 meters (33 feet), and
are mostly confined to the representation of the sun with
its rays, or with stars between the latter, or of the sun in
the centre of a simple cross, or in the middle of four or
rive double or treble rising suns. At a depth of 6 meters
(20 feet) we again found a round terra-cotta in the form of
a volcano, upon which are engraved three antelopes in the
circle round the sun.

At a depth of from 5 to 8 meters (i6i to 16 feet) a
number of terra-cotta balls were found, the surface of
each being divided into eight fields ; these contain a great
many small suns and stars, either enclosed by circles or
standing alone. Most of the balls, however, are without
divisions and covered with stars ; upon some I find the P}-}
and the tree of life, which, as already said, upon a terra-
cotta ball found at a depth of 16 feet, had stars between
its branches.

o o oo°ooo

ft^X^^

o o o o o o o

No. 143. Terra-cotta Ball, representing apparently the climates of the globe (8 M.).*

Among the thousands and thousands of round terra-
cottas in the form of the volcano, the top, or the wheel,

* In the ball here depicted there is no mistaking the significance of
the line of j-j^, the symbols of fire, as denoting the torrid zone. The
three dots are, according to M. Burnouf, the symbol of royal majesty
therein residing. The two rows of dots parallel to the torrid zone may
possibly represent the inhabited regions of the temperate zones, accord-
ing to the oriental theory followed by Plato. — [Ed.]

i872.] USES OF THE WHORLS. 189

which are found here from the surface down to a depth of
from 14 and 16 meters (46 to 53 feet) — that is, from the
end of the Greek colony down to the ruined strata of the
first inhabitants, I have not yet found a single one with
symbolical signs, upon which I could discover the slightest
trace that it had been used for any domestic purpose.* On
the other hand, among those which have no decorations I
find a few, perhaps two in a hundred, of those in the form
of volcanoes, the upper surfaces of which show distinct
traces of rubbing, as if from having been used on the
spinning-wheel or loom. That these articles, which are
frequently covered with the finest and most artistic en-
gravings, should have served as weights for fishing-nets, is
utterly inconceivable, for, apart from all other reasons
opposed to such a supposition, pieces of terra-cotta have
not the requisite weight, and of course are directly spoilt
by being used in water.

M. E. Burnouf writes to me, that these exceedingly
remarkable objects were either worn by the Trojans
and their successors as amulets, or must have been
used as coins. Both of these suppositions, however, seem
to me to be impossible. For amulets they are much
too large and heavy, for they are from above 1 inch to
nearly 2 inches, and some even 2-A- inches, in diameter,
and from f of an inch to nearly 2 inches high ; more-
over, it would be most uncomfortable to wear even a
single one of these heavy pieces on the neck or breast.
That they were used as coins appears to me inconceivable,
on account of the religious symbols ; moreover, if they had
been so used, they would show traces of wear from their
continual transfer. The white substance with which the
engravings are filled seems also to contradict their having
been used as coins ; for in their constant passage from
hand to hand it would have soon disappeared. Lastly,

* See the qualification of this statement on p. 40.

190 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XI.

such an use is inconsistent with the fact that they also occur
in the strata of the Greek colony, in which I find a number
of copper and some silver coins of Ilium. However, the
latter belong for the most part to the time of the Roman
emperors, and I cannot say with certainty that they reach
back beyond our Christian era. There are, however, coins
of Sigeum, which probably belong to the second century
before Christ, for in Strabo's time this town was already
destroyed.

At a depth of 14 meters (46 feet) I find, among
other curious objects, small round bowls only if inch in
diameter ; some of them have, on the edge of the bottom,
four little feet with a perforated hole, and in the centre a

No. 144. Small Terracotta Vessel irom the lowest Stratum, with four perforated feet, and one
foot in the middle (14 M.).*

fifth little foot without a hole. Other bowrls of the same
size have four little feet, only two of which have a per-
forated hole. My conjecture is that all of these small
bowls, which could both stand and be hung up, were
used by the ancient Trojans as lamps. Among the ruins
of the three succeeding nations I find no trace of lamps,
and only at a depth of less than a meter (3^ feet) do I
find Greek \v^yoi.

At the depth of 2 meters (6h feet) I found, among
the ruins of a house, a great quantity of very small
bowls, only 3~4ths of an inch high and 2~5ths of an

* In the Atlas, Dr. Schliemann describes this and another such as
Trojan lamps, but adds that they may be only vase covers.

1872.] INSCRIBED FUNNELS. 191

inch broad, together with their small lids ; their use is
unknown to me. At all depths below 4 meters (13 feet)
I find the small flat saucers of from nearly 2 inches to
above 3 inches in diameter, with two holes opposite each
other; from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet) they are
coarse, but from 7 to 10 meters (23 to ^ ^eet) they are
finer, and from 13 to 14 meters (425 to 46 feet) they are
very fine. I am completely ignorant as to what they can
have been used for. At all these depths I also find funnels
from 2! to above 3 inches long, the broad end of which
is only a little above an inch in diameter. In the upper
strata they are made of very coarse clay, but at an increas-
ing depth they gradually become better, and at a depth

Nos. 145, 146. Two little Funnels of Terra-cotta, inscribed with Cyprian Letters (3 m.).

of 46 feet they are made of very good terra-cotta. It is
extremely remarkable, however, that these curious and
very " unpractical " funnels were kept in use in an entirely
unchanged pattern by all the tribes which inhabited Ilium
from the foundation of the city to before the Greek colony.
I also find, in the second and third strata, terra-cottas in the
form of the primitive canoes which were made of the hollowed
trunk of a tree. From 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet) they
are coarse, and about 4 inches long ; at a depth of from
7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet) they are finer, and from
i| to 2| inches long. They may have been used as salt-
cellars or pepper-boxes ; I found several with fiat lids.

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XI.

No. 147. A Trojan
Humming-top (7 M.).

No. 148. Terra-cotta Bell,
or Clapper, or Rattle
(5 M., 7 in the Photo-
graph.1.

These vessels cease to be found in the lowest stratum.
Miniature vases and pots, between i and 2 inches high,
are frequently found in all the strata from a depth of
from 10 to 33 feet; at a depth of from 46 to 52^ feet

only three miniature
pots were discovered ;
one is not quite an
inch high. At a depth
of 5 meters (16^ feet)
we found a perfectly
closed earthen vessel
with a handle, which
seems to have been
used as a bell, for
there are pieces of
metal inside of it which ring when it is shaken.

Of cups (vase-covers) with owls' heads and helmets,
since my last report two have been brought out from a
depth of 10 and rr feet, two from 16 feet, and one from
26 feet. The first are made of bad terra-cotta and
are inartistic ; those from a depth of 1 6 feet are much
better finished and of a better clay ; while that from
26 feet (8 meters) is so beautiful, that one is inclined to
say that it represents the actual portrait of the goddess
with the owl's face.* During these last few days we have
found a number of those splendid red cups in the form
of large champagne-glasses, without a foot, but with two
enormous handles, one of which was io^ inches high;
but I have already found one r2^ inches in height. From
a depth of from 16 to ^^ feet we have also brought out
many small pots with three little feet, with rings at the
sides and holes in the mouth for hanging up, and with
pretty engraved decorations. Upon the whole, we have

':;' The one meant seems to be that engraved on p. 115 (No. 74).

1872.] DECORATED VASES. 1 93

met with many beautiful terra-cottas from all the strata
during the last few days.

I have still to describe one of those very pretty vases
which occur abundantly at the depth of from 7 to 10
meters (23 to 33 feet), and have either two closed handles,
or, in place of them, two handles with perforated holes,
and also two holes in the mouth in the same direction ;
thus they could stand or be hung up by means of strings
drawn through the four holes. They have in most cases
decorations all round them, which generally consist, above
and below, of three parallel lines drawn round them horizon-
tally ; between these there are 24 perpendicular lines, which
likewise run parallel; the spaces formed by the latter are
filled alternately with three or six little stars.* At a depth
of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to ^^ feet) we also meet,
although seldom, with vases having cuneiform decorations.
I must, however, remind the reader that all the decorations
met with here, at a depth of from 33 feet up to 6h feet,
have always been more or less artistically engraved upon
the terra-cottas when they were still soft and unburnt,
that all of the vases have a uniform colour (though the
ordinary pots are in most cases uncoloured), and that we
have never found a trace of painting in these depths, with
the exception of a curious box in the form of a band-box,
found at a depth of 8 meters (26 feet), which has three
feet as well as holes for hanging it up. It is adorned
on all sides with red decorations on a yellow ground,
and on its lid there is a large pj-| or a very similar symbol
of the Maya, the fire-machine of our Aryan forefathers.

In the lowest stratum also, at the depth of 52^ feet,
I found only the one fragment, already described, of
a vase with an actual painting, f All of the other vessels
found in these strata, even the round terra-cottas in the
form of wheels, volcanoes, or tops, are of a brilliant

* See Cut, No. 149, p. 199. t See Cut, No. t, p. 15.

194 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XI.

black, red or brown colour, and the decorations are
artistically engraved and filled with a white substance, so
as to be more striking to the eye.

As every object belonging to the dark night of the
pre-Hellenic times, and bearing traces of human skill in
art, is to me a page of history, I am, above all things,
obliged to take care that nothing escapes me. I therefore
pay my workmen a reward of 10 paras (5 centime?, or a
half-penny) for every object that is of the slightest value to
me; for instance, for every round terra-cotta with religious
symbols. And, incredible as it may seem, in spite of the
enormous quantities of these articles that are discovered,
my workmen have occasionally attempted to make deco-
rations on the unornamented articles, in order to obtain
the reward ; the sun with its rays is the special object of
their industry. I, of course, detect the forged symbols at
once, and always punish the forger by deducting 2 piasters
from his day's wages ; but, owing to the constant change
of workmen, forgery is still attempted from time to time.

As I cannot remember the names of the men engaged
in my numerous works, I give each a name of my own
invention according to their more or less pious, military
or learned appearance : dervish, monk, pilgrim, corporal,
doctor, schoolmaster, and so forth. As soon as I have
given a man such a name, the good fellow is called so by
all as long as he is with me. I have accordingly a number
of Doctors, not one of whom can either read or write.

Yesterday, at a depth of 13 meters (43^ feet), between
the stones of the oldest city, I again came upon two toads,
which hopped off as soon as they found themselves free.

In my last report I did not state the exact number of
springs in front of Ilium. I have now visited all the
springs myself, and measured their distance from my ex-
cavations, and I can give the following account of them.
The first spring, which is situated directly below the ruins
of the ancient town-wall, is exactly 36$ meters (399 yards)

1872.] THE SPRINGS OF HOMER. 195

from my excavations ; its water has a temperature of
1 6° Celsius (6o-8° Fahrenheit). It is enclosed to a height
of 6h feet by a wall of large stones joined with cement,
gl feet in breadth, and in front of it there are two stone
troughs for watering cattle. The second spring, which
is likewise still below the ruins of the ancient town-wall,
is exactly 725 meters (793 yards) distant from my ex-
cavations. It has a similar enclosure of large stones, 7
feet high and 5 feet broad, and has the same temperature.
But it is out of repair, and the water no longer runs
through the stone pipe in the enclosure, but along the
ground before it reaches the pipe. The double spring
spoken of in my last report is exactly 945 meters (1033
yards) from my excavations. It consists of two distinct
springs, which run out through two stone pipes lying
beside each other in the enclosure composed of large
stones joined with earth, which rises to a height of 7
feet and is 23 feet broad ; its temperature is 1 70 Celsius
(6i'6° Fahrenheit). In front of these two springs there
are six stone troughs, which are placed in such a
manner that the superfluous water always runs from the
first trough through all the others. It is extremely
probable that these are the two springs mentioned by
Homer, beside which Hector was killed.* When the poet

Iliad, XXII. 145-156 : —

Ot 8e Trapa ffKOTriTjv Kal tpivebv r)ve/j.uevra
T€i'xfos aliv vtt(k Kar' afxa^trbv iacrevovro,
Kpovfiii 8' 'inavov KaWippow, tvda. re wrryal
Aoiai avaiaaovai ^KapLavSpov SivrjevTos.
'H fj.(u yap 8' vSaTi AtapiS p4ei, a/Afpl 8e Kairvbs
riyverai e£ avTTJs ws el irvpbs aWofievoio'
'H 8' trepr) 0epei' Trpopea (lkvTo. xa^iV
*H xl"vl ^VXPV ') e'£ CSaros KpucrrdWo-.
'Ecfla 8' err avrawv tcXvvoI tvptes iyyvs eafftv
KaAot AaiVeot, bdt eijuaro aiyaKoevTa
YVKvviffKuv Tpuiiav aAoxoi KaAai re Qvyarpes
Tb irplf ear' dprivris, irplv e\8uv vias 'Ax^^"-

"They" (Hector and Achilles, in flight and pursuit)
"They by the watch-tower, and beneath the wall [Where

O 2

1 96 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XI.

describes the one as boiling hot, the other as cold as ice.
this is probably to be understood in a metaphorical sense;
for the water of both these springs runs into the neigh-
bouring Simo'is, and thence into the Kalifatli-Asmak, whose
enormous bed was at one time occupied by the Scamander ;
the latter, however, as is well known, comes from Mount
Ida from a hot and a cold spring.

I remarked in my last memoir that the Doumbrek-Su
(Simo'is) still flows past the north of Ilium into the former
channel of the Scamander, and I afterwards said that one
of its arms flowed into the sea near Cape Rhceteum. This
remark requires some explanation. The sources of the
Simo'is lie at a distance of eight hours from Hissarlik ;
and, as far down as the neighbouring village of Chalil-Ko'i',
though its water is drawn off into four different channels
for turning mills, its great bed has always an abun-
dance of water even during the hottest summer weather.
At Chalil-Ko'i', however, it divides itself into two arms ; one
of which, after it has turned a mill, flows into the Plain in a
north-westerly direction, forms an immense marsh, and parts
into two branches, one of which again falls into the other
arm, which flows in a westerly direction from Chalil-KoY,
and then empties itself directly into the Kalifatli-Asmak,
the ancient bed of the Scamander. The other arm of the
Simo'is, which flowed in a north-westerly direction from
Chalil-Ko'i', after it has received a tributary from the Kali-
fatli-Asmak by means of an artificial canal, turns direct

Where stood the wind-beat fig-tree, raced amain
Along the public road, until they reached
The fairly-flowing founts, whence issued forth,
From double source, Scamander's eddying streams.
One with hot current flows, and from beneath,
As from a furnace, clouds of steam arise ;
'Mid Summer's heat the other rises cold
As hail, or snow, or water crystallized ;
Beside the fountains stood the washing-troughs
Of well-wrought stone, where erst the wives of Troy
And daughters fair their choicest garments washed,
In peaceful times, ere came the sons of Greece."

1872.] THE TOMB OF BATIEA. I 97

north, and, under the name of In-tepe-Asmak, falls into
the Hellespont through an enormously broad bed, which
certainly was at one time occupied by the Kalifatli-Asmak,
and in remote antiquity by the Scamander, and is close to
the sepulchral mound of Ajax, which is called In-tepe. I
must draw attention to the fact that the name of Ajax
(Atias, gen. Aiclvtos) can even be recognised in the Turkish
name (7^-tepe : Tepe signifies " hill.")

In returning to the article by M. Nikola'kles, I can now
also refute his assertion that near Ilium, where I am digging,
there is no hill which can be regarded as the one described
by Homer as the tomb of Batiea or the Amazon Myrina.*

Strabo (XIII. i. p. 109) quotes the lines already cited
from the Iliad | (II. 790-794) as an argument against
the identity of Ilium with the Ilium of Priam, and adds :
" If Troy had stood on the site of the Ilium of that
day, Polites would have been better able to watch the
movements of the Greeks in the ships from the summit of
the Pergamus than from the tumulus of TEsyetes, which
lies on the road to Alexandria Troas, 5 stadia (half a
geographical mile) from Ilium."

Strabo is perfectly right in saying that the Greek camp
must have been more readily seen from the summit of
the Pergamus than from a sepulchral mound on the road
to Alexandria Troas, 5 stadia from Ilium ; for Alexandria
Troas lies to the south-west of Ilium, and the road to it,
which is distinctly marked by the ford of the Scamander at
its entrance into the valley, goes direct south as far as
Bunarbashi, whereas the Hellespont and the Greek camp
were north of Ilium. But to the south of Ilium, exactly in
the direction where the road to Alexandria Troas must have
been, I see before me a tumulus 33 feet high and 13 1 yards
in circumference, and, according to an exact measurement

* See Iliad, II. 81 1-8 15, quoted above, p. 179.
r Chapter II., p. 69.

198 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XI.

which I have made, 1017 yards from the southern city
wall. This, therefore, must necessarily be the sepulchral
mound of which Strabo writes ; but he has evidently been
deceived in regard to its identity with the tumulus of
yEsyetes by Demetrius of Scepsis, who wished to prove
the situation of this mound to be in a straight line between
the Greek camp and the village of the Ilians (IXtecov Kco[xrj),
and the latter to be the site of Troy. The tumulus of
./Esyetes was probably situated in the present village of
Kum-Ko'i, not far from the confluence of the Scamander
and the Simois, for the remains of an heroic tumulus several
feet in height are still to be seen there.

The mound now before me is in front of Troy, but
somewhat to the side of the Plain, and this position corre-
sponds perfectly with the statements which Homer gives us
of the position of the monument of Batiea or the Amazon
Myrina : " TrpoTrdpoide 77-0X105" and " eV ire^ico aTravevde.'
This tumulus is now called Pacha-Tepe.

We may form an idea of what a large population Ilium
possessed at the time of Lysimachus, among other signs,
from the enormous dimensions of the theatre which he
built ; it is beside the Pergamus where I am digging, and its
stage is 197 feet in breadth.

The heat during the day, which is 320 Celsius (89/60
Fahrenheit), is not felt at all, owing to the constant wind,
and the nights are cool and refreshing.

Our greatest plague here, after the incessant and in-
tolerable hurricane, is from the immense numbers of insects
and vermin of all kinds ; we especially dread the scorpions
and the so-called Sapai>T07r6&ia (literally " with forty feet " —
a kind of centipede), which frequently fall down from the
ceiling of the rooms upon or beside us, and whose bite is
said to be fatal.

I cannot conclude without mentioning an exceedingly
remarkable person, Konstantinos Kolobos, the owner of a
shop in the village of Neo-Chorion in the Plain of Troy,

-2.]

KONSTANTINOS KOLOBOS.

I99

who, although born without feet, has nevertheless made a
considerable fortune in a retail business. But his talents
are not confined to business ; they include a knowledge
of languages ; and although Kolobos has grown up
among the rough and ignorant village lads and has never
had a master, yet by self-tuition he has succeeded in ac-
quiring the Italian and French languages, and writes and
speaks both of them perfectly. He is also wonderfully
expert in ancient Greek, from having several times copied
and learnt by heart a large etymological dictionary, as well
as from having read all the classic authors, and he can repeat
whole rhapsodies from the Iliad by heart. What a pity it
is that such a genius has to spend his days in a wretched
village in the Troad, useless to the world, and in the con-
stant company of the most uneducated and ignorant people,
all of whom gaze at him in admiration, but none of whom
understand him !

No. 149. A Trojan decorated Vase of Terra-cotta (7 M.

( 200 )

CHAPTKR XII.

Discovery of an ancient wall on the northern slope — Discovery of a
Tower on the south side — Its position and construction — It is
Homer's Great Tower of Ilium — Manner of building with stones
and earth — A Greek inscription- — Remarkable medal of the age of
Commodus — Whorls found just below the surface — Terra-cottas
found at small depths — Various objects found at the various depths
A skeleton, with ornaments of gold, which have been exposed to
a great heat — Paucity of human remains, as the Trojans burnt their
dead — No trace of pillars — Naming of the site as " Ilium " and the
" Pergamus of Troy."

Pergamus of Troy, August 4th, 1872.

Referring to my report of the 13th of last month, I am
glad now to be able to mention that, in excavating the
depths of the temple, I found a wall 10 feet high and 6i
feet thick, which, however, has at one time been much
higher, as the quantity of stones lying beside it seem to
prove. It is at a distance of 131 feet from the declivity of
the hill, and at a perpendicular depth of 34 feet.* This
wall is composed of large stones joined with earth, and, as '
is attested by the layers of dibris which extend in an
oblique direction below it, it was built originally upon the
steep slope of the hill. Hence, since the erection of the
wall, the hill at this point has increased 131 feet in breadth
and 441 feet in height by the accumulation of debris. I
have not yet been able to ascertain whether this wall was
the foundation of an ancient Trojan temple, or whether it
belongs to the enclosing wall which, says Homer,f was
built by Poseidon and Apollo. In the latter case, it would

See Plan 11. t Iliad, VII. 452-453.

Plate \ III.

'' i

THE GREAT TOWER OF ILIUM.
Seen from the S.E.

The top is 8m. (26 ft.) helow the surface.of the Hill: the foundation is on the n
14 m. 146 ft. j deep: the height of the Tower is 20 feet.

Chap. XII. 1872.] DISCOVERY OF THE TOWER. 201

appear strange that it is only 6h feet thick, and was never
higher than i6i feet, for it must be remembered that the
hill has a steep incline on the north side, and that it is very
precipitous at this part especially.

Below the wall I found five of those splendid, brilliant
black fiat Trojan terra-cottas, which are so like a wheel,
that they can be distinguished at a glance from all the others.
One has six suns in the circle round the central sun ;
another has four stars forming a cross round the sun ; a
third has three double rising suns in the circle round the
central sun ; a fourth has four rising suns with five lines,
forming a cross round the sun; a fifth has three triple rising
suns round the sun. I also found below the wall a number
of fragments of black Trojan vessels which are directly re-
cognised by their fineness, and by the long single or double
rings on the sides.

The wall proceeds from west to east, and consequently
obstructs my path, and I cannot remove the debris from
behind it without considerably widening my trench, which
would be a gigantic piece of work between the enor-
mous earthen walls. In continuing my trench in a hori-
zontal direction I have arrived at exactly 6^ feet below
this wall. It is very interesting from a perpendicular depth
of i$h meters, or 51^ feet, to see this mass of primeval
Trojan masonry in a depth of 13^ to ioi meters (44^ to
34 feet), and the wall beside it which was built by Lysi-
machus, and is almost immediately below the surface,
standing as it were in mid air.

On the south side of the hill where, on account of the
slight natural slope, I had to make my great trench with
an inclination of 14 degrees, I discovered, at a distance of
197 feet from the declivity, a Tower, 12 meters or 40 feet
thick, which likewise obstructs my path, and appears to
extend to a great length.* I am busily engaged in making

• The Tower is marked No. 4, and is also named, on Plan II.

202 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XII.

large excavations to the right and left of it, in order to lay-
bare the whole ; for, independently of the mighty interest
attached to this Tower, I must necessarily dig a channel to
allow the waters of the winter rains to run off, as they would
otherwise rush violently down from my platform (197 feet
in length, and with a considerable slope) against the Tower
and injure it. I have uncovered the Tower on the north
and south sides along the whole breadth of my trench, and
have convinced myself that it is built on the rock at a
depth of 14 meters or 46^ feet.

An elevated mass of calcareous earth, 65^ feet broad
and 162 feet high, rests upon the north side of the Tower,
and is evidently composed of the rubbish which had to be
removed in order to level the rock for building the Tower
upon it. I have of course pierced this hillock, and have
convinced myself that the north side of the Tower, 16^ feet
above the rock, does not consist of masonry, but of large
blocks of stone lying loosely one upon another, and that only
the upper part, about a yard high, consists of actual masonry.
This hillock, having the form of a rampart, thus serves to
consolidate the north side of the Tower, and renders it pos-
sible to ascend to the top without steps. The south side
of the Tower, looking out upon the Plain, consists of very
solid masonry, composed of blocks of limestone joined with
earth, some of the stones being hewn, others not. This
south side of the Tower rises from the rock at an angle
of 75 degrees.

None but those who have been present at these works
can have any idea of the enormous difficulties connected
with making excavations 465 feet deep on the right and
left of the Tower, where the ddbris has to be carried off to
a distance of more than 262 feet. At this great distance
it is very fatiguing to work with wheel-barrows and man-
carts ; so I now keep seven carts drawn by horses, which I
rind a very great relief.

The Tower is at present only 6 meters (20 feet high),

1872.] HOMER'S "TOWER OF ILIUM." 203

but the nature of its surface, and the masses of stones lying
on both sides, seem to prove that it was at one time much
higher.* For the preservation of what remains we have
only to thank the ruins of Troy, which entirely covered
the Tower as it now stands. It is probable that after the
destruction of Troy much more of it remained standing,
and that the part which rose above the ruins of the town was
destroyed by the successors of the Trojans, who possessed
neither walls nor fortifications. The western part of the
Tower, so far as it is yet uncovered, is only from 121 to 1 24
feet distant from the steep western slope of the hill ; and, con-
sidering the enormous accumulation of debris, I believe that
the Tower once stood on the western edge of the Acropolis,
where its situation would be most interesting and imposing ;
for its top would have commanded, not only a view of
the whole Plain of Troy, but of the sea with the islands of
Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. There is not a more
sublime situation in the area of Troy than this, and I there-
fore presume that it is the " Great Tower of Ilium" which
Andromache ascended because " she had heard that the
Trojans were hard pressed and that the power of the
AciKcans was great."f After having been buried for thirty-
one centuries, and after successive nations have built their
houses and palaces high above its summit during thousands
of years, this Tower has now again been brought to light,
and commands a view, if not of the whole Plain, at least
of the northern part and of the Hellespont. May this
sacred and sublime monument of Greek heroism for ever

* This opinion was changed afterwards. See Chapter XXIL, p. 318.
-[Ed.]
t Iliad, VI. 386, 387 :—

'AAA.' iv\ irvpyov tfSr] /xeyav 'IAi'ou, ouvtK aKovcrev
Teipecrdai Tpwas, fxtya 8e KpaTos elvai 'Axcuoiv.

" But to the height uf Ilion's topmost tower
Andromache is gone ; since tidings came
The Trojan force was overmatched, and great
The Grecian strength."

204 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XII.

attract the eves of those who sail through the Hellespont !
May it become a place to which the enquiring youth of all
future generations shall make pilgrimage and fan their en-
thusiasm for knowledge, and above all for the noble language
and literature of Greece ! May it be an inducement speedily
and completely to lay bare the walls of Troy, which must
necessarily be connected with this Tower and most probably
also with the wall laid open by me on the north side, to
uncover which is now a very easy matter.

The expenses of excavating Ilium are, however, too great
for private means, and I hope that a company will be
formed, or that some government will decide to continue
my excavations, so that I may proceed to the excavation of
the acropolis of Mycenag. Meanwhile I shall continue the
excavations at my own expense, but I shall in future confine
myself to gradually uncovering the large surrounding walls,
which are sure to be in a more or less good state of pre-
servation at a great depth below the city wall built by
Lysimachus.

Before I had seen even the smallest ruins of walls be-
longing to Ilium, I repeatedly maintained in my reports
that the whole city was built, as it is now proved by the
Wall and the Tower to have been, of stones joined with
earth. That this style of building, if not more ancient, is
at least just as ancient as the so-called cyclopean, is proved
by the walls and houses of Thera (Santorin) and Therassia,
which are built in the same way, and which, as is well
known, were discovered beneath three layers of volcanic
ashes 68 feet thick. These ashes were, however, thrown
up by a central volcano, which must have been at least
3800 feet high, and which, as is generally supposed, sank
into the sea at latest 1500 years before Christ.

Upon the site of the temple I found, at a depth of
65 feet, a block of marble 5! feet high, and 2! feet both
in breadth and thickness ; it weighs about 50 tons, and
contains the following inscription : —

1872.J A GREEK INSCRIPTION. 205

HBOYAHKAIOAHMO

IAIEJ1NETIMHZANAY

KAAYA IONKAIKINAI

A ION KYZlKHNoNA
5TA Aori ITHNYnoTo

OTATOYAYTOKPATOPO

IAPOITITOYA I AIOYAA

NOYANTilN JOYEE.BA

EYZEBoYZK..lnoAA
w/MErAAATHin,.AEIKATo

ZANTAKAIT. DAZXoNT
TETHAoriZT.-lAKAIZ.Y
ropiAlZANA.-.nAZHZT
AEIONAPETH.,ENEKENK

isEYNolAZTHZnPOZTH
noAIN

The first name occurring in this inscription, of which
the syllable AY is preserved, is probably AYAOZ. KAIKINAI,
must certainly be the family-name, and must indicate the
Latin ablative. Whether the other name, of which AION
remains, is intended for TAION, I do not venture positively
to maintain, but I consider it to be probable. For the
inscription, which I read as follows, is written in bad Greek,
especially towards the end : 'H fiovXr) /cat 6 Srj/xos 'DueW
iTLjxrjcrav AvXov KXavhiov Kat/ctm Tdiov Kv£,u<r)vbi> dp^ovTa

XoyUTTTjV VTTO TOV 0€LOT(XTOV CLVTOKpaTOpOS KatO"a/30<? TtTOV

AlXlov 'ASpLavov 'Avtqjvlov ^e/3ao"rou Euo"e/3ou9 /cat iroXXd
/cat /xeydXa Trj TroXet KaTopOaxravra /cat napda^oPTd re rrj
Xoytcrreta /cat <jvvrjyopiai<; avopa udcnrjs TL/Arjs d^iov dpeTrjs
eveKev /cat evvoCas T779 Trpbs tt\v ttoXiv.

The Emperor mentioned in this inscription is of course
Antoninus Pius, whose reign began in the year 138 a.d.,
and who died in 161 a.d.; it is merely by an error that
he is here called Antonius. He got the name of Hadrian
from his adoptive father, the Emperor Hadrian, and took

2o6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XII.

the name of /Elius after the death of Hadrian's first adopted
son, yKlius Caesar.

Upon the upper end of the block of marble there are
two foot-marks, the one considerably in advance of the
other. Each of them being 151 inches long, they leave no
doubt that upon this block the colossal statue of the
Cyzicene, who is praised in the inscription, stood in the
attitude of an orator. In the hinder foot there is a square
hole, 1^ inch square, in which was placed the iron rod for
fixing the statue. To judge from the size of the foot-
marks, the statue must have been more than 8 feet high,
and, as the marble block is 5 ^ feet in height, the whole
must have been at least 13^ feet high, and hence we may
conclude that the temple in which this work of art stood
was very spacious.

The excavations to the right and left of the Tower have
unfortunately to be made from above, which makes the
work slower, but gives me the advantage of being able
again to state with great accuracy at what depths the various
objects are found. Generally the ruins of the Greek period
extend to a depth of 2 meters (6i feet), but there are places
where the remains of the pre-Hellenic period commence at
less than 1 meter (3^ feet), and this is the case on the east
of the Tower, where at even 33 feet below the surface I
found a seal made of clay with a tree and two stars. At the
same depth I found one straight and three crooked copper
knives, as well as a large double-edged axe and several
other instruments of the same metal. Almost immediately
on the surface I found, among other coins, an exceedingly
remarkable medal, such as I believe has never before been
met with ; on one side it has the portrait of the Emperor
Commodus (here written KOMOAOZ) ; upon the other
there is a figure in armour, armed with two lances (probably
Minerva) standing upon the fore part of a ship, which ends
in an extremely well-wrought head of a gazelle ; in a semi-
circle round it is the word EAAIOYXIHN. The medal

1872.] VARIOUS TERRA-COTTAS. 207

therefore comes from the very small island of Elaeusa, on the
coast of Cilicia, and it proves the remarkable fact that this
small island, which now scarcely possesses any inhabitants,
was anciently so populous that it struck its own coins.

The frequently discussed whorls of terra-cotta, bearing
simple or double crosses with the marks of four nails, or
having three, four, or five double rising suns in the circle
round the central sun, are met with to the east of the
Tower quite close below the surface, that is, at a depth of
not quite a foot. At a depth of 1 meter (3! feet) I found
a small whorl, upon which the Rosa mystica, with its four
petals, forms a cross round the sun. At as small a depth
as 2 meters (6i feet) I discovered a small and coarsely
made cup, with the owl's face of the Ilian tutelary god-
dess, also very clumsy goblets in the form of champagne-
glasses with two handles ; at a depth of 3 meters (10 feet)
small saucers with three little feet, which are adorned with
Pj-J and trees of life. I also found at the same depth
small terra-cotta volcanoes and tops with the pj^J, and a
great number of them at a depth of 4 meters (13 feet).
At the latter depth I found, when excavating the west
side of the Tower, an extremely curious cup, nearly 8
inches high, in the form of a Mecklenburg roll (yPluten-
semmel), with four divisions, but round and furnished
with two enormous handles ; it has a rounded foot, so
that it can only stand on its mouth. In the same place
I found a curious vase, with little rings on the sides for
suspension by strings, and a little spout in the bulge,
so that the fluid poured into the vase would run out
again directly. Vases with such tubes in the bulge,
but without rings at the sides, are very frequently met
with. Further, at a depth of 4 meters (13 feet) I found
goblets in the form of champagne-glasses, with two large
handles ; also a curious little terra-cotta volcano with
four pj-j, the symbol of lightning, and two sacrificial altars
covered with flames. At a depth of 5 meters (16^ feet)

208

ru<>Y AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XII.

I to unci several such pieces with extremely interesting
symbolical signs ; one ot them had a very fine engraving
of the flaming altar and the tree of life. In the same
stratum I found a neat little vase with three feet, two
handles, and prettily engraved decorations ; lastly, a
number of small knives made of silex, in the form of saws.
At a depth of 6 meters (20 feet) we found a vessel, a little
more than 9 inches long, which is exactly in the shape of
an animal ; it has three feet, a tail, and an upright neck,
which is connected with the back by a large handle. At a
depth of 7 meters (23 feet) I found a very pretty vase, with
the owl's head of the tutelary goddess of Troy, her two
female breasts and navel ; the two arms
are raised by the side of the head, and
served as handles. From the same depth
we brought out a curious saw made
of bone ; from a depth of 8 meters
(26 feet), idols with the image of the
, Ilian Athena, with her girdle, made of

No. 150. Terra-cotta Vase (7 M.). O

very fine marble ; at the same depth
some of those earthen funnels which I have already fre-
quently mentioned, also several terra-cotta balls covered with

engravings of little stars. I
also discovered during the
last few days, at depths of
from 8 to 1 1 meters (26 to
36 feet) a number of large
vases and vessels of various
forms, with two, three, and
four handles, and, besides
these, at 10 meters (33 feet)
deep, a vessel in the form
of an animal, with three feet
and a tail ; a horn, which projects from the upright neck
and serves as a handle, connects the head with the end
of the back. This vessel is not unlike a locomotive engine.

No. 151. Terra-cotta Vase in the form of an
Animal, from the Trojan Stratum lioM.).

IS72.J

A PRE-TROJAN SKELETON.

209

The day before yesterday, at the depth of 14 meters
(46 feet), we met with a great number of interesting things;
for instance, the neck of a brilliant red vase with the owl's
head, which has two enormously large eyes ; then a brilliant
brown vessel, 8f inches long, 7 inches high, and nearly

No. 152. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Pig, from the Lowest Stratum (14 M.).

6 inches thick, in the form of a sow, with a projecting but
closed head of excellent workmanship, and with three feet ;
the orifice of the vessel is in the tail, which is connected
with the back by a handle. Further, a lance and several
instruments, as well as a number of copper nails, and needles
of ivory for embroidering. In the ashes of the same house,
which has evidently been burnt, I also found, at a depth of
13 meters (42^ feet), a tolerably well preserved skeleton of a
woman, of which I think I
have collected nearly all the
bones ; the skull especially
is in a good state of pre-
servation, but has unfortu-
nately been broken in our
excavations ; however, I can
easily put it together again ;
the mouth is somewhat pro-
truding, and shows good
but astonishingly small
teeth. By the side of the skeleton I found a finger-ring,

No. 153.

Skull of a Woman, found near some gold orna-
ments in the Lowest Stratum (13 M.).

210 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XII.

three ear-rings, and a dress-pin of pure gold. The latter
is perfectly simple, and has a round head ; two of the ear-
rings are of quite a primitive kind, and consist of simple
gold wire 0*058 of an inch thick; as does also the third
ear-ring, which, however, is much more finely wrought
and ends in a leaf, which is formed of six gold wires of
equal thickness, riveted together.* The finger-ring is made
of three gold wires 0*115 of an inch thick. All of these
objects bear evidence of having been exposed to great heat.
The Trojan woman must, however, have also worn other
ornaments, for by the side of the skeleton I collected several
gold beads only o " 039 of an inch large, and also a very
thin oval ring only a quarter of an inch in length. Even
the colour of the bones leaves no doubt that the lady was
overtaken by lire and burnt alive. With the exception of
the skeleton of the embryo of six months which was found
in a vase upon the primary soil, this is the only human
skeleton I have ever met with in any of the pre-Hellenic
strata on this hill.f As we know from Homer, all corpses
were burnt, and the ashes were placed in urns, of which I
have found great numbers in the ruins of all the nations
which inhabited this hill before the time of the Greek colony.
The bones, however, were always burnt to ashes ; at most I
have occasionally discovered a whole tooth, in no case have
I ever met with another entire bone in the urns.

Among the remains of the same Trojan house, and not
far from the skeleton, I found the fragment of a yellow
cup (vase-cover), with a very expressive man's face; the
nose is long and somewhat aquiline. In addition to this I
found there seven of the round terra-cottas in the shape
of a flat top. Among these was one 2^ inches in diameter,
which has the exact form of a wheel : in the circle round

* Similar rings are shown among the articles of the Treasure
(Chapter XXIII., Plate XX).

t Others, even more interesting, were found later (Chapter XX., pp.
279-80).

187:

THE PERGAMUS OF TROY.

21 1

the nave it has five rising suns. As usual, these decorations
are engraved and filled with a white substance.

Of pillars I have as yet found no trace in Troy ; hence
if there existed real pillars, they must in all cases have been
of wood. Moreover, the word " klcop" is never met with in
the Iliad, and only in the Odyssey. In a house at a depth
of 39T feet, I found a prettily carved and very hard piece
of limestone in the form of a crescent, with a round hole
ih inch deep, and
I conjecture that it
may have been used
as the support for
a door.

In conclusion,
I flatter myself with
the hope that, as
a reward for my
enormous expenses
and all my priva-
tions, annoyances,
and sufferings' in
this wilderness, but
above all for my
important disco-
veries, the civilized

Tir/-vt-lrl mill orl/nnn; No. i<;4. Block of Limestone, with a socket, in which the pivot

worm win acxnow- of a door may have turned {l2M)

ledge my right to

re-christen this sacred locality ; and in the name of the
divine Homer I baptize it with that name of immortal
renown, which fills the heart of everyone with joy and
enthusiasm: I give it the name of "Troy" and "Ilium,"
and I call the Acropolis, where I am writing these lines, by
the name of the " Pcrgamus of Troy." *

* This last name was afterwards recalled by Dr. Schliemann, and that
of " Ilium" or " Troy" confined to the Hill of Hissarlik. See Chapter
XX I II., p. 343 ; and Introduction, p. iS.

p a

( 212 )

CHAPTER XIII.

Intended cessation of the work — Further excavation of the Tower-
Layers of red ashes and calcined stones — Objects found on the
Tower — Weapons, implements, and ornaments of stone, copper,
and silver — Bones — Pottery and vases of remarkable forms —
Objects found on each side of the Tower — First rain for four
months — Thanks for escape from the constant dangers — Results
of the excavations — The site of Homer's Troy identified with that
of Greek Ilium — Error of the Bunarbashi theory — Area of the
Greek city — Depth of the accumulated debris unexampled in the
world — Multitude of interesting objects brought to light — Care in
making drawings of them all.

Pergamus of Troy, August 14th, 1872.

Since my report of the 4th of this month I have continued
the excavations with the utmost energy, but I am now
compelled to stop the works this evening, for my three
foremen and my servant, who is also my cashier, have
been seized by the malignant marsh-fever, and my wife and
I are so unwell that we are quite unable to undertake the
sole direction throughout the day in the terrible heat ot
the sun. We shall therefore leave our two wooden houses
and all our machines and implements in charge of a watch-
man, and to-morrow we shall return to Athens.

The admirers of Homer, on visiting the Pergamus of
Troy, will find that I have not only laid bare the Tower on
the south side, along the whole breadth of my trench, down
to the rock upon which it stands, at a depth of 14 meters
or 46s feet, but that by my excavations on the east and
west I have uncovered it considerably further, without
having found its end. On the contrary, upon the east
side, where it is 40 feet broad, and seems even to be
broader still, I found the ruins of a second storey, of which,

Ch. XIII. 1872.] OBJECTS FOUND ON THE TOWER. 213

however, as far as I can at present judge, four broad steps
have been preserved.* On the western side it is only
9 meters or 30 feet in breadth, and on this side there
extends to the north an enormous wall, the thickness of
which I have not been able to ascertain. The fact of my
not having been able to carry these new excavations down
to the primary soil, but only to a depth of 1 1 meters
{?,6h feet) is owing to the brittle nature of the walls of
rubbish and ruins round about the Tower, which, as any-
one may convince himself, consist of red ashes and of
stones calcined by the heat, and which threatened at any
moment to fall in and bury my workmen.

Upon the Tower, and more especially in the long oval
depression on the top of it, and upon the steps I found
two copper Trojan lances, several arrow-heads in the
primitive form of thick pegs, from above 1 inch to
nearly 2 inches long, which were fastened at the end of the
shaft ; further, an arrow-head i\ inches in length, made
of silex, and in the form of a pointed double-edged saw ;
then several copper and silver nails with round heads, which
may have served as clothes-pins ; further, great quantities
of bones, masses of fragments of Trojan pottery of a
brilliant red and black, and a number of vases and pots
more or less well preserved. Among them is a pretty
brilliant red vase nearly 10 inches high, filled with the
bones of a sea-fish. This vase (found in an urn, which
was unfortunately broken to pieces) has two small handles,
and on two sides an ornament in the form of the Greek
letter Lambda, but with circular ends.f Three other vases

* Respecting these steps, which are marked No. 6, on Plan II., and
c on Plan III., p. 306, see further in Chapter XXII., p. 318, where the
idea of an upper storey is rejected. — [Ed.]

t The cut represents a vase of this type, with the upper part joined
on by Dr. Schliemann, who remarks that it is doubtful whether the owl's
face belongs to this vase, as the Ilian goddess is in no other case repre-
sented on vases without the breasts and abdomen. (Description in the
Atlas of Photographs.)

214

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

| Cm \p. XIII.

of a similar form, and with exactly the same decorations,
were found upon the Tower. Two other vases of the
same form, and with very similar decorations, were found
at depths of 26 and 20 feet. I also found upon the Tower

an exceedingly curious
vessel nearly 6 inches in
length, exactly the shape
of a mole, and with three
feet ; it can also be placed

No. 155. A Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, with an Oma- No. 156. Curious Terra-cotta Vessel in the
ment like the Greek Lambda (8 M.). shape of .1 Mule ( rower : 7 or 8 M.).

so that the snout of the animal is lowest and serves as
a foot; the orifice is in the tail, which a large handle
connects with the back. I also found there a splendid
Trojan vase, of a brilliant black colour, 15^ inches high,
which was unfortunately completely broken, but I have
all the pieces of it, and consequently shall be able to
restore it. Besides these, a Trojan pot, and a globular
vessel with the above-mentioned decoration of a rounded
lambda. I likewise saved, in an almost perfect condition,
an exceedingly interesting red jug, above 9 inches high,
quite round below and with a neck more bent backwards
than I have ever found it in such vessels. I further found
there a Priapus and a very pretty bird's egg made of fine
marble, many small terra-cotta whorls with the usual
symbols of double and treble crosses, six suns, four or five
double or treble rising suns, or stars, in the circle round

1872.]

OBJECTS ON AND BESIDE THE TOWER.

the central sun ; also one article where four pj-J form a
cross round the sun, and the rest of the space is filled
with stars. Fur- n-

ther, a few small
vessels with suspen-
sion rings were
found also on the
Tower, as well as
25 very ordinary
earthen plates,
which have been
turned by the pot-
ter, whereas all the
other articles ap-
pear to have been
made by the hand
without a potter's
wheel ; about half
of the plates were
got out unin-
jured.

digging to

No. 157. A Trojan Dish with side Rings, and Plates turned
by the Potter (Tower : 7 m.\

the left and right
of the Tower, a number of other interesting objects have
been found since my last report ; for instance, at a depth
of 2 meters (6^ feet), a number of very neat although ordi-
nary vessels with small rings on the sides and holes in the
mouth for hanging them up, which have hitherto only been
met with much further down; at a depth of 3 meters (10
feet) a small cover, with the owl's face and helmet of the
Ilian Athena, of very good manufacture ; then, at a depth
of 1 1 i feet, a small terra-cotta whorl with three stags in
the circle round the sun. At a depth of from 5 to 6 meters
(i6h to 20 feet), I found a great number of small knives
of silex in the form of saws. At a depth of 10 meters
(33 feet) I discovered a very curious instrument of brilliant

2l6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XIII.

yellow terra-cotta, a drawing of which I give. It is quite
inexplicable to me for what purpose it can have been used ;
it is almost in the shape of a shield, and by the side of the
handle which is ornamented with a tree, it has a cavity
for putting the hand in. As it is made of terra-cotta it
cannot, of course, have been used as a shield.*

After having had no rain here for four months, to-
day, curiously enough, just after stopping the works, we
have had a thunderstorm accompanied by a tremendous
downpour of rain, and I regret extremely not to have been
able to make a channel for leading off the rain-water from
the Tower as far as the western declivity of the hill. But
such a channel would need to be 50 feet deep and as many
broad, otherwise its walls, consisting of calcined ruins and
loose red ashes, would fall in. I should therefore have to
remove 5000 cubic meters (6000 cubic yards) of debris,
and such a gigantic piece of work I cannot now under-
take.

In stopping the excavations for this year, and in looking
back upon the fearful dangers to which we have continually
been exposed since the 1st of April, between the gigantic
layers of ruins, I cannot but fervently thank God for His
great mercy, that not only has no life been lost, but that
none of us has even been seriously hurt.

Now, as regards the result of my excavations, every-
one must admit that I have solved a great historical
problem, and that I have solved it by the discovery of a
high civilization and immense buildings upon the primary
soil, in the depths of an ancient town, which throughout
antiquity was called Ilium and declared itself to be the
successor of Troy, the site of which was regarded as iden-
tical with the site of the Homeric Ilium by the whole
civilized world of that time. The situation of this town
not only corresponds perfectly with all the statements of
the Iliad, but also with all the traditions handed down to

• Sec Plate XXL, No. 309.

1872.] RESULTS OF THE EXCAVATIONS. 21 7

us by later authors ; and, moreover, neither in the Plain of
Troy, nor in its vicinity, is there any other place which
could in the slightest degree be made to correspond with
them. To regard the heights of Bunarbashi as the site
of Troy, contradicts, in every respect, all the statements of
Homer and of tradition. My excavations of Bunarbashi,
as well as the form of the rocks, prove that those heights,
as far as the three sepulchral mounds, can never have been
inhabited by men. As I have already said, behind those
tumuli there are the ruins of a very small town, the area of
which, surrounded on two sides by the ruins of an enclosing
wall, and on the other side by precipices, is so insignificant,
that at most it can have only possessed 2000 inhabitants.
The enclosing wall of its small Acropolis is scarcely a foot
thick, and the gate scarcely 3^ feet wide. The accumulation
of dibris is not worth mentioning, for in many places the
naked flat rocks are seen on the ground of the Acropolis.
Here in Ilium, however, the proportions are very different.
The area of the Greek city, which is indicated by the sur-
rounding wall built by Lysimachus, is large enough for a
population of more than 100,000 souls ; and that the number
of the inhabitants was actually as large is proved by the
stage of the theatre, which is 200 feet in breadth. Here the
surrounding wall of Lysimachus is 6\ feet thick, whereas
the wall which runs out from the Tower at a great depth
below the other seems to be live times as thick, and Homer
assuredly ascribed the erection of the walls of Troy to
Poseidon and Apollo on account of their enormous pro-
portions.* Then, as regards the accumulation of dibris,
here in the Pergamus there is no place where it amounts
to less than 14 meters, or 46^ feet, and in many places it is
even much more considerable. Thus, for instance, on my
great platform, I only reached the primary soil at a depth

* According to Mr. Gladstone's theory, these masses of masonry,
and the tradition ascribing them to Poseidon and Apollo, are signs of
Phoenician influence. |Er>.]

2l8 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. ( Chap. XIII.

of 16 meters, or 5 ], \ leer, and in the depths of the temple,
on the adjacent field, belonging to Mr. Frank Calvert,

1 have not yet reached it at a depth of 155 meters, or
5 1 ^ feet. Such an accumulation of ruins has never as yet
been discovered in any other part of the world, except
occasionally in the rocky valleys of Jerusalem ; where,
however, it has only begun to accumulate since the
destruction of the city by Titus, and hence is scarcely
more than 1 800 years old.* Here in Troy the remains of
the Greek period cease entirely at a depth of i, 1, or

2 meters, and thence, down to the primary soil, we find in
regular succession the mightv layers of ruins belonging to
four very ancient nations.

In like manner, as regards the more than a hundred
thousand objects which I have brought to light, and which
were used by those very ancient tribes. I venture to say
that I have revealed a new world to archtcologv : for, in
order to give but one instance, I have here found many
thousands of those wheels, volcanoes, or tops {carrousels)
of terra-cotta with the most various Aryan religious
symbols.

If, as it seems, neither the Trojans nor any of the
three succeeding peoples possessed a written language, we
must, as far as possible, replace it by the "monuments
figures" which I have discovered.! As alreadv said, I

* This statement is hardly accurate. The greatest depth of debris
discovered by the officers of the Palestine Exploration Fund at Jerusalem
was not in the valleys, but on the Eastern slope of Mount Moriah. The
accumulation reached from the foot of the wall down the slope to the
bed of the Kedron, and beyond it some distance up the slope of the
Mount of Olives. The usual depth at the wall was 60 or 70 feet, but
at the north end it reached as much as 120, owing to the descent of the
original ground at that spot. The masons' marks on the lowest courses
of the stones, reached by sinking shafts through these great depths,
seemed to show a date nearer that of Solomon than of Titus. — [Ed.]

t We leave this, like other such passages, as landmarks of the rapid
progress made in the discoveries opened up 1a Dr. Schliemann.- [Ed.]

187:

CAREFUL DRAWINGS.

219

make a drawing in my diary each evening of every one of
the objects which have been found during the day, and
more especially of the pictorial symbols, with the greatest
exactness. By comparing the innumerable symbols I have
succeeded in deciphering some of them, and I hope that
my learned colleagues will succeed in explaining the rest.
Archaeology shall on no account lose any one of my dis-
coveries ; every article which can have any interest for
the learned world shall be photographed, or copied by a
skilful draughtsman, and published in the Appendix to this
work ; and by the side of every article I shall state the
depth in which I discovered it.

No. 158. A curious Trojan Jug of Terra-cotta (8 M.

CHAPTER XIV.

Return to Troy to take plans and photographs — Damage to retaining
walls — The unfaithfulness of the watchman — Stones carried off for
a neighbouring church and houses — Injury by rain — Works for
security during the winter — Opening up of a retaining wall on the
side of the hill, probably built to support the temple of Athena —
Supposed debris of that temple — Drain belonging to it — Doric
style of the temple proved by the block of Triglyphs — Temple of
Apollo also on the Pergamus.

Athens, September 28th, 1872.

I wrote my last memoir on the 14th of last month, and
on the 10th of this month, accompanied by my wife and
Sisilas the land-surveyor, I returned to Troy in order to
make a new plan of the Pergamus, which contains the most
exact picture of my excavations, as well as of the depth
in which the remains of immortal fame were discovered
by me. I also took the photographer Siebrecht from the
Dardanelles with me, in order to have photographs taken
of my excavations, of two of the four springs situated on
the north side of Ilium, of Ilium's Great Tower and the
Plain of Troy, as well as of the Hellespont as seen from
this monument.

To my horror, upon arriving there, I found that the
watchman whom I had left in charge had been faithless,
and that an immense number of large hewn stones dug
out of my excavations, with which I had erected walls in
several places in order to prevent the winter rains from
washing away the debris which we had pulled down, had
been carried off. The man excused himself by saying that
the stones had been used for a good purpose, namely for

Ch. XIV. 1872.] DAMAGE TO THE WORKS. 22 1

the construction of a belfry in the Christian village of
Yenishehr, and for building houses in the Turkish village
of Chiplak. I, of course, packed him off directly, and
engaged in his place a watchman whom I armed with a
musket. He had the reputation of being honest, and his
physical strength will inspire the pilferers of the stones with
respect. What vexed me most was, that these thieves had
even laid their hands upon the splendid bastion of the time
of Lysimachus, which I had uncovered on the south side of
the hill ; they had made off with two large stones from it,
and the bastion would assuredly have vanished entirely had
I been away a week longer.

I also regret to see that the downpour of rain on the
14th of August has filled the great cutting, which I made
on the south side of the Tower, in order to bring the Tower
to light down as far as the rock upon which it is built, with
debris to a height of 2 meters (6^ feet). So, immediately
upon my arrival, I engaged 20 workmen, 10 of whom are
busy in clearing the south side of the Tower as far as the
primary soil, in wheeling away the debris, and in building
in front of the cutting a wall of large blocks of stone,
through which the rain-water can escape, but not the
debris that may be washed down.

I have now had an opportunity of convincing myself
that the rain does not harm the Tower, for it disappears
directly to the right and left of it in the loose debris. Of
the other ten workmen, six are occupied in repairing the
walls which have been destroyed or injured by wanton
hands, while the other four are working in order to lay
bare as far as possible an exceedingly remarkable wall,
which rises at an angle of 40 degrees at the depth of 15^
meters (504 feet) and at 43^ yards from the edge of the
hill, on the site of the temple, exactly 6h feet below the
Trojan wall which I there brought to light. (See p. 200.)
As I have before remarked, the strata of debris, which run
obliquely to the north below that Trojan wall, prove that

ill TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XIV.

it was built upon the steep slope of the hill, and this is
an additional and infallible proof that the buttress, which is
erected 6h feet below it, can have served no other purpose
than for consolidating and strengthening the ground of
the declivity so effectually that buildings of an enormous
weight might be erected upon the summit without danger.
Now as I have never hitherto found buttresses of this kind
for consolidating the declivity of the hill among the strata
of the pre-Hellenic period, although there was no lack of
grand buildings in the Pergamus of Troy (as is proved
by the colossal masses of hewn and unhewn stones from
i6h to 20 feet high, mixed with charred debris, with which
I had to struggle upon my great platform), I positively
believe that the above-mentioned buttress was erected to
support the site of a temple of great sanctity. I believe
this all the more, as the buttress here forms a curve and
appears to protect the whole of the north-eastern corner of
the hill, which was the extreme end of the Pergamus and
perfectly corresponds with Homer's statement about the
position of the temple of Athena, " on the summit of the
city" (eV noXei aKpy : Iliad, VI. 297). I have no doubt
that in ascending from this buttress I shall find the ruins
of that ancient temple at a distance of less than 10 meters
(33 feet). But in order to penetrate further, I must first of
all pull down the Trojan wall, 10 feet high and 6h feet thick,
which I have already frequently mentioned, and remove the
enormous masses of debris ; this work must be deferred till
the 1 st of February, for I am now too ill and tired to
attempt it. The discovery of the very ancient temple of
Athena at the north-eastern corner would, moreover solve
the great problem— whence arises the colossal accumulation
of debris, which here covers the declivity with a crust as
hard as stone, 131 feet in thickness, and which caused me
so much trouble, not only in this excavation, but also at
the eastern end of my platform, along an extent of more
than 80 feet. It will be found that this enormous crust has

1872.] TEMPLES OF ATHENA AND APOLLO. 223

arisen solely from the remains of the sacrifices offered to the
Ilian Athena.

I had not noticed this buttress at the time of my departure
on the 15th of August, and I have now only discovered it
because the rain has laid bare two of its stones. It is built
of blocks of shelly limestone (Muschelkalk), from about a
foot to 2 feet 2 inches long and broad, joined with earth,
and it probably covered the whole north-eastern corner of
the hill from the bottom to the top. I presume that the
drain of green sandstone, nearly 8 inches broad and about
7 inches high, which I spoke of in my report of the 25th
of April, belongs to the very ancient temple of Athena ; it
will be remembered that I found it at about nh feet above
my great platform, and at a distance of 46 feet from the
edge of the declivity.

The block of triglyphs with the Sun-god and the four
horses, which I found here, proves that the temple which it
adorned was built in the Doric style ; and, as the Doric
is confessedly the oldest style of architecture, the ancient
temple of the Ilian Athena was doubtless in that style.
We know, however, from the Iliad* that there was also a
temple of Apollo in the Pergamus. It probably stood at
the south-eastern corner of the hill, for at the foot of it may
be seen, in a small excavation, a wall composed of splendid
Corinthian pillars joined by means of cement. It is pro-
bable that these pillars belong to a temple of Apollo of
the time of Lysimachus. In excavating the Tower further
to the east, I hope to find the site of this temple, and in its
depths the ruins of the very ancient temple of Apollo.

If the Trojans possessed an alphabetical language, I
shall probably find inscriptions in the ruins of the two
temples. I am, however, no longer sanguine in regard to
this, as I have hitherto found no trace of writing in the
colossal strata of the four tribes which preceded the Greek
colony.f

* Iliad, VII. 83 and IV. 508. ; see pp. 145-6. 257.
f See note (t). p. 218.

( 224 )

WO^K AT HIS$AF(UK IK

CHAPTER XV.

Return to Hissarlik in 1873 — Interruptions by holydays and weather
— Strong cold north winds — Importance of good overseers — An
artist taken to draw the objects found — Want of workmen — Exca-
vations on the site of the Temple — Blocks of Greek sculptured
marble — Great increase of the hill to the east — Further portions
of the great Trojan wall — Traces of fire — A terra-cotta hippo-
potamus, a sign of intercourse with Egypt — Idols and owl-faced
vases — Vases of very curious forms — Whorls — Sling-bullets of
copper and stone — Piece of ornamented ivory belonging to a
musical instrument — New cutting from S.E. to N.W. — Walls
close below the surface — Wall of Lysimachus — Monograms on
the stones — An inscription in honour of Caius Cresar — Patronage
of Ilium by the Julii as the descendants of yEneas — Good wine of
the Troad.

Pergamus of Troy, February 22nd, 1873.

I returned here on the 31st of January with my wife, in
order to continue the excavations, but we have been
repeatedly interrupted by Greek church festivals, thunder-
storms, and also by the excessive cold, so that I can scarcely
reckon that I have had as yet more than eight good days'
work. Last autumn, by the side of my two wooden houses,
I had a house built for myself of stones from the old Trojan
buildings, the walls of which were 2 feet thick, but I was
compelled to let my foremen occupy it, for they were not
sufficiently provided with clothes and wrappers, and would
have perished through the great cold. My poor wife and
I have therefore suffered very much, for the strong icy

i873-] NEW ASSISTANTS. 225

north wind* blew with such violence through the chinks of
our house-walls which were made of planks, that we were
not even able to light our lamps of an evening ; and
although we had fire on the hearth, yet the thermometer
showed 4 degrees of cold (Reaumur = 23° Fahrenheit), and
the water standing near the hearth froze in solid masses.
During the day we could to some degree bear the cold by
working in the excavations, but of an evening we had
nothing to keep us warm except our enthusiasm for the
great work of discovering Troy. Fortunately this extreme
cold lasted only four days, from the 16th to the 19th of
this month, and since then we have had glorious weather.

Besides Georgios Photidas, who was with me during
the excavations of last year, I have as foremen Georgios
Barba Tsirogiannis (a sea-captain from Chalcis in Eubcea),
and an Albanese from Salamis, whom, however, I shall
shortly send back on account of his uselessness, and get
two other foremen from the Piraeus in his stead. A good
foreman is more useful to me than ten common workmen,
but I find that the gift of command is rarely met with
except among seamen.

I have also brought with me an artist, that I may
have the objects found copied immediately in Indian
ink, and the drawings multiplied in Athens by means of
photography. This will, however, render it impossible for
me to state the depths at which the objects were found
upon distinct plates, as I have hitherto done. The articles
discovered in the different depths are now mixed together,
but in each case the depth, as well as the relative size, is
stated in meters, in addition to the number in the catalogue.
Workmen are at present not so easily to be had as
before ; for a merchant from Smyrna residing here has
engaged 150 men to gather a medicinal root, which is
here called yXvKopi^a, out of which liquorice-juice is pre-

* This recals to mind Homer's frequent mention of the blasts
of Boreas. — [Ed.]

226 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XV.

pared. The German word lakritze, the French lacorice,
and the English liquorice, are evidently corruptions of
yXvKopu^a. Now, as the men employed by the Smyrna
merchant work the ground at a certain price by square
measure, they earn from 12 to 23 piasters (2 frcs. 40 cent,
to 4 frcs. 60 cent.) daily ; whereas I can give them only
9 piasters (1 frc. 80 cent.) during the present short days.
At Easter I can offer them 10 piasters, and after the 1st
of June 12 piasters. As the roots are dug up in the
neighbourhood of Renko'i, it is principally the people of
this village that are engaged in the work ; and for carry-
ing on my excavations I have to apply to the villages
of Kafatli-Asmak, Yenishehr, and Neo-Chori, which are
situated in and round about the Plain of Troy. If the
weather is dry, I can count upon obtaining after to-morrow
1 20 workmen every day.

On the north side of the hill, at a distance of 131 feet
from the declivity and at a depth of 5 1 feet, the wall of
white stones, which rises at an angle of 40 degrees, 6\ feet
below the Trojan wall, seems, as I have said, to mark the
site of the Greek temple of Athena. Here I am having
five terraces made on two sides simultaneously, and the
debris carried away in man-carts and wheel-barrows. In
the north-eastern excavations this de'bris, from the surface
to a depth of 10 feet, consists of black earth, mixed with
splinters of marble ; and among them I find very many
large and beautifully-sculptured blocks of marble, which
evidently belong to the temple of the time of Lysimachus,
which stood here, but are of no further value to archaeology.
The removal of these blocks, the weight of which is often
nearly two tons, gives me the greatest . trouble. The site
of the temple is indeed indicated distinctly enough by the
existence of these large marble blocks in the Doric style,
but of the sanctuary itself there is not one stone in its
place. A depression in the earth, 1 1 2 feet long and 76 feet
broad, seems to prove that the place has been ransacked

1873.] GROWTH OF THE HILL TO THE EAST. 227

hundreds of years ago by Turks seeking stones suitable for
sepulchral monuments ; they have also, curiously enough,
carried off all the foundations. Below the layer of debris,
10 feet thick, which descends at an angle of from 50 to 60
degrees, there is an accumulation of ashes, covering with
a crust of 131 feet thick the buttress previously mentioned,
which distinctly marks the former declivity of the hill.
The declivity at this point is rounded off towards the
east ; and- — as is proved by the fact that the buttress
itself (as well as the layers of debris that lie above it) turns
in the same direction, and that the strata of debris which lie
above it also extend out to the east — the eastern declivity
at one time likewise commenced at this point, whereas its
present position is 262^ feet distant from it. The hill
of the Pergamus has therefore increased i6i\ feet in an
eastern direction since the buttress was built. I do not
believe that there is a second hill in the world whose
increase in size, during thousands of years, can in the
remotest degree be compared with this enormous growth.

Except those small round terra-cottas in the form of
volcanoes and tops, with the usual decorations, and some
more or less broken pottery, nothing has as yet been
discovered in this excavation. The other cutting: —
which I opened to reach the supposed site of the very
ancient temple of Athena — is at the east end of my large
platform, upon which I am again throwing the greater
part of the debris which is being dug down there, because
to remove it beyond the platform would be too difficult.
In the mean time I have only had this cutting made
42^ feet broad, but I intend to widen it as soon as I find
any prospect of advantage to archaeology from doing so.
In the lower terrace of this cutting I find the continuation
of that Trojan wall which also shows itself in the more
eastern cutting. This wall is here only 3^ feet high, but
the stones lying below it leave no doubt that it was at one
time much higher. Every visitor to the Troad confirms

Q 2

228 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XV.

my observation of the remarkable fact, that this wall con-
tinues on the two sides of my large cutting through the
entire hill, to the right and left of the entrance, at a depth
of 39^ feet. If this wall belongs to a time preceding the
Trojan wall (as to which I can entertain no doubt, owing
to its great depth), yet the mighty ruins beneath it, as well
as the pavement of white pebbles lying below it, at a depth
of if foot in my large cutting, prove that it must have been
built a long time after the first destruction of the city.
But the real object of the wall here and further to the
west is utterly inexplicable to me, for it is built above and
through the ruins of mighty buildings.

The strata of debris in this cutting all lie horizontally,
which leaves no doubt that they have been gradually
formed in the course of time. Their composition proves
that most of the houses which stood here were destroyed
by fire. But there are also several thick strata here, in
which we find thousands of shells in a state of good pre-
servation, which proves that they at least cannot have
belonged to buildings destroyed by fire.

Among the interesting objects discovered in this

excavation, I must espe-
cially mention a brilliant
red terra-cotta hippo-
potamus, found at a
depth of 23 feet. It is
hollow, and has a ring on
the left side, and there-

Bright Red Terra-cotta Image of a Hippopotamus fore may have Served aS

a vessel. The existence of
the figure of a hippopotamus here at a depth of 23 feet
is extremely remarkable, nay, astonishing; for this animal,
as is well known, is not met with even in Upper Egypt, and
occurs only in the rivers of the interior of Africa. It is,
however, probable that hippopotami existed in Upper Egypt
in ancient times; for, according to Herodotus (II. 71),

i873-] REMARKABLE TERRA-COTTAS. 229

they were worshipped as sacred animals at the Egyptian
town of Papremis. At all events, Troy must have been
commercially connected with Egypt ; but even so, it is still
an enigma, how the animal was so well known here as to
have been made of clay in a form quite faithful to nature.

Of idols of marble, it is only during these few days
that we have found eight, only two of which had the
engraved owl's head of the Ilian Athena. Of vases with
owl's faces, two female breasts, and two upraised arms, I
have found only one, at a depth of 15 meters (49^ feet),
and at a depth of 7 meters (23 feet) the upper portion of
another, upon which the stump of one of the arms may
still be recognised. At a depth of 10 feet we found two
vases, with two female breasts and an immense navel,
which are doubtless also intended to represent the
tutelary goddess of Troy. Lastly, of vase-covers with an
owl's face and helmet, the first found was at a depth of
1 meter (31 feet), having a double handle in the form of
a coronet ; another, found at a depth of 3 meters (26 feet),
has a simple handle. Among the other terra-cotta vessels
I must specially mention an exceedingly remarkable cup
in the form of a bugle-horn with three feet, which was
found at a depth of 3 meters (10 feet) ; also a vessel with

No. 160. No. 161.

Remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape of a Terra-cotta Vessel with three feet, a

Bugle, with three feet (3 M.). handle, and two ears (5 M.).

but two feet, which, however, as is proved by the broken
places on the right side, has been attached to some other

230 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XV.

vessel of a similar form and description ; this double vessel
had a ring on either side for suspension by strings. Of the
other earthenware I can only mention a small curious vase
which has three long feet, one handle, and two others in
the form of ears.

The round articles of terra-cotta in the form of vol-
canoes and humming-tops, with symbolical decorations, were
met within great quantities, as they always are. Four sling-
bullets were discovered, one of which, made of copper, was
brought out from a depth of 49 feet, one of alabaster from
23 feet, and two of diorite from a depth of from 20 to 23
feet. At a depth of 4 meters (13 feet) I found a splendidly
ornamented flat piece of ivory, which must evidently have
been part of a musical instrument.* Lastly, at the depth
of 1 meter (3! feet) there was a fragment of a female
statue of fine marble, executed in a masterly style. It not
improbably represents the tutelary goddess of Ilium, whose
temple, as we know, stood in the Pergamus.

Simultaneously with these excavations I had 22 men
working in a north-westerly direction, from the south-
eastern corner of the Acropolis, in order to lay bare the
Great Tower still further on that side, an operation that
has become impossible to effect from my great trench.
But as the hill at this point has only a very gradual slope
I was compelled to make the new cutting with a con-
siderable slope, which renders the carting-ofF of the debris
much more troublesome, but is absolutely necessary, to
enable us to reach- the requisite depth of 26 feet for
arriving at the Tower*. At the very commencement of this
cutting, at a foot below the surface, I came upon two
enormous walls, each of which is 10 feet thick. The
first seems to belong to the Middle Ages,f and consists

* See Cut, No. 9, p. 27.

t Dr. Schliemann afterwards assigned these Corinthian pillars to the
time of Constantine. (See Chapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction,
p. 30.— [Ed.]

1 873-] ILIUM AND THE JUL1I. 231

of large blocks of Corinthian pillars joined by cement
and of other marble blocks taken from ancient build-
ings. The second wall, which follows immediately, must
certainly belong to the town-wall built by Lysimachus,
which was 40 stadia long.* It is composed of large and
beautifully hewn blocks of limestone, which are laid one
upon another without any kind of cement, and which gene-
rally bear a monogram. As the letter is not always the
same, and as for instance upon one stone there is a X, and
upon another an Y or a A, I presume that they are the
initials of the different builders. In the first wall I found
a marble slab nearly a foot thick, 32^ inches broad, and
3^ feet long, with the following inscription : —

HBOYAHKAIOAHMOZ

rAlONKAIZAPAToNYloNToYZEBAZ
TOYToNZYNTENHKAl nATPftNAKAlEY
EPrETHNTHXrTOAEILE

eH fiov\r) /cat 6 877^09
Yaiiov Kaicrapa tov vlbv tov Se/3acr-
tov tov crvvyevrj /cat Trarpoyva /cat ev-
epyiriqv rfjs woXecos.

The person praised in this inscription can by no means
have been the Emperor Caligula, for in that case the title
avroKparcop would have been added. But as this word is
wanting, the person meant is certainly Caius Caesar, the
son of Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of
Octavianus. He had a brother called Lucius. Both were
adopted by Augustus, and owing to this adoption they
received the title of " vto? tov Se^ao-rov," and both were
selected by Augustus as his successors. Caius Caesar, born
in the year 20 b.c, was adopted at the age of three years.
He took part in the Trojan games, which Augustus

Strabo, XIII., pp. 100, 101, Tauchnitz edition.

2j2 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Ch. XV. 1873.

instituted at the dedication of* the temple of Marcellus.
At the age of fifteen he was appointed Consul, and when
nineteen he was made Governor of Asia. During his
administration there he became involved in a war with
Phraates the king of Armenia, was wounded, and died
in the year 4 after Christ, on the 21st of February, at
the age of 24.* As in the inscription he is called the
kinsman, the benefactor, and the patron of Ilium, it is
probable that he often came here during his administra-
tion ; at all events, he took great interest in the city, and
lavished favours upon it. The family of the Julii always
attached great importance to their descent from Iiilus
(or Ascanius) the son of iEneas ; and the sole political
object of Virgil's iEneid was to prove and glorify their
genealogy. This explains the favours which the Julii
lavished upon Ilium, and their hatred against the Greeks
because they destroyed Troy, and also because they had
espoused the cause of Mark Antony.

An oka of wine, which contains about two ordinary
wine-bottles, last year cost \\ piaster (25 centimes); now
it costs 2 piasters (40 centimes) the oka ; but it is of
a most excellent quality, and I prefer it to any French
wine.

No. 162. Terra-cotta Image of a Pig, curiously marked with Stars ^ m.

* Velleius Paterculus, II. 102.

{ ^33 )

CHAPTER XVI.

Increased number of workmen — Further uncovering of the great but-
tress — Traces of a supposed small temple — Objects found on its
site — Terra-cotta serpents' heads : great importance attached to
the serpent — Stone implements : hammers of a peculiar form —
Copper implements : a sickle — Progress of the works at the south-
east corner — Remains of an aqueduct from the Thymbrius — Large
jars, used for cellars — Ruins of the Greek temple of Athena —
Two important inscriptions discussed — Relations of the Greek
Syrian Kings Antiochus I. and III. to Ilium.

Pergamus of Troy, March ist, 1873.

Since Monday morning, the 24th of last month, I have
succeeded in increasing the number of my workmen to 158,
and as throughout this week we have had splendid weather,
I have been able to accomplish a good stroke of work in
the six days, in spite of the many hindrances and difficulties
which I had at first to struggle against. Since the ist of
February I have succeeded in removing more than 11,000
cubic yards of debris from the site of the temple. To-day,
at last, I have had the pleasure of uncovering a large por-
tion of that buttress, composed of large unhewn white
stones, which at one time covered the entire north-eastern
corner of the declivity, whereas, in consequence of its
increase in size during the course of many centuries by the
ashes of the sacrificed animals, the present declivity of the
hill is 131 feet distant from it to the north, and 262^ feet
distant to the east. To my surprise I found that this
buttress reaches to within 26 feet of the surface, and thus, as
the primary soil is elsewhere always at from 46 to 52^ feet
below the surface, it must have covered an isolated hill
from 20 to 26 feet high, at the north-east end of the

234

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XVI.

Pergamus, where at one time there doubtless stood a small
temple. Of this sanctuary, however, I find nothing but
red wood-ashes, mixed with the fragments of brilliant black
Trojan earthenware, and an enormous number of unhewn
stones, which seem to have been exposed to a fearful heat,
but no trace of sculpture : the building must therefore have
been very small. I have broken through the buttress of
this temple-hill at a breadth of 13 feet, in order to examine
the ground at its foundation. I dug it away to a depth of
5 feet, and found that it consists of the virgin soil, which is
of a greenish colour. Upon the site of the small and very
ancient temple, which is indicated by the buttress, I find in
two places pure granular sand, which appears to extend very
tar down, for after excavating it to a depth of 6h feet I did
not reach the end of the stratum. Whether this hill con-
sists entirely, or but partially, of earth and sand, I cannot
say, and must leave it undecided, for I should have to re-
move thousands more of cubic yards of rubbish. Among

the debris of the temple we found a
few, but exceedingly interesting ob-
jects, for instance, the largest marble
idol that has hitherto been found,
which is i>\ inches long and 3
inches broad. Further, the lid of a
pot, which is divided into twelve
fields by roughly engraved lines.
Ten of the fields are ornamented
with little stars, one with two signs
of lightning, and another with six
lines. There was also a small idol
of terra-cotta with the owl's head of

No. 163. One of the largest marble .1 rr .1 i 1 • 1

idols, found in the Trojan stratum the llian tutelary goddess, with two

arms and long hair hanging down

at the back of the head ; but it is so roughly made that, for

instance, the eyes of the goddess are above the eyebrows. I

also found among the debris of the temple a vase with the

1 873-1

TROJAN TERRA-COTTAS.

13$

owl's face, two female breasts and a large navel ; of the face
only one eye and an ear is preserved. I must draw especial

No. 164. Terra-cotta Pot-lid, engraved
with symbolical marks (6 m.).

No. 165. A curious Terra-cotta Idol of the Ilian
Athena ^7 M.).

attention to the fact that both upon the vases with owls'
heads two female breasts and a navel, and upon all of the
others without the owl's face and adorned only with two
female breasts and a navel, the latter is always ten times
larger than the breasts. I therefore presume that the navel
had some important significance, all the more so as it is
frequently decorated with a cross, and in one case even with
a cross and the marks of a nail at each of the four ends
of the cross.* We also discovered among the ruins of
the small and very ancient building some pretty wedges
(battle-axes), and a number of very rude hammers made
of diorite ; besides a quantity of those small red and black
terra-cotta whorls, with the usual engravings of four or
five pj-J, or of three, four, or five triple rising suns in the
circle round the central sun, or with other extremely strange
decorations.

At a depth of 7 to 8 meters (23 to 16 feet), we also
came upon a number of vases having engraved decorations,
and with three feet or without feet, but generally with rings
at the sides and holes in the mouth for suspension by
strings ; also goblets in the form of a circular tube, with a
long spout at the side for drinking out of, which is always

; Sec Cut, No. is, p. 35.

236 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVI.

connected with the other side of the tube by a handle;

further, smaller or larger jars with a mouth completely bent
backwards ; small terra-cotta funnels ;
very curious little sling-bullets made
of diorite, from only f of an inch
to above 1 inch long. The most
remarkable of all the objects found
this year is, however, an idol of very
hard black stone above ih inches
long and broad, discovered at a depth
of 9 meters (29^ feet). The head,

No. 166. Pret"" Terra-cotta jug, hands, and feet have the form of

with the neck bent back (7 M.). 1 • 1 1 1 1 1 1

hemispheres, and the head is only
recognised by several horizontal lines engraved below it,
which seem to indicate necklaces. In the centre of the

No. 167. Remarkable Trojan Idol of Black Stone (7 m.).

belly is a navel, which is as large as the head, but, instead
of protruding as in the case of the vases, it is indicated bv
a circular depression. The back of the middle of the
body is arched, and has the appearance of a shield, so
that in looking at the idol one is involuntarily led to
believe that it represents Mars, the god of war.

At a depth of from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet) we
also met with fragments of terra-cotta serpents, whose heads
are sometimes represented with horns. The latter must

1 873-] TERRA-COTTA SERPENTS' HEADS. 237

certainly be a very ancient and significant symbol of the
greatest importance, for even now there is a superstition
that the horns of serpents, by merely coming in contact
with the human body, cure a number of diseases, and
especially epilepsy ; also that by dipping them in milk the

Nos. 168, 169. Heads of Horned Serpents (4 M.).

latter is instantly turned into cheese, and other notions of
the same sort. On account of the many wholesome and
useful effects attributed to the horns of ser-
pents, they are regarded as immensely valu-
able, and on my return here at the end of
January one of my last year's workmen was
accused by a jealous comrade of having
found two serpents' horns in an urn at a
depth of $i\ feet, and of having made off
with them. All my assurances that there No. i7o. a serpent's

... , Head, with horns on

are no such things as serpents horns could }°th ^des and very

0 l large eyes (6 M.).

not convince the men, and they still believe
that their comrade has robbed me of a great treasure.
The serpents' heads not ornamented with horns generally
represent the poisonous asp \ above the mouth they have
a number of dots, and the head and back are divided

238 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XVI,

by cross lines into sections which are filled with dots.*
These flat serpents' heads have on the opposite side lines
running longitudinally like female
hair. We also found terra-cotta
cones an inch and a half high, with
three holes not pierced right through.
At a depth of from 3I to 65 feet
No. 171. Head of an Asp in Terra- we have discovered several more

cotta (both sides) (4 M.)- • 1 i ,,

terra-cotta vases without the owl s
face, but with two female breasts and a large navel, and
with two small upright handles in the form of arms. In
all the strata below 13 feet we meet with quantities of im-
plements of diorite, and quoits of granite, sometimes also
of hard limestone. Hammers and wedges (battle-axes) of
diorite and of green stone were also found, in most cases
very prettily wrought. The hammers do not all possess a
perforated hole ; upon many there is only a cavity on both
sides, about A to § of an inch deep.

Of metals, copper only was met with. To-day we found
a copper sickle 5i inches long; of copper weapons we have
to-day for the first time found two lances at a depth of
23 feet, and an arrow-head at 4 meters (13 feet) deep.
We find numbers of long, thin copper nails with a round
head, or with the point only bent round. I now also find
them repeatedly at a depth of from 5 to 6 meters (i6h to
20 feet), whereas since the commencement of my exca-
vations in the year 1871, I only found two nails as far
down as this.f .

* The serpents' heads, found so frequently among the ruins of Troy,
cannot but recal to mind the superstitious regard of Homer's Trojans
for the reptile as a symbol, and their terror when a half-killed serpent
was dropped by the bird of Jove amidst their ranks {Iliad, XII. 208,
209) : —

Tpcoes 5' tpp'iyr)(rai>, okws ISov oaoKov ixpiv
Kflfntvov iv fifaaoicn, Ai6s repas oi-yio'^oio.

"The Trujans, shuddering, in their midst beheld
7'lic spotted serpent, dire portent of Jove.''

t That is, in the strata of the third dwellers on the hill.

i873-] AQUEDUCT FROM THE THYMBRIUS. 239

I am now also vigorously carrying forward the cutting
which I made on the south-eastern corner of the Pergamus,
for uncovering the eastern portion of the Great Tower
as far as my last year's cutting, to a length of 315 feet
and a breadth of from 6$h to 78I feet. The work
advances rapidly, as this excavation is near the southern
declivity of the hill, and the rubbish has therefore not
far to be carted off. I have made eight side passages
for removing it. Experience has taught me that it is
far more profitable not to have any special men for
loading the wheel-barrows, but to let every workman fill
his own barrow. Experience has also shown me that much
precious time is lost in breaking down the earthen walls
with the long iron levers driven in by a ram, and that
it is much more profitable and less dangerous to the
workmen always to keep the earthen walls at an angle
of 55 degrees, to dig as occasion requires, and to cut
away the rubbish from below with broad pickaxes. In
this new excavation I find four earthen pipes, from i8f
to 22j inches long, and from 6h to nf inches thick,
laid together for conducting water, which was brought
from a distance of i^ German mile (about 7 English
miles) from the upper Thymbrius. This river is now
called the Kemar, from the Greek word Kafxapa (vault),
because an aqueduct of the Roman period crosses its lower
course by a large arch. This aqueduct formerly supplied
Ilium with drinking water from the upper portion of the
river. But the Pergamus required special aqueducts, for
it lies higher than' the city.

In this excavation I find an immense number of large
earthen wine-jars (irCdoi) from 1 to 2 meters (31 to 6h feet)
high, and 29^ inches across, as well as a number of frag-
ments of Corinthian pillars and other splendidly sculptured
blocks of marble. All of these marble blocks must
certainly have belonged to those grand buildings whose
southern wall I have already laid bare to a length of

240 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVI.

i%$\ feet. It is composed of small stones joined with a
great quantity of cement as hard as stone, and rests upon
large well hewn blocks of limestone. The direction of this
wall, and hence of the whole building, is E.S.E. by E.

Three inscriptions, which I found among its ruins, and
in one of which it is said that they were set up in the
" iepov" that is, in the temple, leave no doubt that this was
the temple of the Ilian Athena, the u ttoXlov-^o^ 6ed" for it
is only this sanctuary that could have been called simply
" to iepov" on account of its size and importance, which
surpassed that of all the other temples of Ilium. Moreover
the position of the building, which is turned towards the
rising sun, corresponds exactly with the position of the
Parthenon and all the other temples of Athena. From
the very commencement of my excavations I have searched
for this important sanctuary, and have pulled down more
than 130,000 cubic yards of debris from the most beauti-
ful parts of the Pergamus in order to find it ; and I now
discover it exactly where I should have least expected to
come upon it. 1 have sought for this new temple, which
was probably built by Lysimachus, because I believed, and
still believe, that in its depths I shall find the ruins of the
primeval temple of Athena, and I am more likely here
than anywhere to find something to throw light upon
Troy. Of the inscriptions found here, as mentioned above,
one is written upon a marble slab in the form of a tomb-
stone, 5^ feet long, 17^ inches broad, and 5! inches thick,
and runs as follows : —

MEArArPOIIAIEQNTHIBOYAHIKAITniAHMillXAl
PElNAnEAOKENHMINAPIZTOMKIAHZOAZZIOIEni
ITOAAinAPATOYBAI lAEOlANTTOXOYnNTANTI TPA
4>AYMINYnorErPA<|>AMENCNETYXENAHMlNKAIAY
5 TOI^AMENOrnOAAQNAYTJllKAIETEPQNAlAAE
rOMENQNKAIHTE^ANONAIAONTnNninEPKAIH
M E 1 1 n APA KO AOY0OV M E N A I ATOKA I n PEIBEYI A I A
nOTON nOAEilN T I NIAI nPOI H M AX BOYAEEOA I TH N
XnPANTHNAEAOMENHNAYTniV.nOTOYBAIIAEfl.IAN

1873.] A GREEK INSCRIPTION. 241

loTIOXQYKAIAIATOlEPONKAlAIATHNnPOIYMAZEYNOI
ANnPOIENErKAlGAinPOITHNYMETEPANnOAINA
MENOYNAIIOirENEIOAIAYTCinAPATHLnOAEQIAY
TOIYMlNAHAftIEIKAAfirAANnOHIAITETH4>|IAME
NOITEnANTATA^IAANQPiinAAYTniKAlKAOOTlAN
15 SYrXflPHIH ITHN ANArPA4>HN nOHIAMENOI KAIITH
AflZANTEZKAlAENTEXEIZTOIEPONINAMENHIYMIN
BEBAlQXEIinANTATGTXPONONTAIYI XHPH0ENTA

EPPftXOE BAIIAEYZANTIOXOZMEAEA

rpniXAlPElNAEAQKAMENAPlITOAIKlAHlTfilAIZIfll
20 rHIEPrAIIMOYriAEOPAAIIXlAlAriPOIENErKArOAl
nPOZTHNIAIEQNnOAINHZKHYIftNZYOYNZYNTAZON
nAPAAElIAIAPIZTOAlKIAHIAriOTHZOMOPOYZHZTHI
rEPriOlAlHTHIZKHYIAIOYANAOKIMAZHIITAAIIXIAIA
nAEOPATHirHIKAinPOIOPIFAlEIITHNIAIEnNHTHN
25 ZKHYIflN EPPftZO BAIIAEYZANTIOXOZMEAE
ArPfilXAlPEINENETYXENHMINAPlZTOAIKIAHZO
AIIIOZAHmNAOYNAlAYTI7IHMAZENTHIEc|>EAAHZ
nONTOYZATPAnEIAITHNnETPANHMnPOTEPOM
ElXENMEAEATPOZKAITHZXnPAZTHZnETPlAOZ
30 EPrAZIMOYnEOPAXlAlAnENTAKOIIAKAIAAAA
TH5:nAE0PAAIIX!A!AEPrAIIMOYAnOTHJOMO
POYZ HZTH I n POTEPO N A 00 El Z HlAYTniMEPIAIfll
KAlHMEIZTHNTEnETPANAEAnKAMENAYTniEl
MHAEAOTAIAAAHinPOTEPONKAITHrxaPANTHN'
35 II POZTH I n ETPA I K A I A A A A rHZ riAEGPAAIZXIAl A
EPrA 1 1 M OYA I ATOcf> I A O NONTA VI M ETE PO N n A PEZ
XHZOAIHMlNTAZKATAYTONXPEIAZMETAnAZHZ
EYNOIAIKAinPOOYMIAZZYOYNEniZKEYAMENOZ
ElMHAEAOTAIAAAninPOTEPONAYTHHMEPIznA
40 PAAEIZONAYTHNKAlTHNnPOZAYTHIXnPANAPIZ
TOAIKIKIAHlKAIAnOTHZBAZlAlKHZXnPAZTHZOMO
POYZHZTHinPOTEPONAEAOMENHIXJlPAlAPIZTOAl
KIAHlZYNTA-ONKATAMETPHZAIKAinAPAAEIZAI
AYTninAEQPAAIZXIAIAKAIEAZAlAYTnmPOZENEr
4S KAZ0AI n PO ZH N A M BOYAHTAI flOA I N TflN ENTH I XftPA I
TEKAIZYMMAXfAIOIAEBAZIAlKOIAAOIOIEKTOYTO
nOYENniEZTlMHnETPAEAMBOYAaNTAlOIKEINENTHI
riETPA|AI<t>AAElAZENEKEZYNTETAXAMENAPlZTO
TO AJ K I A H IE A N AYTOYZOIKEIN EPPH Z O

so BAZIAEYZANTIOXOZMEAEArEniXAIPEINENETYXENH
MUsTAPIZTOAlKlAHZ^AMENOinETPANTOXnPlONKAlTHM
XDPANTHNZYrKYPOYZAKinEPIHZnPOTEPONErPAYAMEN
AlAONTEIAYTniOYAET|KAINfYNTlAPE,IAH<J)ENAIAIATOA0H
NAiniTniEniTOYNAYZTAOMOYEniKEXnPHZOAlKAIHHI

242 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVI.

66 niENANTIMENTHZnETPITIAOlLXaPArnAPAAEIXOHNAI
AYTQITAIlAnAEGPAIYrXflPHOHNAIAEKAl AAAAI1AE
GPAAIIXIAIAnPOXENErKAIOAinPOUHNAMBOYAHTAI
TnMriOAEQNTnNENTHIHMETEPAIIYMMAXIAlKAOA
nEPKAinPOTEPONErPAYAMENOPHNTEJIOYNAYTON

6o EYNOYNONTAKAinPOOYMONEIITAHMETEPAriPArMA
TABOYAOMEOAnOAYaPEINTANOPnnOYKAinEPI
TOYTHNIYrKEXfiPHKAMEN^hm NAEEINAITHZ
nETPITIAOX.XaPAITAXYrxn.PHOENTAAYmi
nAEOPAX'AIAnENTAKOIIAZYNTAZONOYNKATA

.;5 METPHIAIAPIZTOAIKlAHIKAiriAPAAEIEAirHZ
EPrAIIMOYTATEAlIXIAIAKAinENTAKOZIAnAE
GPAKAIANTITHN nEPITHN n ETPA N A AAA EPTA
IIMOYXIAlATlENTAKOZIAAnOTHIBAIIAIKHIXa
PAITHriYNOPlZOYIHITHIENAPXHlAOOEIIHI

70 AYTmnAPHMaNEAIAlAEKAinPOIENErKArOAl
THNXnPANAPIZTOAIKIAHNnPOIHNANEOYAHTAI
nOAlNTnNENTHlHMETEPAHYMMAXlAIKAOA
HEPKAI ENTl-f I nPOTEPONEniZTOAHl ETPAYA
MEM EPPaiO

MeXeaypog 'lkcecov ttjl fiovXrji /cat tcol or)p.toi \cli-
peiv. 'AireScoKev rjpXv \\p to~ToSt/c 18179 6 Acrcrto? ort-
crroXa? napd tov /3acn\eto<; 'Avtio^ou, cov Tjxvriypa-
(f)a v/juv vrroyeypdffxifiep' evirv^ev 8' rj/xlv /cat a(v)-
5 tos (f>djJLevos, ttoWojv avTwc /cat crepcjv, StaXe-
yo/xevojv /cat are^avov SihovTcov, coairep /cat rj-
/xet? TrapaKoXovOovjAev Sta to /cat Trpeo-fievcrai d-

7TO TCOV TTo\eC0V TLVOLS 777JO<? T7/XO-9, fiovkeo-dcu TY]V

yu>pav T7)v SeSojxevrjv avrat vtto tov fiacnXecos 'Av-
id tio^ov /cat Sta to lepbv /cat Sta tt)v irpbs vfxd<; evvot-
av TrpoaeveyKaaOai rrpos tyjv v/xeTepav tto\lv. A
fxev ovv agtot yevicrOai clvtcol napd Trjs -TroXew?, av-
tos vjxiv S^Xojcret' /caXw? S' av TrorjcraiTe i/zr^to-a/xe-
voi re ndpTa ra (^ikdvOpcoira clvtcoi /cat /ca^ on ai>
o~vy^(opy]crr)L ttjv dvaypacprjv TTorjaafjievoL /cat crr^-
XcocravTes /cat 0eVres et? to lepbv, tVa jxevrjt v/jup
/3e^8at0J9 et? irdvTa Toy -y(jp6vov ra avy-^copi-jOivTa.

eppocrOe. BacnXevs A^Tto^o? MeXea-

yp&Jt yolpeiv. AeSw/ca/xez; 'AptcrToSt/ctSrit twi 'Actctlcol

i873-] A GREEK INSCRIPTION. 243

20 y^§ ipyaaifxov irXeOpa Sto-^tXta it po aeveyKaa 6 'at
irpbs ttjv 'iXiecov ttoXiv rj %Kr)\pL(ov. Si) ovv o~vvra£ov
TTapaoei^aL 'AptcrToStKtSrit dirb rfjs ofxopovarjq ttjl
TepyiBiai r) rrji Sktii/zuxi, ov av SoKt/xa^ts to, Stcr)(tXta
irXeOpa rrj<; yrjs kcu irpoo-opio~ai et? rrjv 'iXietov 77 tt)i>

2s 'S.Krjxpuov. eppcoao. BacrtXevs 'A^rto^o? MeXe-

dypcoL ^aipeiv. 'Kverv^ev r)plv 'AptcrToStKtSTi? 6
vAcnxto<> afttoz> oowat avrtoi rjfia^ iv rrji i<f> 'EXXtict-
irovrov crarpaiTeiai rr)v Herpav, 17/x, irporepov
el^ev ^IcXeaypos /cat T779 -^copa^ T77? IleTptSos

30 epya.o~lp.ov ireOpa.*1 ^tXta 7re^ra/cocrta /cat aXXa
yr)<~ irXeOpa Stcr^tXta epyaaipov dirb rf}<$ bpo-
povar/s rrji irporepov So#eto"77t avro)i fxepihicoi (;)
Kat T^/xet? rryf re Ilerpav SeSw/ca/xe/^ clvtcol, et
/xt) SeSorat dXXcot irporepov /cat T7)y ycopav rrjv

ss 7rp69 TTyt lleYpat /cat aXXa y^5 irXedpa Stcr^tXta
epyacripov, Stct to cf>iXov ovra rjperepov irapea-
)(f}cr6aL rjfxiv rd<~ /ca^' avrbv ^peta? /xeTa. iracnq (5)
evvolas /cat irpoOvpias. %v ovv eTno-Kexfjdpevos
et /xt) SeSorat a'XXcut irporepov avrr) rj pepi<$ (;), 7ra-

40 pdSeu^ov avrrjv Kat tt)^ 7rpo? avrrjc yoipav 'Aptcr-
roSt/ct/ctSm*2 /cat a7ro 7779 ^8acrtXt/cr^9 yoipaq rfjq bpo-
povcrr)^ rrji irporepov SeSopevqc ^copou 'AptcrroSt-
klStjl avvratjov /cara/xeryorycrat /cat irapaoel^ai
olvtcol irXeOpa Stcr^t'Xta /cat eao~at avrtoc irpoaevey-

45 KacrOai irpb<; rjv ap /3ovXr)Tac ttoXlv rcov iv rrji ^copai
re /cat crvxt/xa^tat" ot Se /3ao~tXtKot Xaot ot e/c rot) ro-
770U, eV wt ecrrlv r) Uerpa, eap fiovXcovrau oiiceiv ev rrj (1)
II expat acrc^aXetas eVe/ce, avvrerd^ajxev 'Aptcrro-
roSt/ctS^t*3 ecti^ aurou? oLKelv. eppcoao.

50 BacrtXevs 'A^rto^o? MeXeaypwt ^aipeLv. 'JLverv^ev rj-
fxlv 'Apto-roSt/ctS-^?, c/>a/xevo5 IleTpav ro ycopiov /cat tt) (y)
^copav rrjv crvyKvpovcrav, irepi 775 irporepov iypdxfjapev
StSoVres avrcot, ovo' eVt Kat ^v^ irapeiXyjcfyevaL, Sta to \\0r]-
vaitoi rCoi eVt tov vavaraOfxov eirLKe^coprjcrOaL, Kat ^t

R 2

244 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVI.

.. (ocrev avri pkv rf}<; rieT^trtSo? ^o'jpa<; Trapa^^i^Orjva^i)
avTcoi tcl icra nXeOpa, avyy(coprjOy]vai Se /cat d\\a TrXe-
Opa Stcry/Ata TrpocreveyKao-Oat Trpo<; r)i> ap fiovXrjTcu
Tcop rroXeoiv tcov Iv Trji rjpeTepat (rvppayiai, KaOd-
rrep koI rrpoTepou iypdxjjapep. 'OpaWeg ovv avrov
evvovv ovra. /cat irpodvpov et<? ret -qperepa upaypa-
tol, fiov\6peda iroXvcopelv TavOpdmov, /cat irepi
tovtcov crvyK€)(ojpr)Kapep. <l>7]criv Se eivai ryj<;
llerptVtSog ^d)pa<; rd o~vyyoipy]QivTa avTcoi
TrXedpa ^tAta irevTaKocna. Svvra^ov ovv Kara-
perpr\o~ai 'AptcrToSt/ctS^t /cat irapahei^ai yrjs
ipyaaCpov rd re Sicr^tXta /cat irevTaKocrLa tt\4-
0pa /cat dvrl tcjv nepl ttjv Uerpav a'AAa ipya-
cripov ^tXta 7re^ra/cocrta otto t^5 fiacrikiKrp; yai-
pas rry<? crvvopL^ovo-yjs ttjl iv dp^rjc SoOeiarju
avTwi Trap rjpcov' eacrat oe /cat Trpoo~evcyKao~9ai
ttjv ^copav 'AptcrToSt/ctSr^ 77^05 ^i> ctz^ fiovkrjTaL
iro\iv toju iv rrji rjperepai cru/x/xa^tat, xaBd-
irep /cat eV Trjt irporepov imaToXyji iypdxfja-
pev. eppcocro.

This inscription, the great historical value of which
cannot be denied, seems certainly to belong to the third
century b.c, judging from the subject as well as from the
form of the letters, for the king Antiochus repeatedly
mentioned must either be Antiochus L, surnamed Soter
(281 to 260 b.c), or Antiochus III., the Great (222 to
■ 186). Polybius, who was born in 210 or 200 b.c, and
died in 122 b.c, in his History (XXVIII. 1, and XXXI. 21)
speaks indeed of a Meleager who lived in his time, and
was an ambassador of Antiochus Epiphanes, who reigned
from 174 to 164, and it is quite possible that this Meleager
afterwards became satrap of the satrapy of the Hellespont,
and that, in this office, he wrote to the Ilians the first
letter of this inscription. But in the first letter of An-
tiochus to his satrap Meleager, he gives him the option

I873-] THE INSCRIPTION DISCUSSED. 245

of assigning to Aristodicides the 2000 plethra of land,
either from the district bordering upon the territory of
Gergis or upon that of Scepsis. The town of Gergis,
however, according to Strabo, was destroyed by king
Attalus I. of Pergamus, who reigned from 241 to 197 B.C.,
and who transplanted the inhabitants to the neighbourhood
of the sources of the CaYcus in Mysia. These sources,
however, as Strabo himself says, are situated very far from
Mount Ida, and hence also from Ilium. Two thousand
plethra of land at such a distance could not have been
of any use to the Ilians ; consequently, it is impossible to
believe that the inscription can be speaking of the new
town of Gergitha, which was rising to importance at the
sources of the Caicus. I now perfectly agree with Mr.
Frank Calvert,* and with Consul von Hahn,| that the site
of Gergis is indicated by the ruins of the small town and
acropolis at the extreme end of the heights behind Bunar-
bashi, which was only a short time ago regarded by most
archaeologists as the site of the Homeric Troy. This
site of Gergis, in a direct line between Ilium and Scepsis,
the ruins of which are to be seen further away on the
heights of Mount Ida, agrees perfectly with the inscrip-
tion. Livy (XXXV. 43) gives an account of the visit
of Antiochus III , the Great. I also find in the 'Corpus
Inscriptionum Graecarum,' No. 3596, that the latter
had a general called Meleager, who may subsequently
have become satrap of the Hellespont. On the other
hand, Chishull, in his ' Antiquitates Asiaticac,' says that
Antiochus I., Soter, on an expedition with his fleet against
the King of Bithynia, stopped at the town of Sigeum,
which lay near Ilium, and that the king went up to Ilium
with the queen, who was his wife and sister, and with the
great dignitaries and his suite. There is, indeed, nothing
said of the brilliant reception which was there prepared

* Archaeological Journal^ vol. xxi. 1864.

t Die Ausgrabungen aiif der homerischen Pergamos, s. 24.

246 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVI.

for him, but there is an account of the reception which
was arranged for him in Sigeum. The Sigeans lavished
servile flattery upon him, and not only did they send
ambassadors to congratulate him, but the Senate also
passed a decree, in which they praised the king's actions
to the skies, and proclaimed that public prayers should be
offered up to the Ilian Athena, to Apollo (who was regarded
as his ancestor), to the goddess of Victory and to other
deities, for his and his consort's welfare ; that the priestesses
and priests, the senators and all the magistrates of the
town should carry wreaths, and that all the citizens and all
the strangers settled or temporarily residing in Sigeum
should publicly extol the virtues and the bravery of the great
king ; further, that a gold equestrian statue of the king,
standing on a pedestal of white marble, should be erected in
the temple of Athena in Sigeum, and that it should bear the
inscription : " The Sigeans have erected this statue to King
Antiochus, the son of Seleucus,for the devotion he has shown
to the temple, and because he is the benefactor and the saviour
of the people ; this mark of honour is to be proclaimed in
the popular assemblies and at the public games." However,
in this wilderness it is impossible for me to find out from
which ancient classic writer this episode has been taken.

It is very probable that a similar reception awaited
Antiochus I. in Ilium, so that he kept the city in good
remembrance. That he cherished kindly feelings towards
the Ilians is proved also by the inscription No. 3595 in
the 'Corpus Inscriptionum Grascarum.' But whether it
is he or Antiochus the Great that is referred to in the
inscription I do not venture to decide.

Aristodicides, of Assos, who is frequently mentioned in
the inscription, is utterly unknown, and this name occurs
here for the first time ; the name of the place Petra also,
which is mentioned several times in the inscription, is quite
unknown ; it must have been situated in this neighbour-
hood, but all my endeavours to discover it in the modern

1873.] ANOTHER GREEK INSCRIPTION. 247

Turkish names of the localities, or by other means, have
been made in vain.

The other inscription runs as follows : —

riNlOYTOYEYA
OZMEN OYKAMENAXOZTAAYK.O

EnETPATAME N E H.ZTHAHN KATATONNOMON EPTO^I AON nATPOZOY
XPHMATIZZHEZHMIHMENONYnOTQNnPOTANEaNTQNnEPlAlO

s 4>ANHN HrHZI AHMOYO<{> IAONTATOYZKATATON NOMONZTATHPAZAYO
KAIMHNOTENHNMN HZ A PXOYK A I APTEM I AI1PON 4> ANI AKAI AIOMBAHN
AnOAARNIOYEZH M lfl.MENOYZYnOTP_N nPYTANEP_NTilNnEPlAlO<t>ANHN
HrHZIAHMOYYnOHMEPAZTPEIZO^IAONTAIEKAZTONAYTONZTATHPAZAYO
MHNOAOTONMHNOAOTOYKAIHPAKAEIAHNKAIMHNOAOTONTOYZHPAKAEI

10 AOYEZHMI-QMENOYZYnOTftNriEPI HAINAN AKTAEYAHMOYriPYTA
NEnNOc|>IAONTA EKAZTON AYTftN ZT ATH PAZ AYO
APTEMIAilPON MHNO^ANTOYEZHMinMENONYnOTilN NO
M0 4>YAAKftNTftN flEPI I nn APXONH rHZ I A H MOYO $\ AON
TAZTATHPAZAYO

COVLOV TOV EuS ....

ocr/xei^ ou/ca/xem^os yXavKO . .

iireypaxpafjiev et? aTtjkrjv /caret tov vo/jlov ^pyocpikov Ylarpocrov (;)
Xpi^/xart?*1 £17* 2 i^f^uofxevov vtto tcov TrpoTavecov** tcov irepl Ato-

> <f>dvr}v cHyr)<TL$ij[Aov, 6{^>)ikovTa tovs /car(ct) tov vo/xov crTaTrjpas Svo
/cat Mrjvoyevqv Mvr)cr{dp^;)ov /cat 3 'ApTefiiScopov <&avia /cat AiOfnjSrjv
'AttoWcovlov, i^rjixLOjjjievovs vtto tcov TrpvTavecov tcov irepi Aiocpaivrjv)
'Yiyiqaiorjixov vtto rjfiepas Tpels o^tXoz/ra? eKaorrov avTcov o-TaTrjpas bvo.
MrjvoSoTov M.7jvoS6tov /cat 'HpaKXeiSrjv /cat M-cpoSorof tovs 'Hpa/cXet-

iu Sou et^jxuopiivov^ vtto tcov rrepl QaivtovaKTa JLvStJjaov TrpvTci
vecov, ofyeikovTOL cXkcxcttov avTcov crraTrfpa^ Suo.
'Apre/JLtScopov MrjvocfidvTOv i^fxicofxevov vtto tcov vo-
[xocfivXaKcov tcov irepl 'YTnrapypv 'Hy^crtSf^uou, ocpiXov-
ra CTTaTrjpas Svo.

In the inscription quoted in the ' Corpus Inscriptionum
Graecarum' under No. 3604, which is admitted to belong
to the time of Augustus Octavianus, Hipparchus is men-
tioned as a member of the Ilian Council, and as on line 13
the same name occurs with the same attribute, I do not
hesitate to maintain that the above inscription belongs to
the same period.

( *4» )

CHAPTER XVII.

Spring weather in the Plain of Troy — The Greek Temple of Athena —
Numerous fragments of sculpture — Reservoir of the temple —
Excavation of the Tower — Difficulties of the work — Further
discoveries of walls — Stone implements at small depths — Im-
portant distinction between the plain and decorated whorls — Greek
and Roman coins — Absence of iron — Copper nails : their
peculiar forms : probably dress and hair pins : some with heads
and beads of gold and electrum — Original height of the Tower —
Discovery of a Greek house — Various types of whorls — Further
remarks on the Greek bas-relief — It belonged to the temple of
Apollo — Stones from the excavations used for building in the
villages around — Fever.

Pergamus of Troy, March 15th, 1873.
Since my report of the 1st of this month I have continued
the excavations with great zeal, favoured by glorious
weather and an abundance of workmen. The nights are
cold, and the thermometer still frequently falls to freezing
point towards morning, whereas during the day the heat
of the sun is already beginning to be troublesome, the
thermometer often showing 180 Reaumur (72^° Fahren-
heit) in the shade at midday. The leaves of the trees are
only now beginning to sprout, while the Plain is already
covered with spring flowers.* For the last fortnight we
have heard the croaking of millions of frogs in the sur-
rounding marshes, and during the last eight days the storks
have returned. One of the discomforts of our life in this

* Compare Homer's picture of the marshalling of the Greek forces :
Iliad, II. 467-8 :—

'EaTav S' iv \eifxwvi ^Ka/xavSpiw avQijidevri
Mvpioi, tiff a a t€ (piiAAa Kcd &v6ea -yiyi'erai &>pr>.

" Upon Scamander 's flowery mead they stood
I'n numbered as tlie vernal leaves andflowersS'—llLB.]

Ch. XVII. 1873.] GREEK TEMPLE OF ATHENA. 249

wilderness is the hideous shrieking of the innumerable owls
which build their nests in the holes of the walls of my
excavations ; their shrieks sound mysterious and horrible,
and are especially unendurable at night.

I have proceeded with the excavation of the site of
the Temple of Athena with the greatest energy. The
foundations of this sanctuary nowhere extend deeper
than 2 meters (6h feet), and generally only to 1 meter
(3^ feet). The floor, which consists of large slabs of
sandstone, and which rests upon double layers of large
hewn blocks of the same stone, is frequently covered only
with a foot, and never with more than 35 feet, of
vegetable soil ; this explains the total absence of entire
sculptures. For whatever sculptures there were in or upon
the temple could not sink into the ground on the summit of
the hill, and they therefore remained lying on the surface
for many centuries, till they were destroyed by religious zeal
or wantonness. This, and this alone, explains the enormous
mass of fragments of statues which cover the entire hill.

I find, however, a great number of large sculptured
blocks of marble in the Corinthian style which are difficult
to destroy, and the removal of which causes me great trouble
and loss of time. As the Tower, which I partly uncovered
last year, extends directly below the temple at a great
depth,- and as I wish at all events to lay bare its entire
breadth, I shall leave only the ruins of the north and
south walls of the temple standing, and break away all the
rest, except a reservoir, 27 feet long and 26 feet broad,
which is in the sanctuary, and is built of blocks of limestone
laid together without cement or lime, and the walls of which
have a thickness of 8 feet. The four aqueducts mentioned
in my last report empty themselves into the reservoir. I
shall leave it Standing in order to give visitors to the Troad
a faint idea of the trouble which I have to take in removing
all the stones of a temple which is about 288 feet long and
yih feet broad. But what is even much more difficult

250 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVII.

than the removal of the stones, is the carrying off of the
debris, for as the excavation is made on the flat earth, this
can only be effected by side paths, which become steeper
the deeper we dig. However, I only wish to uncover the
top of the ruined Tower, for to bring it to light down to
the primary soil is a piece of work to which my patience
is unequal. This new large cutting, therefore, only re-
quires a depth of 26 feet, and on the western end I have
given it a breadth of 78^ feet. By this means I hope to
reach the ancient and highly important monument on the
north side in two or three days. As soon as this is done, I
shall have an upper and a lower terrace made for facilitating
the removal of the rubbish, and shall thus in a month from
to-day be able to finish the entire excavation of the Tower
as far as its eastern end, which I came upon yesterday in
my steep cutting at the south-eastern corner of the Per-
gamus, and of which I have laid open a breadth of 13 feet.
This eastern side of the Tower, thus brought to light, runs
down at an angle of 60 degrees, and has the same appear-
ance as the ancient buttress which I uncovered at the north
side of the Pergamus. As I did not at first think that it
was the Tower, I had the first layer of stones broken off,
but I soon found a piece of masonry composed of large
stones joined with earth. In consequence of this I have
entirely stopped the works in this cutting, which already
extended to a length of 1 1 1 \ feet, and in spite of its small
breadth was one of the most difficult works in Troy. For,
as already said, I had first to break through a wall 10 feet
thick, consisting of large blocks of marble, but principally
of Corinthian pillars joined with lime (see p. 239) ; then the
wall of Lysimachus, which was also 10 feet thick, and built of
large hewn stones. The large drums of pillars had to be
rolled up the steep path and then carried off; the large hewn
stones had to be broken with hammers and then removed in
wheel-barrows. In addition to this, as the visitors to the
Pergamus may see in the walls of this cutting, we had to cut

1873.] EARTHEN JARS USED AS CELLARS. 25 I

through two Trojan walls, the first of which is 5^ feet thick,
and the second 10 feet ; both consist of stones joined with
earth. The first of these walls is directly below a portion
of the western wall of the comparatively modern Temple
of Athena, and as — according to my pocket compass —
it runs due E.S.E.^E., I at first thought that it might
belong to the ancient diminutive temple of the Ilian
tutelary goddess, which Alexander the Great * found here.
But nothing further has appeared which could help to prove
this. The second wall, 10 feet thick, is extremely inter-
esting, for it is built of large unhewn blocks of shelly lime-
stone (Muschelkalk), and on the top of it is a wall of small
stones joined with earth. It evidently belongs to a much
later age, but was in any case built long before the arrival
of the Greek colony in Ilium. But even the lower wall of
large stones was not built till the Tower of Ilium had formed
a heap of debris 20 feet high ; it must therefore have been
built centuries after the erection of the Tower. This debris
consists of ashes mixed with bones and small shells, and on
account of its dampness and toughness is just as difficult
to break down as damp limestone rock. In it I found many
fragments of those Trojan vessels, which are of a brilliant
red or black colour, both outside and inside, but nothing
else of any interest. Above the Tower, at the east side of
the Pergamus, there is nothing but yellow wood-ashes and
a great number of stones. In fact, down to the present
depth of \\ meters (14^ feet) below the surface, that is,
from 7 to 10 feet below the foundations of the temple of
Athena, I find nothing but yellow wood-ashes, and among
these an immense number of enormous earthen jars (-ttlOol)
from 31 to 6h feet long, and pointed below, which must
have served not only as wine and water jars, but as cellars
for keeping provisions, for there are no walled cellars.

Stone implements, such as I found in my former exca-
vations only below a depth of 13 feet (with the exception

* Plutarch, Life of Alexander, viii. Comp. p. 146.

252 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVII.

of the few knives of silex), are met with here in great
numbers at as small a • depth as 6h feet, that is, directly
below the Temple of Athena ; those most frequently found
are clumsy hammers of diorite, but occasionally also ham-
mers of the same or of green stone very prettily worked ;
some of them have a wide hole at both sides and a narrow
one in the middle, and I cannot understand how a handle
could have been fixed into them. The best finished
instrument is always the wedge,* which is of diorite or
of hard green stone, sometimes also of white silex, and
occurs in all sizes from about f of an inch to above
5 inches in length. This instrument is always of such
exquisite workmanship and so well polished, that it is really
astonishing how it was possible, with the miserable means
at the disposal of those times, to make anything of such an
excellent quality, for a modern artist with the best instru-
ments could not possibly make better ones. The knives of
silex, which I found last year in such great quantities, are
as yet but rarely met with in this excavation. As stone
implements do not occur elsewhere before reaching a depth
of 4 meters (13 feet), it is probable that the numbers of
stone implements met with here, as early as at a depth of
2 meters (6i feet) on the site of the temple, belong to the
debris which was dug up when the large reservoir was con-
structed, for it appears to extend pretty far down, and its
foundations may perhaps reach down to the Tower.

As, even in the temple itself, I find exclusively the
round terra-cottas in the form of cones and without deco-
rations, while, on the other hand, below the foundations of
the temple I meet with great quantities of them in the form
of volcanoes and tops, with the most various Aryan religious
symbols, I am now of the opinion that all those bearing
such Aryan symbols must belong to the tribes which pre-
ceded the Greek colony on this site.

* As elsewhere, the wedges here spoken of are what the Author
afterwards decided to be axes, and especially battle-axes. — [Kd.]

I873-] GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 253

Of moulds of mica-schist I have only found two, one
of which was used on all the six sides for casting weapons
and instruments, the other for casting headless nails, and
has two round holes, not perforated, for what purpose I do
not know.*

While speaking of implements, I must mention a very
remarkable hammer of bone, found at a depth of 3 meters
(10 feet), which is covered with little engraved stars.

We again met with several marble idols, with the
engraved owl's face of the Ilian Athena and her girdle
with dots ; also a very pretty marble idol without the owl's
head, but with two small arms extended horizontally. The
only terra-cottas with owls' heads that have been met with,
since my last report, are two cups (vase-covers).

I find very many copper coins of Ilium and Alexandria
Troas, and Roman ones from the time of Augustus to
Constantine the Great, especially the latter, directly below
the surface, and at most down to a meter (3! feet) deep.
Iron I do not find at all, not even in the temple, but a number
of copper nails, which, however, I begin to think could not
have been used for driving into wood ; for this purpose
they seem to be far too long and thin. The usual length
of the nails occurring below 6h feet is from about 4 to
above 6 inches, with a thickness of ^ of an inch, and I
do not think that it would be possible to drive such a nail
even into very soft wood. Besides this, most of the nails
have no head at all, others two heads, and many have two
pointed ends, one of which is bent round so as to form a
head. Thick copper nails suitable for driving into wood
are very rarely met with; I have only found two in two
years. I am therefore induced to believe that all the nails
which I find in the strata of the nations preceding the
Greeks have been used only as dress or hair pins. This

* An engraving of a similar mould, found on the Tower, is given in
Chapter XVI 1 1., No. 175. p. 261.

254 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XVII.

belief is confirmed by a copper nail, about 5 inches long,
with a head of the usual form, and the fragment of a similar
nail, which were found only 3 inches below the surface, in
a small groove, which my men had made round their reed-
hut to allow the rain-water to run off. On the head of the
nail there is a small gold ball, and then there follows down-
wards on the nail a row of eighteen similar little gold balls.
At the end of this row there is a second row of nine gold
balls of like size. The rows of the little balls are in the
form of necklaces, and cover a third part of the nail. The
fragment of the other nail is still more remarkable, for it
shows a string of little balls which form a perfect bow;
they are made of the alloy which in antiquity was called
electrum (yjXeKrpov), consisting of three parts of gold and
one part of silver ; below the bow, in a horizontal direction,
there is a row of little balls, which are probably intended
to represent the string. The little balls are firmly soldered
to both of the nails. In addition to this I must also men-
tion that the silver nails so frequently met with are gene-
rally of the same form and size as the copper ones, and can
certainly never have been used for driving into wood.

On the west side of the Great Tower, which I laid bare
last year, I am likewise making an excavation 47 feet long
and 48 feet broad, so as to bring to light more of this side,
and to see how the walls of Ilium are connected with it. It
is worth a journey round the world to see this Tower, whose
site was at all events so high, that it not only commanded
a view of the Plain, but also of the plateau lying to the
south of it, whereas its summit now lies a great many feet
below the level of the plateau. -According to this it seems
that the accumulation o^ debris on the site of the city is as
large as it is in the Pergamus.*

* It is perhaps unnecessary to remind the reader again how the
Author afterwards gave up the idea of this distinction between the city
and its Pergamus. — [Ed.]

1873-3 RUINS OF A GREEK HOUSE. 255

In the western excavation, already mentioned, I found
the ruins of a very large house of the Greek period. It
extended to the depth of 6i feet, and must have belonged
to a rich man, for the floors of the rooms are made of large
red slabs splendidly polished. In it I found two small
and very pretty female heads of terra-cotta, as well as two
extremely remarkable pieces of hard brittle black stone,
like glass, in the form of mushrooms, but with a tube
running through the centre. The heads of the two pieces
have decorations similar to those on the round terra-cottas
in the form of humming-tops and volcanoes, and I there-
fore believe that both pieces belong to the pre-Hellenic
period.

Below the foundations of the Greek house I found, at
the depth of 3 and 4 meters (9! to 13 feet), many of the
whorls with the usual decorations of four, five, or six double
or treble rising suns ; or four flaming altars ; or four Rosa:
mysticcc ; or four or five p}-J in the circle around the central
sun. I likewise found, at a depth of 10 feet, one of these
articles, upon which there is a very rude and inartistic
engraving of the Ilian Athena, with the owl's head and
outstretched arms. By the side
of this representation there are
two crosses, and at the four
ends of each are the marks of
the nails with which our fore-
fathers fastened the two pieces
of wood which were laid
crosswise for igniting the holy
fire. In the same circle with
the image of the goddess there N°- w-

A Whorl with rude Symbols of the Owl's
are tWO Symbols OI light- Face» Suastika, and lightning {3 m.).

ning. A faithful drawing of this terra-cotta is given in
the cut.

Of the earthenware found in this excavation there is one
piece especially deserving of attention. This is a vessel in the

256 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVII.

form of a helmet, with a round hole at the bottom ; it may
have served as a kind of funnel.

As has been already said, the splendid block of tri-
glyphs representing Phoebus Apollo with the four horses
of the Sun, which I discovered last July, must, as the
rriglyph on the left side proves, have stood over the
entrance of the temple, probably on its propylaca, and must
have had another block of triglyphs of the same size on
its right side. It would be of the greatest interest to
archaeology if I should find the second block of triglyphs,
which, as happened with the other block, has probably
been thrown from the summit of the hill down the steep
declivity. I have also previously expressed the opinion,
that the block of triglyphs which I saved had been thrown
down by fanatical Turks because it represented living
creatures, which is strictly prohibited in the Koran. How-
ever, the locality has not been inhabited at all since the
ninth century, and the labourers of the distant Turkish
villages cannot possibly have given themselves the trouble
of rolling down from the hill such tremendous weights from
mere religious zeal. Besides this, the good state in which
the sculpture has been preserved proves that it cannot
possibly have stood upon the top of the hill up to the
time of the Turkish invasion, and this leads me to suppose
that it was thrown down by the early Christians more
than a thousand years before, very likely even in the fourth
century a.d. ; for it is well known, that all sculptures of
heathen gods which were difficult to destroy they simply
hurled from the top of the hills upon which they stood.
That this is the only true explanation is also confirmed by
the covering of earth, 3} feet thick, which enveloped the
sculpture on the declivity of the hill. According to the
average accumulation of the soil in this locality, the forma-
tion of such a covering would be impossible in the course
of three or four centuries : it would have required more
than a thousand years.

I873-] TEMPLE OF APOLLO. 257

It is now quite certain that the Doric temple, which
at one time stood on the north side, and in the depths
of which I have so long been working, was the sanctuary
of Apollo ; and that the block of Doric triglyphs so
frequently mentioned belonged to this temple of Apollo,
and to none other ; since Ilium's great temple, which I
am now investigating, could only have been dedicated to
the tutelary goddess of Ilium, Athena, for in the great
inscription quoted in my last report it is simply called
to tepov.

In order to try to find the second block of triglyphs, I
have since yesterday set 25 men to work upwards from
the foot of the hill at the point where the Phoebus Apollo
was found, over a breadth of 59 feet, to remove the debris
which unfortunately I had thrown down the declivity last
year, and which forms a covering of 23 feet in thickness ;
and then to dig away the whole steep side of the hill to
a depth of 4^ feet from the bottom upwards.

As soon as I have workmen to spare, I shall also em-
ploy thirty to make a deep cutting into the theatre, the
stage of which, as already said, is 197 feet broad; this
cutting I intend to make $$ feet broad and 148 feet long;
for, in a small opening which I made there last year, I
found a number of fragments of broken statues, and it is
quite possible that some, which might be of the greatest
interest to archeology, escaped the zeal of the early
Christians.

The many thousands of stones which I bring out of
the depths of Ilium have induced the inhabitants of the
surrounding villages to erect buildings which might be
called grand for the inhabitants of this wilderness. Among
others, they are at present building with my Ilian stones
a mosque and a minaret in the wretched Turkish village
of Chiplak, and a church-tower in the Christian village of
Yenishehr. A number of two-wheeled carts, drawn by
oxen, are always standing by the side of my excavations,

»j8

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Ch. XVII. 1873.

ready to receive the stones which can be of any use as
soon as they have been brought to the surface ; but the
religious zeal of these good people is not great enough for
them to offer to help me in the terrible work of breaking
the large, splendidly hewn blocks so as to make them
more convenient to remove.

Although spring is only just commencing, there is
already a great deal of malignant fever in consequence of
the mild winter, and the poor people of the neighbourhood
are already daily beginning to make large claims upon my
stock of quinine.

I found myself obliged to raise the men's wages to 10
piasters or 2 francs, eight days ago.

No. 173. Splendid Trojan Vase of Tcrra-cotta, representing the tutelary Goddess of Ilium,
6ea y\a.vKo)wis 'AOijfr;. The cover forms the helmet. (8 M.)

( *59 )

CHAPTER XVIII.

Weather and progress of the work — The lion-headed handle of a sceptre

— Lions formerly in the Troad — Various objects found — Pottery

— Implements of stone and copper — Whorls — Balls curiously
decorated — Fragments of musical instruments — Remains of house-
walls — The storks of the Troad.

Pergamus of Troy, March 22nd, 1873.

During this last week we have again had constant splendid
weather, and, with 150 men on an average, I have got
through a good piece of work. On the north side of the
excavation on the site of the Temple of Athena, I have
already reached a depth of 16 feet, and have laid bare the
Tower in several places. The space to be dug down
is now divided into four terraces, and I am having the
lowest terrace, which forms the surface of the Tower,
worked with especially great energy. As the paths are
getting both steeper and longer, the men with the wheel-
barrows have now to stop and rest half-way, so the work
proceeds more slowly every day. Still I hope that I shall
bring to light the whole breadth of the Tower in the eastern
direction in three weeks, but the western side in a week and
a half. The only part of the interior of the Temple of
Athena which I have left standing is the reservoir built
of large white stones without cement, which, owing to my
excavations, will in a few days be 16 feet above the Tower,
and will have a very pretty appearance. It is only by
excavating the west side of that part of the Great Tower
which I uncovered last year, that I shall be able to judge
in what direction the walls run out from it, and what my
next work will be. The most remarkable of the objects

s 2

26o TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XVIII.

found this week is certainly a large knob belonging to
a stick, of the purest and finest crystal, and in the form

of a very beautifully wrought lion's
head; it was discovered upon the
Tower at a depth of 26 feet. It
must have been the ornament of a
Trojan's staff or sceptre (aKrJTTTpov),
a Lion-Headed Scepire-handie of for I found it among those brilliant

the finest crystal : found on the 1 1 1 i <- r

Tower (8 m.). red and black fragments of pot-

tery, which only occur at a depth of from 36 to 46
feet, except upon the Tower. Not only this lion's head,
but the illustrations drawn from the lion, which occur
repeatedly in the Iliad, make it seem extremely probable
that in remote antiquity lions existed in this neighbour-
hood. Homer could not possibly have described so ex-
cellently the characteristics of this animal, had he not
had frequent opportunity of watching them, and his geo-
graphical knowledge of southern countries is too slight for
us to suppose that he had visited them, and had there
become intimately acquainted with the characteristics of
the lion. Not far from the lion's head I found a splendidly
cut hexagon of the purest crystal, as well as a small
pyramid, ii inch long and broad, and if inch high, made
of black, white and blue streaked marble, such as is not
found in this district ; the hole which runs through the
centre of the pyramid is filled with lead.

I also found upon the Tower a very primitive marble
idol, yh inches in length, 3-^ inches broad, and i-i- inch
thick ; also a very fine copper lance ; further, a large
mould of mica-schist for casting twelve different weapons
and instruments, as well as a beautiful sling-bullet made of
loadstone. In the higher strata, and in fact at a depth of
4 meters (13 feet), the most curious article certainly is an idol
of the Trojan tutelary goddess made of slate, such as has
never hitherto been found. It shows the owl's face, two
breasts and a navel, and long hair at the back of the head ;

I873-]

VARIOUS TROJAN ARTICLES.

261

two horizontal lines on the neck, which are joined by small
cross lines, seem to denote armour. Marble idols without
the owl's face, but otherwise of exactly the same form as
those with the owl's face, are met with in numbers in all
the strata between 3 and 8 meters deep (io to 26 feet). I
likewise found long, thin copper nails with round heads at
the thick end, or without heads, but with the end bent round,
which I now perceive can only be breast or hair pins, and

No. 175. A Mould of Mica-schist, for casting various metal Instruments (Tower, 8 M.).

not actual nails for driving into wood. I find them also
in quantities in the strata of this excavation between 4
and 7 meters deep (13 to 23 feet), and I must therefore
decidedly pronounce that the people to whom these strata
of ruins belong were acquainted with copper.

A strange instrument of copper, almost in the shape of a

No. 176. A curious Instrument of Copper ,3 m. . No. 177- A perforated and grooved piece

of Mica-schi.-.t. probablj '< '' supporting .1
Spit. Found on the l'owei (S :.i .

horse's bit, but with two pointed hooks, was found at a depth

262

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XVIII.

of 10 feet. Besides this, we met with two somewhat
crooked copper knives, at from 13 to j6;j feet down, as
well as a small but very line knife, in the form of a saw,
made of a shell. Stone instruments are continually met
with here in great numbers in all of the strata between
2 and 8 meters deep (6^ to 26 feet), whereas in my exca-
vations of 1 87 1 and 1872 I only found them below a
depth of 13 feet. Two beautiful stone lances, one of
diorite, the other of hard green stone, were found, the one
at 20 feet down, the other at 1 1 ^ feet. During this week, I
also found very many knives of silex in the form of saws
or of sharp blades, with one or two edges ; further, a very
prettily cut piece of mica-schist with a perforated hole and
a groove on the upper side, which may have been fastened
to a fireplace and have served for turning a spit.

No 178. A large Terra-cotta Vase, with two large Handles and two small Handles or Rings

(s m.).

I have observed that the terra-cottas here generally

i873-] TERRA-COTTA VASES AND PLATES. 263

occur in great numbers only in and below those strata of
debris which are mixed with enormous quantities of small
shells, and which usually commence at a depth of 13 feet,
but sometimes not till 20 feet. However, every now and
then we come upon beautiful terra-cottas above these
shell strata ; and thus, for instance, in the great cutting,
directly in front of my door, we found, at a depth of
10 feet, several large and splendid vessels, among which
was an extremely elegant black vase, in the shape of a soup-
tureen, and at a depth of \\\ feet two mixing-bowls, the
smaller one of which has two, the larger one four, handles ;
the larger mixing-bowl is two feet high, and its orifice is
as much in diameter. (See Cut, No. 41, p. 74.) At a
depth of i6i feet I found an extremely curious large vase,
which has two large handles at the top and two small ones
at the sides. Various other vases of extremely curious forms
were discovered at a depth of from 13 to 26 feet; of them
I will only mention one large brilliant black vase with two
female breasts and two handles, by the side of which are
the stumps of the upraised arms which ornamented this
vessel. The upper part of it, which, as is proved by the
arms and breasts, was ornamented with the owl's head of
the Ilian Athena, is unfortunately wanting. It is strange
that this vase has no navel.

Of the large and brilliant red goblets in the form
of huge champagne-glasses, with two immense handles,
we met with many in a more or less broken condition
at a depth of from 6 to 8 meters (20 to 16 feet) ; among
them is an enormous goblet 15! inches long, of which
I have been able to collect all the fragments and shall
therefore be able to restore it. (See No. 112, p. 158.)

I found, at a depth of from 23 to 26 feet, quantities of
earthen plates, some of which are of a brilliant red colour,
but most of them are uncoloured. At a depth of 20 feet
I found a fragment of pottery with a cross, at the four
ends of which are dots, which can only indicate the

264

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XVIII.

nails by means of which it was fastened. Small terra-cotta
whorls, with Aryan religious symbols, were again found in
great numbers ; several of them have decorations not
hitherto met with. Of terra-cotta balls we have found
three during these last days, two of them are very remark-
able. One hemisphere of the first has nineteen figures
like the Greek letter Rho (P) in a circle round it, and ten
of the same figures in a line through the middle point,

No. 179. A remarkable Terra-cotta Ball (6 m.).

also a number of little stars ; the other hemisphere is
entirely filled with little stars. The second ball has a
half moon on the one hemisphere and large stars on
the other.

Among the remarkable objects found during the week,
I must also mention a splendidly
ornamented piece of ivory, from a
depth of 8 meters (26 feet), which
is almost the shape of a flute,
and may have been used as
such ; further, a fiat bone, which
has one hole at the one end and three at the other,
and seems certainly to have belonged to a musical in-
strument.

I sometimes find here house-walls built of stones joined
with mere earth, which must certainly have been erected
long before the Greek settlement, but which rise to
within a meter (3 ] feet) of the surface; in fact in the

No. 180. A finely engraved Ivory Tube,
probably part of a Flute. Found on
the Tower (8 M.).

1 373-]

NO STORKS AT ILIUM.

265

great cutting in front of my house, I have pierced through
two such walls 6^ feet thick, which here formed the
corner of a house, and which reach up to within a foot of
the surface ; they appear to extend pretty far down, and
in my next letter I shall be able to give more details
about them.

Although the Pergamus, whose depths I have been
ransacking, borders directly upon the marshes formed by
the Simois, in which there are always hundreds of storks,
yet none of them ever settle down here. Upon one of my
wooden houses and upon the stone one I had two com-
fortable nests made for them, but although there are
sometimes twelve storks' nests upon one roof in some of
the surrounding Turkish villages, yet none will settle on
mine ; it is probably too cold and stormy for the little
storks on ""l\io<? T^e^o'ecro-a."

No. 181. Knob for a Stick,
of fine marble (3 M.).

No. 182. Bone handle of a Trojan's Staff or Sceptre,
atcrjTTTpov (7 M.).*

* A handle such as this, or as that shown at p. 260 (No. 174), seems
well suited for the long leaning-staff (o-KrJTrrpov, from a-K^TTTo/xai, " to lean
upon ") which, in Homer, is the symbol of royal authority, and with
which Ulysses beat Thersites. (Iliad, II. 46, 265, ct passim.) — [Ed.]

( 266 )

CHAPTER XIX.

Splendid vases found on the Tower — Other articles — Human skull,
bones, and ashes, found in an urn — New types of whorls — Greek
votive discs of diorite — Moulds of mica-schist — The smaller quan-
tity of copper than of stone implements explained — Discussion of the
objection, that stone implements are not mentioned by Homer -
Reply to Mr. Calvert's article — Flint knives found in the Acropolis
of Athens — A narrow escape from fire.

Pergamus of Troy, March 29th, 1873.

Since my report of the 22nd of this month I have unfor-
tunately made little or no progress, for most of the villagers
are trimming their vineyards during this week ; and besides
this, we have been tormented by a horrible icy-cold high
north wind, which yesterday and to-day rendered it impos-
sible to carry on the works.

But in spite of this, during the week we have found at a
depth of 8 meters (26 feet), and upon the Tower, a great
number of splendid vases of the most remarkable form ;
they are indeed all in a more or less broken condition,
but they can easily be mended, as I have all the pieces.
Those especially deserving of being mentioned are a brilliant
black vase with two large female breasts, a large navel, and
with two mighty upraised arms (No. 183); further, a vase
$3$ inches high, in a good state of preservation; a large
mixing bowl [Kpariqp) with two handles, and a smaller vase,
round below, with four handles of two different forms.
Among the smaller vessels there are, especially deserving
of attention, a brilliant black cup cover, with a handle in
the form of a coronet, and a brilliant red cover, with a very
curious human face, in which the features of the owl cannot
be mistaken. (Nos. 184,185^.268.) Of the other articles.

CH. XIX. 1873.] OBJECTS FOUND ON THE TOWER.

267

I can only mention a little plate of gold in the form of an
arrow-head, with a small hole at the lower end (No. 186) ;
an ivory tube with very curious decorations (No. 187);
and a well-preserved skull with neat little teeth, which I
discovered, together with a few bones and a quantity of
human ashes, in a vase (unfortunately broken) 27^ inches
high and broad, at a depth of 26 feet, upon the Tower.
This is the first time that I have found such well-preserved

No. 185. A brilliant Black Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian Athena, from the Tower (8 M.).

human bones and even a skull in an urn. Funereal urns,
indeed, we dig out daily, but the bodies are always com-
pletely burnt to ashes ; and, with the exception of the
skeleton (already described) of an embryo found in a vase
at a depth of 5 1 feet upon the primary rock, I have hitherto
never found an entire bone in a funereal urn. The vase in
which I found the skull is made of that excellent Trojan

i;o TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XIX.

could of course easily be melted down and re-cast, and it
must not even be supposed that I shall find any except
those which were lost in the tumult of battle, or were pre-
served amidst the destruction of the city. Therefore the
fact that I find immensely larger numbers of silex knives
than of copper knives, and by far more axes and hammers
of stone than of copper, by no means proves that at the time
of the Trojan war there were more stone than copper instru-
ments. Stone lances are, moreover, very rarely met with ;
this year I found only two of which I know positively that
they are lances ; the one was discovered at a depth ot
ni feet, the other at 20 feet deep.

Mr. Frank Calvert of the Dardanelles, who wishes to
convince me by the hippopotamus which I found at a
depth of 23 feet, that the debris at this depth belongs to
a period wdien hippopotami inhabited the rivers of the
Troad, has expressed the opinion, in his article in the Levant
Herald of the 25th of January, 1873, tnat H°mer would
necessarily have mentioned stone knives and instruments
if they had existed in Troy, and that, as he speaks of none,
there could have been none; consequently, that none of the
ruined strata which I have cut through, containing stone
implements, can belong to the Homeric Troy, and that the
stratum directly following the Greek ruins, which extend as
far down as 6\ feet, must be more than 1000 years older
than the Trojan war.

If Mr. Calvert had taken the trouble to look into
Homer, he would have found that the word ' hammer '
(pa.L(TTt]p) occurs only once {Iliad, XVIII. 477), and that is
in the hand of Hephaestus. It is, indeed, not said of what
material the hammer was made ; the fire-god, however,
would probably have had none other than a copper hammer.
Mr. Calvert also does not appear to have ever seen a silex
knife, for otherwise he would know that thev are almost
always only from i^ to i\, and rarely 3, inches long; and
moreover, with but few exceptions, they are made in the

1873.] HOMER AND STONE IMPLEMENTS. 27 I

form of saws. I have here only once met with a saw of
this kind 5 inches in length.

In Homer there is not one opportunity where such
small saw-knives could have been mentioned, nor is it as
yet altogether clear to me what they can have been used
for.* Homer's heroes carry their copper knives beside
their swords, and generally use them for killing the sacri-
ficial animal, for which purpose, of course, flint knives
from 12 to 3 inches long would not have been appro-
priate ; but those long copper knives, the size of which is
accurately indicated by the stone moulds in which they
were cast, would have been very suitable. In the Iliad
(XVIII. 597), we see Hephaestus making youths with
golden cutlasses upon the shield of Achilles.

Mr. Calvert believes that the fact of Homer's not
mentioning either the small flint saws or stone knives is
a proof against the identity of Hissarlik with the site of Troy.
I, however, should find it surprising, and so assuredly would
all scholars and admirers of Homer, if the Homeric heroes
had appeared armed with silex saws from \\ to 3 inches
in length ; for a hero, especially in an epic poem, can
only carry and achieve something heroic. If the Homeric
hero requires a stone weapon, he does not feel in his
pocket for a silex saw from ii to 3 inches long, but he
takes the first huge stone he meets with, such as two of
the strongest men from among the people could not have
raised from the earth on to a cart by means of levers ; but
the hero carries it in his hand with the same ease with
which a shepherd would carry the fleece of a ram, and
flings the rock with infinite force against the gate of the
enemy, splinters the panels to shivers, and shatters the
double hinges and the bars ; the gate flies open, and the
stone falls with a mighty crash into the hostile camp."f"

* May they have been for flaying the sacrificed animals, a sharp flint
being better for this purpose than a copper knife, and perhaps also
being preferred to metal as less contaminated by human labour? — [Ed.]

t Iliad, XII. 445-462.

272 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XIX.

Upon another occasion, another hero uses a stone weapon.
He, too, does not look for a small silex saw, but takes an
immense block of stone, which two men from among
the people would have been unable to lift, and hurls it
against his opponent.* Mr. Calvert's excavations in the
Pergamus were confined to two small cuttings which still
exist, and he is wrong in saying that I have continued
his excavations. As my plans of the Pergamus prove, my
excavations of 1870, 1871, and up to the middle of June,
1872, were made exclusively on the Turkish portion of
the Pergamus ; and it was only in June that I began to
excavate the site of the temple of Apollo upon Mr. Calvert's
land, because a depression in the ground, 1 1 1 i feet long
and 75 \ feet broad, had betrayed the site to me. My
friend's two small cuttings by no means gave any idea
of the existence of such a temple.

I have never, as Mr. Calvert says, found the native
rock at a depth of 67 feet. I found it at a depth of 16
meters (or 52! feet) upon my large platform, and at a depth
of 14 meters (or 46^ feet) in my great cutting, in the
Roman well, and upon the south side of the Tower. In
Mr. Calvert's field, however, I found the primary soil only
in the hill covered by the very ancient buttress, which has
been repeatedly described.

Examining Mr. Calvert's article further, I assure my
readers that, with the exception of the wall which I have
already described as consisting of Corinthian pillars taken
from the temple of Athena, I have never come upon any
Byzantine ruins here ; f that all the Byzantine coins I found
were but a few inches below the surface ; and that the
ruins and the debris of the Greek colony, as anyone may
convince himself from the earthen walls of my excavations,
rarely extend below 2 meters (6h feet). Mr. Calvert's
statement, that I also find stone implements, perforated

::' Iliad, V. 302-310.

t Nor are even these now considered to be Byzantine ; see Chapter
XXII., j). 320, and Introduction, p. 30. — [Ed.]

I873-] REPLY TO MR. FRANK CALVERT. 273

cylinders, grinding-mills, and masses of shells, immediately
below these ruins, is incorrect ; for in not one of my
excavations have I hitherto found these things at less than
4 meters (13 feet) deep, and if I now find them immediately
below the foundations of the Temple of Athena, I explain
this by assuming that the dtbris which was dug out of
the great excavation for the reservoir of the temple
was used for increasing the elevation of the site of the
sanctuary. Mr. Calvert is also wrong in his statement that
the larger bones were all broken to get at the marrow ; on
the contrary, we very rarely meet with broken bones.
He is again incorrect in stating that I find small articles
of bronze, as well as ornaments in gold and silver filigree
work. I have never as yet found bronze here, but
in all cases copper; and never have I found ornaments
of gold or silver filigree work. The ornaments repre-
sented in the drawings are of pure gold, or electrum, or
silver, or copper. His statement is also erroneous, that I
occasionally find engraved representations of fish-bones
upon vessels. It is true that I often find vessels round
which rows of cuneiform decorations are engraved ; but
these are never connected with one another, and there-
fore have no resemblance at all to fish-bones. Further,
Mr. Calvert is mistaken in his assertion that in the
depths of this hill there are house-walls composed of
unhewn stones laid roughly one on the top of the other.
The architect is not yet born, who could construct house-
walls of such stones without some kind of cement. The
walls of clay do not, as Mr. Calvert's statement would
lead one to believe, consist of one mass of clay, but of
sun-dried bricks ; and I assure my readers that I have
never yet, as Mr. Calvert erroneously maintains, found
the impressions of long rushes, which indicate the use of
thatch-work. My learned friend is also completely wrong
in his statement that the floors of some of the houses
have been glazed, and that the regularity of the levellings

274 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XIX.

and the flatness of these floors prove that the glaze is not the
result of accident; further, that one of these glazed floors
has a length of 20 feet. I would give a great deal if this were
true, for such a Trojan marvel would attract thousands
desirous of information. Unfortunately, however, such
glazed floors exist only in Mr. Calvert's own imagination.
My friend is as completely mistaken in his reports about
the Great Tower, which he describes as consisting of two
walls, which meet at a sharp angle and diverge to a
distance of 40 feet, the space between them being as yet
unexplored. It is only the southern wall of this build-
ing that rises at an angle of 75 degrees : on the north
side, as it was sufficiently supported by the mound 6$h feet
broad which rested against it, it had above it only a
small perpendicular wall, 3^ feet high and broad ; whereas
the southern wall, which inclines at an angle of 15 degrees,
is 6h feet thick. The whole of the inner space between
the two walls consists of stones laid loosely upon one
another. The perpendicular height of the Tower above
the primary rock is not 15 feet, as Mr. Calvert says,
but exactly 20 feet. The terra-cotta discs with two
small holes, which, according to Mr. Calvert, I find here
at all depths, I have in reality always found only close
to the surface, as far down as 3^ feet, and rarely as far
down as 6h feet. I further assure my readers that I
know nothing about the large perforated cylinders, which
Mr. Calvert says I find in great quantities, and frequently
with half their diameter entirely in the clay of the walls.
The largest of the terra-cotta cylinders which I have dis-
covered here are only 4 inches long, and never have I
seen one of these cylinders in a house-wall.

In conclusion, I must positively deny Mr. Calvert's
assertion that stone implements, although met with in
the same stratum with articles made of different metals
and with splendid earthenware, argue a primeval and pre-
historic age. Small knives and saws of silex are, for

1 873-] DANGER FROM FIRE. 2/5

instance, found in numbers in the Acropolis of Athens,
and they appear to have been used up to a very late
period. A rude pre-historic people could by no means
have made the beautiful terra-cottas which are found here
immediately below the ruins of the Greek colony, and still
less could they have manufactured the splendid pottery
which shows such a high degree of artistic taste, and which
I meet with here at a great depth.

The life in this wilderness is not without danger, and
last night, for instance, my wife and I and the foreman
Photidas had the narrowest escape of being burnt alive.
In the bedroom on the north side of the wooden house
which we are inhabiting, we had had a small fireplace
made, and, owing to the terrible cold which has again set in
during the last six days, we have lighted a fire in it daily.
But the stones of the fireplace rest merely upon the boards
of the floor, and, whether it was owing to a crevice in the
cement joining the stones, or by some other means, the
floor took fire, and when I accidentally awoke this morning
at 3 o'clock, it was burning over a space of two yards long
by a yard broad. The room was filled with dense smoke,
and the north wall was just beginning to catch fire ; a few
seconds would have sufficed to burn a hole into it, and
the whole house would then have been in flames in less
than a minute, for a fearful north wind was blowing from
that side. In my fright I did not lose my presence of
mind. I poured the contents of a bath upon the burning
north wall, and thus in a moment stopped the fire in that
direction. Our cries awoke Photidas, who was asleep in the
adjoining room, and he called the other foremen from the
stone house to our assistance. In the greatest haste they
fetched hammers, iron levers and pickaxes ; the floor was
broken up, torn to pieces, and quantities of damp earth
thrown upon it, for we had no water. But, as the lower beams
were burning in many places, a quarter of an hour elapsed
before we got the fire under and all danger was at an end.

T 2

276

CHAPTER XX.

Discovery of a large house upon the Tower — Marks of a great con-
flagration — Primitive Altar : its very remarkable position — Ruins of
the Temple of Athena — A small cellar — Skeletons of warriors with
copper helmets and a lance — Structure of the helmet-crests —
Terra-cottas — A crucible with copper still in it — Other objects —
Extreme fineness of the engravings on the whorls — Pottery — Stone
implements — Copper pins and other objects.

Pergamus of Troy, April 5th, 1873.

Amidst cold but glorious spring weather most favourable
for the workmen, who now number 150 on the average, I
have this week continued the excavations with the greatest
energy and with good results.

The most interesting object that I have discovered
here in these three years is certainly a house which I brought
to light this week, and of which eight rooms have already
been laid open ; it stands upon the Great Tower, at a depth
of 7 and 8 meters (23 to 26 feet), directly below the Greek
Temple of Athena. Its walls consist of small stones cemented
with earth, and they appear to belong to different epochs ;
for, while some of them rest directly upon the stones of the
Tower, others were not built till the Tower was covered
with 8 inches, and in several cases even with 3^ feet, of
debris. These walls also show differences in thickness ;
one of them is \\ feet, others are only 25 \ inches, and
others again not more than 19! inches thick. Several of
these walls are 10 feet high, and on some of them may
be seen large remnants of the coatings of clay, painted
yellow or white. Only in one large room, the dimensions
of which, however, cannot be exactly ascertained, have I

Ch. XX. 1873.] PALACE ON THE TOWER. 277

as yet found an actual floor of unhewn slabs of limestone,
the smooth sides of which are turned outside. Black
marks, the result of fire, upon the lower portion of the
walls of the other rooms which have as yet been excavated,
leave no doubt that their floors were of wood, and were
destroyed by fire. In one room there is a wall in the
form of a semicircle, which has been burnt as black as
coal. All the rooms as yet laid open, and not resting
directly upon the Tower, have been excavated down to the
same level ; and I find, without exception, that the debris
below them consists of red or yellow ashes and burnt
ruins. Above these, even in the rooms themselves, I
found nothing but either red or yellow wood-ashes, mixed
with bricks that had been dried in the sun and sub-
sequently burnt by the conflagration, or black debris, the
remains of furniture, mixed with masses of small shells :
in proof of this there are the many remains which are
still hanging on the walls. In several rooms I found red
jars {ttWoi) from 7 to 8 feet high, some of which I leave
in situ. Above the house, and as far as the foundations
of the temple, I found nothing but red and yellow wood-
ashes. (See Plate X., opposite p. 287.)

To the east side of the house is a sacrificial Altar
of a very primitive description, which is turned to the
north-west by west, and consists of a slab of slate granite
about 5^ feet long, and ^\ feet broad. The upper part
of the stone is cut into the form of a crescent, probably
for killing upon it the animal which was intended for
sacrifice. About 4 feet below the sacrificial altar I found
a channel made of slabs of green slate, which probably
served to carry off the blood. Strangely enough this
Altar does not stand on the Tower itself, but 32 feet
above it, upon bricks or lumps of earth which had been
dried in the sun, and which have been actually burnt
by the conflagration, but nevertheless have no stability.
The altar was surrounded by an enormous quantity of

*78

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XX.

the remains of bricks of this description, as well as by
red and yellow wood-ashes, to a height of 10 feet. Of
course I leave the altar in situ, so that visitors to the Troad
may convince themselves by the nature of its pedestal and
of the dtbris of the earthen wall, beside which it stands,
of the correctness of all these statements, which might
otherwise appear too incredible. The remarkable sub-

No. 188. Great Altar fur Sacrifices, found in the depths of the Temple of Athena (53 of the real size).

structure of this sacrificial altar, the curious debris in
which it was buried, the preservation of the great house,
which has evidently been burnt, and the walls of which
were built at different epochs, and lastly, the fact that
its spaces were filled with heterogeneous dibris and with
colossal jars — all this is a puzzle to me. I confine myself,
therefore, to stating the facts merely, and refrain from
expressing any kind of conjecture.

Above the house, in the south-western wall of this exca-
vation, are the ruins of the southern wall of the Temple of
Athena. They are 5] feet high, and consist of large white

1873.] SKELETONS OF WARRIORS. 279

blocks of limestone. Their great breadth gives them an
imposing appearance, and this is further increased by the
great reservoir of the temple, the walls of which are directly
to the east of the altar, and 41 feet high. Above the very
ancient house, and below the southern wall of the temple,
may be seen the ruins of a small round cellar, 3^ feet in
diameter and about i\ feet high, which stands below the
foundations, and must, therefore, be older than the temple.
It is built of chalk and stones, but the inner side has been
painted over with a kind of varnish or glaze, and has a
glossy appearance. This small cellar was filled with frag-
ments of Greek terra-cottas, among which, however, I found
six small vases, almost uninjured.

This very ancient house, with its small rooms, as it
stands, is very like a Pompeian house ; it cannot, indeed,
be at all compared with the houses of Pompeii in regard
to architecture or decoration, but it surpasses them in
peculiarity.

No. 189. Copper Lance of a Trojan Warrior, found beside his Skeleton (7 M.).

By the side of the house, as well as in its larger apart-
ments, I have found great quantities of human bones, but
as yet only two entire skeletons, which must be those of
warriors, for they were found at a depth of 7 meters
(23 feet), with eopper helmets upon their heads. Beside one
of the skeletons I found a large lance, a drawing of which
I give. The one skull is uninjured, and I add a faithful
drawing of it ; the other is somewhat broken, but I hope
soon to have the pieces joined with cement. Both of the
skulls are large, but remarkably narrow. Unfortunately
both helmets were broken ; however, I hope to be able
to put one of the two together when I return to Athens.

,8o

TROY AND ITS KHMAINS.

[Chap. XX.

The upper portions of both helmets have, however,
been well preserved ; and these parts form the " ^ctXos," or

No. 190. Skull of a Trojan Warrior, belonging to one of the two Skeletons found in the House on
the Tower (7 M.). It is long, but narrow.

No. 191. {a) The upper and (l>) lower pieces of a Trojan Helmet-crest (</>dAos) placed together.
{c.) A small piece of the Helmet remains adhering to the lower part of the Crest (7 M.).
A pin, fastened to the front of the part (£), goes into the hollow base of {a), and supports it. (See
the figures on p. 334.)

ridge, in which the " \6(f)os tWovpis," or horse-hair plume,
so frequently mentioned in the Iliad, was fixed."* In both

Homer's Iliad, III. 362 ; IV. 459 ; VI. 9 ; XIII. 132 ; XVI. 216.

i873-]

TROJAN HELMET-CRESTS.

281

cases the <f>d\o<; consists of two pieces. The large copper ring-
found beside the helmet had been attached to it, in what
manner I do not know. Two
days later, when I found the
second helmet, I perceived
from the manner in which
the lower portion was fixed
to the helmet that the
pieces must be put together
as shown in the drawing.
Through the lower portion
of each helmet runs a copper
nail, which has a round head
and its other end simply
bent round. As to the place into which the Xocfros lirirovpis
was inserted and fixed there can be no doubt, for the
opening at the top of the ridge can have served no other
purpose. By the side of the second helmet also, I found
the fragment of a copper ring similar to that found beside
the first helmet.*

In some of the rooms I found no terra-cottas at all,
but in others enormous quantities of splendid black, red,
and brown vases, pots, and jars of all sizes, and of most

No. 192. Great Copper Ring, found near the
Helmet-crest (7 M.j.

* Few coincidences have struck us more than the comparison of
these helmet-crests with the frequent allusions in Homer, especially
where " Hector of the dancing helmet-crest" (KopvdaioXos "Ektwp), takes
off the helmet that frightened his child {Iliad, VI. 469, foil.) : —

Tapfirjaas xa^K^v T« *8e Xocpov (7r7rioxaiT7)i'
Aeiiw air' a/cpoTar-ns KopvQos vivovra voT)ffas.

" Scared by the brazen helm and horse-hair plume,
That nodded, fearful, on the warrior's crest.''

No such plumed helmets are found among the remains of " prehistoric "
barbarous races. The skeletons, with the helmets and lances beside
them, bear striking witness to a city taken by storm. In Homer, the
Trojans under the command of " the crested Hector " are " valiant with
lances" (/xe/iuores eyxcvgariv, I/iad, II. 816-818). — [Ed.]

282

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XX.

fanciful shapes ; but unfortunately in hewing down the hard
dibris most of them were broken, and I shall not be able

No. iyi- An elegant bright-red Vase of Tcrra-cotta, decorated with branches and signs of lightning
with holes in the handles and lips, for cords to hang it up by. Found on the Tower (S M.).

No. 194 Terra-cotta Vase. Found on -the Towel

to have them repaired till 1 return to Athens. I wish to
draw attention to the elegance of the red jars with necks

I873-]

CRUCIBLE CONTAINING COPPER.

283

bent back, two ears, and three breasts ; as well as to the
black or red vases ornamented with engraved branches of
trees, with three feet and two small and two large upraised
handles as arms ; also to the terra-cotta goblets, which
are occasionally the form of champagne-glasses, sometimes
also in the shape of a soup-tureen with two handles.

The most interesting of the terra-cottas found this
week, and the most im-
portant to archaeology,
are these : — the beau-
tiful red vase-cover
with the owl's face and
helmet of the Ilian
Athena, which was
found in a large red urn
at a depth of 8 meters
(27 feet) : — then two
vases, likewise adorned
with the owl's head
of the tutelary god-
dess of Troy, but
also with two breasts,
a large navel, and two
upraised arms. One
of these vases was
found upon the Tower,
the other above it, at
a depth of 4 meters
(13 feet).

Amons; the other
very remarkable terra-

mi-t-i - l',,nn.l Jn „np „r No. 196. An Earthenware Crucible on four feet, still
COlldb IOUIK1 111 OI1C OI containing some copper. Found on the Tower (7 m.).

the rooms of the sub-
terranean house, at a depth of 7 meters (23 feet), there
is a crucible with four feet, in which some copper is still
to be seen ; also a small brilliant black funnel. I also

No. 195. Profile of a Vase-cover, with the Owl's Face and
Helmet of Athena, in brilliant red Terra-cotta. Found
in an urn on the Tower (8 M.).

284

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XX.

found in the house, at the depth of 7 and 8 meters (23
to 16 feet), several idols of ordinary stone or of marble ;
one also of bone, upon which are seen the two arms of the
goddess ; it is only upon one of the marble idols, and
upon one of those of stone, that I find the two eyes. This
week we met with only one idol of ordinary stone with
a rude engraving of the owl's face ; it was discovered at
a depth of 4 meters (13 feet). I must remark that the
idols of common stone are always very roughly made.

Of the small terra-cotta whorls, both with and with-
out symbolical engravings, we this week again met with
251 pieces; of these, however, only 31 had symbolical
figures which I have not yet found. Several of the
engraved decorations on these articles have been executed
with a fineness which is truly astonishing, and more espe-
cially those which are engraved upon brilliantly black
wheel-shaped pieces : they are so fine that I could only
distinguish them through a magnifying glass.

At a depth of 6 and 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) we again
met with very many ordinary plates, which had been turned

on a potter's wheel. At the same
depth, and in the above-mentioned
house, we found a curious vessel,
exactly in the shape of a saucer to
a flower-pot, ornamented with four
triangles and two large crosses, one
of which is formed by large dots,
the other by lines. Several curious
moulds were also found this week,
one of which is of coarse terra-
cotta for casting eight copper bars ;
the other moulds are made of mica-
schist, and one was for casting an object in the form of a
leaf with three long thorns on either side ; the other
mould shows three uniform furrows for casting oblong-
rings. This week we found only fragments of stone

No. 197. Flower Saucer ; the flat
bottom ornamented. Found on
the Tower (8 m.).

1 873-]

TERRA-COTTAS IN THE PALACE.

285

moulds for casting weapons and instruments. At a depth
of from 10 to 26 feet we also discovered 27 small silex
knives like saws, and six very pretty knife-blades made of
black obsidian, which are sharp enough to serve as razors.
We have found no copper knives this week, but, on the
other hand, four copper dress or hair pins, from 2^ to
above 5 inches long ; also thirteen needles for knitting or
embroidering ; likewise sixteen large bodkins made of stag-
horn, and a number of pointed boars' tusks. Among the
stone implements found during the week, there are two
very pretty hammers of diorite and a very neat perforated
prop of mica-schist with a small furrow at the top, for
turning a spit, and other such things. (See No. 177, p. 261.)
In returning to the terra-cottas I must mention a square
article, the upper part of which gradually becomes narrower
and thinner : on the front side there are two small depres-
sions in the form of eyes, and on one side it is perforated,
I add a drawing of this curious article, the use of which is

No. 198. A piece of Tcrra-cotta, with two
holes slightly sunk in front like eyes, and
a hole perforated from side to side (8 m.).

No. 199. A remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel
on three long feet, with a handle and two
small ears (7 ju.).

quite unknown to me. I may mention further a curious
pot found in the house, at a depth of 7 meters (23 feet),

286

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Ch. XX. 1873.

with three feet, two small cars, and one handle; also those
neat cups with one handle and three feet, which are

repeatedly met with in the same
house. At a depth of 3 meters
(10 feet) we discovered a
bright red polished little box,
from the under side of which
two small perforated rings pro-
ject. The pattern on the
bottom represents the sun with
its rays ; in the centre of
the sun's disc is a cross, which
ends in four small circles, and
these are probably intended to
xr . , ,„,.,, ,T ., represent the heads of the nails

No. 200. A beautilul bright-red lerra-cotta I

Box (or Vase-cover?) decorated with a + w}1ich fastened the tWO CtOSSed

four TJ, and a halo ol solar rays (3 M.).

staves employed to produce the
holy tire. In every one of the four spaces formed by the
cross there is a pj-J, one of which is represented by dots.

We also again met with one of those small perforated
terra-cottas, consisting of two connected balls, and which
somewhat resemble our shirt-studs ; the upper part of the
article in question shows three simple rising suns and
six stars ; the lower part represents three triple rising suns,
and three stars in the circle round the central point.

During the week we have met with only one terra-cotta
ball ; it shows an encircling jagged streak and five small
streaks, which may denote suns or moons.

Nos. 201, 202. Little Decorated Whorls, of a remarkable shape (6 M.).

z87

CHAPT E R XXI.

Discovery of a street in the Pergamus — Three curious stone walls of
different periods — Successive fortifications of the hill — Remains
of ancient houses under the Temple of Athena, that have suffered a
great conflagration — Older house-walls below these, and a wall of
fortification — Store, with the nine colossal jars — The great Altar

— Objects found east of the Tower — ■ Pottery with Egyptian hiero-
glyphics — Greek and other terra-cottas, &c. — Remarkable owl
vase — Handle, with an ox-head — Various very curious objects —
A statue of one Metrodorus by Pytheas of Argos, with an inscription

— Another Greek inscription, in honour of C. Claudius Nero.

Pergamus of Troy, April 16th, 1873.

Since my report of the 5th of this month I have had, on
an average, 160 workmen, and have brought many won-
derful things to light, among which I may especially men-
tion a street of the Pergamus, which was discovered close
to my house, at a depth of 30 feet, in the Great Tower. It is
iji feet broad, and is paved with stone flags, from 4^ to
5 feet long, and from 3$ inches to 4^ feet broad. It
runs down very abruptly in a due south-western direction
towards the Plain. I have as yet only been able to lay
bare a length of 10 meters {33^ feet). It leads, without
doubt, to the Scaean Gate, the position of which appears
to be accurately indicated, on the west side at the foot of
the hill, by the direction of the wall and by the formation
of the ground; it cannot be more than 492 feet distant
from the Tower. To the right and left of the street there is
an enclosure 28^ inches broad and 1 1 feet long. The slope
of the street is so great that, while on the north-east side,
as far as it is there uncovered, it is only 30 feet below the

288 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XXI.

surface of the hill, yet at a distance of 33 feet it already
lies as low as 37 feet.*

This beautifully paved street leads me to conjecture
that a grand building must at one time have stood at the
top of it, at a short distance on the north-east side ; and
therefore, seven days ago, when the street was discovered,
I immediately set 100 men to dig down the north-eastern
ground lying in front of it ; this cutting I have made
78^ feet long, 78^ feet broad, and 33 feet deep. The
removal of these 7600 cubic yards of huge masses of hard
debris and stones is rendered much easier by the fact that
it joins my last year's great cutting, which runs quite hori-
zontally from the northern declivity as far as the Tower, and
is therefore very well adapted for the use of man-carts.
In order to extract from this excavation all the objects of
the greatest use to archaeology, I am having the walls made
perpendicular, as in fact I have had them made in almost
all of the other cuttings. As the work of removing this
gigantic block of earth is carried on both from above
and from below, I confidently hope to have finished it
in twenty days' work.

In this great bank of earth there are three curious
walls, built one above another, of small stones joined with
earth. They have been built at very different periods,
and even the uppermost and latest of the three, as is clear
from the material, must be considerably older than the foun-
dation of the Greek colony about the year 700 r.c This
uppermost wall is about 5 feet thick, built up from a depth
of \\\ feet to within if foot of the surface, a circumstance
which I do not at all understand ; for, as the ruins of the
Greek colony reach, down to the depth of 6h feet, the wall
must, for many centuries, have stood high above the earth.
Still the Greeks may have used it as a foundation for a
building, and it may thus have been preserved. Below

Compare Plan II. with the whole of the following description.

i873-] WALLS ABOVE WALLS. 289

this wall there is a stratum of earth ni inches thick; and
then comes the second wall, projecting about iii inches,
and 6i feet high ; and this again rests upon another and
much older wall. The last runs in an oblique line in a
south-western direction parallel with the Tower-road, and
furnishes a second proof that the surface of the hill, which
is now quite horizontal here, did not slope down very
abruptly towards the Plain at this part.

Thus the opinion which I have previously expressed,
that only the first inhabitants of this hill had walls and
fortifications, is now proved to be erroneous. For these
three walls, which at one time stood at the edge of the
declivity, and the three which I cut through at the south-
east side of the hill, can only have been walls of fortifica-
tion, and they evidently belong to the various tribes who.
inhabited this locality after the destruction of the first
nation up to the foundation of the Greek colony.

As my further excavations have shown, at a depth of
8 meters (16 feet), immediately below the Temple of Athena,
and at a distance of 131 feet from the above-mentioned
street, a large wall runs out from the Tower in a southern
direction. I have had 65 feet of this wall laid bare to the
south. But how far it extends in this direction cannot be
ascertained without making new and enormous excavations.
It is also impossible for me to ascertain its breadth without
breaking down the curious pre-Hellenic house. It also
appears to me that the Tower ends here, for in my investi-
gations at the foot of that ancient house I no longer found
any trace of it. Instead of it I came upon very ancient
houses, the walls of which, still partially covered with a
coating of clay and white colour, all bearing traces of a
terrible conflagration, which has so completely destroyed
everything that was in the rooms, that we only occasion-
ally find charred fragments of pottery among the red
wood-ashes with which the spaces are filled. Curiously
enough we again find, below these very ancient houses, other

290 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap XXI.

house-walls which must certainly be older ; and these too
show indications of having been exposed to a terrible heat.
In fact, the labyrinth of very ancient house-walls, built one
above another, and found in the depths of the Temple of
Athena erected by Lysimachus, is unique, and presents the
archaeologist with the richest materials for his investigations.
But what is most inexplicable to me about this labyrinth of
walls is a wall of fortification, 1 1 £ feet high, running through
it from W.N.W. to E.S.E. This is likewise built of stone
joined with earth, and is 6 feet broad at the top and 12 feet
broad at the foot : it does not stand directly upon the
primary rock, and was not built till the rock had gradually
become covered with a layer of earth if foot in thickness.
It appears therefore to be somewhat less ancient than the
Great Tower, which stands directly upon the primary rock.
Running parallel with this wall of fortification, only i\ feet
from it and at the same depth, there is a wall 2 feet high,
which is likewise built of stones joined with earth.

The room at the greatest depth which I have excavated
is 10 feet high and n\ feet broad; but it may have been
higher ; its length I have not yet ascertained. One of the
compartments of the uppermost houses, below the Temple
of Athena and belonging to the pre-Hellenic period, appears
to have been used as a wine-merchant's cellar or as a maga-
zine, for in it there are nine enormous earthen jars {ttWoi)
of various forms, about 5! feet high and 4! feet across,
their mouths being from 29^ to 3$$ inches broad.* Each of
these earthen jars has four handles, 3^ inches broad, and
the clay of which they are made has the enormous thick-
ness of ai inches. Upon the south side of these jars
I found a wall 26 feet in extent and 10 feet high, built
of sun-dried bricks, which, however, had become really

* See Plate XJ. b. Six of the jars are shown, and a seventh (broken)
lies outside of the cut to the right. The two largest of all are out of
view, on the other side of the wall of the magazine, but one of them is
seen in the view on Plate XI. a, in the left-hand bottom corner.

Plate XI.

Kesenuii\ Altar.

A.— THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA.
From the East.

THE MAGAZINE, WITH ITS COLOSSAL JARS,

In the depths of the Temple of Athena.

Page 290.

i873-] EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS. 29 1

burnt bricks through the conflagration. This wall, which
likewise appears to me to be a fortification and very
thick, I have had broken down to the perpendicular line
of the foundations of the Temple of Athena.

I am in great fear lest the Turks should make off' with
the large stone altar, the upper part of which forms a
crescent, to use it for building a minaret in the village of
Chiplak ; therefore, without moving it from its place, I shall
have it carefully split in two, so that it will be useless for
building purposes. This stone and its pedestal are daubed
over with a white crust of clay, which upon the pedestal is
nearly an inch thick.

I have continued the excavation on the south-east side
of the Pergamus, and I have found that the great wall,
which I regarded as a continuation of the Tower, is part
of a very ancient and large wall of enclosure.

Since my last report we have not found any kind of in-
teresting antiquities worth mentioning on the whole of the
east side of the Tower; but in the large new excavation to
the north-east of the Tower-road we have discovered a
great quantity of exceedingly curious articles. The ruins
of -the Greek colony here extend exactly to a depth of 6h
feet, and there I found a fragment of pottery with painted
Egyptian hieroglyphics, of which I give a drawing. Three
other pieces of pottery were
found at a depth of 10 feet.
One of these represents an owl's
face, a P|-J and the impressions
of the four nails for fixing it ;
the second fragment has a pj-J
in which each of the four ends

1 No. 203. Fragment of a Terra- cotta Vase,

again terminates in a square ; tne with Egyptian hieroglyphics, from the

" bottom of the Greek Stratum 12 m.1.

third fragment represents a wheel

in a state of rotation. At a depth of 6h feet we also came upon
a terra-cotta idol with the owl's face and the upraised arms,
which are broken off, but appear to have been longer. This

IT 2

292

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXI.

idol, like all the others, has a human figure : the owl's beak
and eyes project from the head and have been carefully
wrought ; there are indications of hair on the forehead,
and two lines on the neck seem to denote armour. At the
same depth I found the bottom of a dish, upon which there
is a representation in high relief of two youths embracing
and kissing each other ; this is a most masterly piece of
work. At a depth of 5 feet we found the upper portion
of a vase with a pretty owl's head ; the rim of the mouth
forms a kind of helmet. A little deeper than a foot we met
with a good-looking head of a man in terra-cotta; at 2
meters (6i feet) down, a Greek lamp with a foot i\ inches
long, and at the same depth some very pretty vases and
jugs, and a terra-cotta flattened on one side, with two
perforated holes and a stamp, in which there is a very
pretty picture of the head and shoulders of a woman. At
a depth of 3 and 4 meters (10 and 13 feet) were twelve
marble idols without owls' faces ; upon one of these idols
there are four horizontal lines on the neck ; further, at a
depth of 10 feet, a fragment of a serpent with two horns;

No. 204 A Greek Lamp on a tall foot (2 u.).

No. 205. Fragment of a two-horned Serpent
((cepacmjs), in Terra-cotta (3 M.).

at a depth of \6h feet, a piece of diorite in the form of
a bell, beautifully polished, and twice perforated ; at the

i873-] THE Bocu7rt5 "Up?)- 2,93

same depth, a quantity of beautiful terra-cotta vases and
jugs, prettily ornamented, ivory needles for knitting
or embroidering, and a very neat perforated terra-cotta
cylinder ii inch long, covered with engraved symbolical

No. 206. Terra-cotta Cylinder, ii in. long, with Symbolical Signs (5 m.).

signs. But the most curious article, found at a depth of
5 meters (i6i feet), is an idol of the Ilian Athena with an
owl's head, which is rounded off in front and at the back;
the eyes are very large and beautiful, but the beak is
small and roughly made ; on the neck there is a cross line,
and above it ten upright lines, which are probably intended
to denote armour ; the whole of the rest of the body is
covered with lines, in which, more especially on the back,
the bird's feathers are unmistakable ; and there is a pecu-
liar ornament on the abdomen. This idol, like all the
others, has a human figure.*

At a depth of 6 meters (20 feet) I found two splendid
brilliant red vases with representations of the Ilian Athena
with the owl's head, a kind of helmet, two upraised arms,
two breasts, and the large circular prominent elevation on
the abdomen.f At the same depth I found an idol of the
usual form, made of bone ; and upon a handle of black
terra-cotta, which has probably belonged to a large cup, the
head of an ox, executed in high relief with great skill ; X this
involuntarily reminds one of Homer's B0W77-19 ttotviol "Hpr)
(" Our Lady Hera, with the head [or eyes] of a cow ").
Among many other remarkable terra-cotta vessels, at this
depth, I also found a small but really splendidly ornamented
vase, the surface of which is divided into fourteen alter-

* See No. 29, p. 36. t No. 207, p. 294.

X No. 208, pp. 294. Respecting such an impersonation of the
goddess Hera, see pp. 113, 114, 353.

>94

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXI.

nate compartments, larger and smaller.* In each of the
larger compartments there are three circles of little stars

and a star in the centre ; in
each of the smaller com-
partments there are triple
zigzag lines ; this vase has
little holes in the small
handles for hanging it up
by a string. Among the
other curious articles from
this depth there is a silex
saw, 4 inches long and if
inch broad, also one of
those round, twice per-
forated terra-cottas flattened
on one side and with a large
stamp which represents a
swan and an antelope. A

No. 207.

Terra-cotta Vase with helmeted image
of the Ilian Athena (6 M.).

No. 208. Fragment of a large Cup-handle in black
Terra-cotta; head that of an Ox (6 M,).

No. 209. A finely decorated little Vase of
Terra-cotta (6 M.).

similar terra-cotta, the stamp upon which represents the
head of a warrior with a helmet, was found at a depth of
8 meters (2,6 feet). These two are the first terra-cottas of

No. 209, on this page.

I873-]

SPLENDID TERRA-COTTAS.

295

this kind which I have hitherto discovered below a depth
of 2 meters (6£ feet).

— M

No. 210. Terra-cotta Disc stamped with a No. 211. Terra-cotta Disc pierced with two holes,
Swan and an Antelope (6 m.). and stamped with the Head of a War-

Remarkable for the depth. rior. Remarkable for the depth (8 m.).

At a depth of 7 meters (23 feet) I found a
small tripod with a projecting owl's face, also a
pretty red terra-cotta cup (cover) with the owl's
face of the Ilian Athena and her helmet ; a knife
and a long copper instrument ; a piece of bone
3^ inches long, ornamented. with very artistically
engraved symbolical signs, and among other
exceedingly curious terra-cottas, the handle of a
cup with a cross and the marks of the four
nails for fixing it ; further, a fragment the upper
portion of a large urn, which is ornamented with
three encircling stripes : the upper and lower
stripes consist of peculiarly interwoven crooked
lines; the middle one contains small circles, in A cTrio\itiyBoen-

, r 1 • 1 • graved (7 M.).

each or which is a cross.

At a depth of 8 meters (26 feet) we discovered a
marble idol with the owl's head of the tutelary goddess
of Ilium, and a brilliant red terra-cotta idol of the same
goddess, which, curiously enough, has on its head a small,
but very pretty vase with two handles ; the owl's face of
this last-mentioned idol has enormous eyes, and is very
expressive. Of terra-cotta vases and dishes we found an
especially large number in these depths. I can, however,
only give drawings of a few of them, for most were brought
out in a broken condition, and I cannot have them re-

296

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXI.

paired till I return to Athens. Of those terra-cottas which

were got out unharmed, a small vase with two holes in
the mouth, for being hung up by a
cord, is especially deserving of atten-
tion ; it is surrounded by figures in
the shape of hearts with crosses ; then
saucer-shaped pots with large handles ;
other little pots in the form of salt-
cellars, and several vases round at the
bottom with three feet or without feet ;
terra-cotta scoops in the form of cups
with large handles ; then a large terra-

No-2VdorofbHgnhtld'Tetan- cotta lid with a handle ; it is of a
very curious shape, and weighs 730

grammes. We also found several implements of copper.
At a depth of 9 meters (29^ feet) we found a copper

lance and a dozen very large vases, brown and black.

Nos. 214, 215. Terra-cotta Cups or Scoops (7 m.).

No. 216. Vase Cover in Terra-cotta (8 M

At the same depth I found a pretty brilliant brown cup
in the form of a flower-pot, with two large handles. At a
depth of 26 and 29^ feet I have found, since the 5th of
the month, eleven beautiful sling-bullets of loadstone and

I873-] A TROJAN BRUSH. 297

two of porphyry. We met with very few stone imple-
ments, only two beautiful axes of diorite, at the depths of
2gh and 33 feet. At the latter depth I again found one of
the brush-handles of terra-cotta, which
are often found, and some vases with
three feet and rings at the sides for
hanging them up.

During the last eleven days I
have collected 991 of the terra-cotta
whorls, 5 8 1 of which have symbolical
signs, but only 79 have engravings
which are new to me. Long thin" N°- ^^K^ gSol%£

• 1 • . 1 1 J 1_ J which the bristles have been

copper nails with rounded heads, fixed (10 M.).

which must have been used as dress or

hair pins, were met with at all depths. During these eleven

days I have found 20 exquisitely polished axes of diorite.

At a depth of 1 meter (3^ feet), we yesterday found
in the Temple of Athena, beside an inscribed pedestal of
black slate, 3 feet 8 inches high and 20! inches broad,
the statue of a man, of fine white marble, nearly 4 feet
high. As is proved by the inscription, it was made by
Pytheas of Argos, and was erected by the Ilians in honour
of Metrodorus, the son of Themistagoras, of whom it is a
representation. The figure was in the position of an orator,
as is proved by the footmarks on the pedestal. The head
and the feet are unfortunately wanting.

The inscriptions run as follows : —

OA HMOSOIAI E IflN
MHTPoAftPONGE/AIZTAroPoY
And lower down, on the same side of the pedestal —

nYeEASAPrEiozEnomxE

'O Srj/xos 6 'iXtetwi^
Mr)Tpo$(opov Qe/xLaTayopov
UvOeas 'Apyetos eTroirjcre.
There were in antiquity many men named Metrodorus,

298 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXI.

but only two of them were especially celebrated, and both
were natives of Asia Minor. The one, born in Lampsacus,
was a pupil of Epicurus ;* the other, a native of Scepsis, was
a philosopher, orator, and statesman, and was held in high
esteem by Mithridates VII., Eupator,f who afterwards had
him put to death in a horrible manner. J The name of the
father of this Metrodorus of Scepsis is unknown, and
whether he was called Themistagoras, or otherwise, is uncer-
tain ; but it is extremely probable that the inscription and
the statue were raised in honour of the Scepsian orator,
philosopher, and statesman. I rind no mention whatever of
the sculptor Pytheas of Argos. Only one Pytheas, a silver-
chaser, is named by Pliny,§ as being a contemporary of
Pompey the Great : Pliny, however, does not state his birth-
place. Another Pytheas was a wall painter and a native of
Achaia. Neither of these can therefore be the Argive
sculptor who made the statue and put his name on the
pedestal. But as my learned and much esteemed friend,
Professor Stephanos Kummanudes of Athens, has remarked,
it is not astonishing that the name of an insignificant
sculptor should be forgotten, seeing that the names of so
many great kings are lost.

In the same part of the Temple of Athena we found the
fragment of a marble slab, which has evidently been very
long, with the inscription given on the opposite page.

The Proconsul Caius Claudius Nero, the son of Publius,
who is praised in the above inscription, ruled over the
province of Asia from 674 to 675 after the foundation
of Rome, Hence he lived at the time of Cicero, who
mentions him in his orations against Verres.||

The Pcemanenians (Hoi^aviqvol) are the inhabitants of
the fortress of Poemanenon, to the south of Cyzicus.^f

* Strabo, XIII. p. 5% + Strabo, XIII. p. 609.

% Plutarch, Life of Lucullus. § Hist. Nat., XXXV. 12, s. 55.

|| Waddington, Pastes des Provinces Asiatiques de l' Empire Romain.
Paris. 1872. pp. 43-44- ^ Pape-Benseler, Lexikon der Eigennamen.

i873-] ANOTHER GREEK INSCRIPTION. 299

To judge from the form and thickness of the stone, this
inscription must have been very long and have contained
more than 70 lines. But even the fragment is of historical
value, and all the more as we know for certain that it
comes down to us from the year 80 b.c

EnElTOYANOYnATOYrAIOYKAAYAlOYnonAIOYYlOYNEPnN^IEniTAZANTOE

TOIinOIMANHNn.NAPXOYElNEZAnorTEIAAinPOrHMArElinAPA4)YAAKHN

THI nOAEftE ITPATIflTAE KA I EnAYTON HrEMON AE l"IOI MA N H NflN

ONTEEHNP.NI'lAOIKAIEYNOnEAlAKEIMENOinPOETONAHMONHMnN
s EZAnEITEIAANTOYETEETPATI0.TAEKAIEnAYT0.NHrEMONANIK

APONMHNO^lAOYYlOEkAinAPArENOMENOEEIITHNnOAINHMflN

TEENAHMIANnOlEITAIKAAHNKAlEYIXHMONAKAlAZIflE

POYAHMOYkAlTHEEAYTOYnATPIAOETHNTETnN

EAYTftlNEANIEKHNENAHMlANEYT. . .ONI1
i«. TONKA0ATTEPEI1IBAAAEIANAP

XEJPIEMENHNEATOjm

THNYnEPTHE4>YAAK

EIE<j>EPETAlEriOYA

EKKAINnNOYAEI
isMONKAl

e7rei tov avOvncLTOv Tatov KXavhiov UottXlov vlov Ne)o&jvo5 e7Tira^a^T05
rot? Yloi\A<xvr)V(i)v apy^ovcriv e^aTrocrreikai Trpbs 7)fxa<; et? 7rapa(f)vXaKrji>
Trjs 7roA.ew? crrpaTiojrag /cat 677"' amoiv rjye/jLovas Tioiixavqiov (ot ;)
oVre? r\\x.(iiv (f)ikoi /cat ewoco? Sta/cet/xe^ot Trpbs top hrj/xov r]jxa>v
i^aTreo~T6tXav tovs re o~TpaTLa>Ta<; /cat eV' clvtcop rjyefxopa Nt/c(a^-)
hpov MrjVO<f)l\ov (vt)os /cat irapayepo/JLepos et? ttjv ttoXlp tj/xcop {ttjv)
re evhrjixiav 7Totetrat Ko\r)P /cat eva^rjixova /cat a^i(ws tov re rj/xeTe-)
pov Sijjxov /cat T779 eavTOv TrarpiSos, ttjp re tojp {v<j> ;)
eavraj veavicrKcov ipSrjjjLLap ei>T(aKT)op ir(apiy€Tai /cat iav-)

tov Kaddirep eVt/3a\\et cu>Sp(t /cat ttjp itjovcriav ttjv ey/ce-)

^eipLcrjxevrjv earw 77t(o"TW5 /cat

ttjv virkp Trjs cf)v\ai<(r)<;

etcr^eperat anovoijjP
e/c Kaivtov ouoet
(MOV Kat

( 3°° )

CHAPTER XXII.

Interruptions through festivals — Opening of the tumulus of Batiea

— Pottery like that of the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, and nothing
else — No trace of burial — Its age — Further discoveries of burnt
Trojan houses — Proof of their successive ages — Their construction

— Discovery of a double gateway, with the copper bolts of the
gates — The " Sctean Gate" of Homer — Tests of the extent of
ancient Troy — The place where Priam sat to view the Greek
forces — Homer's knowledge of the heroic Troy only traditional —
Description of the gates, the walls, and the " Palace of Priam." —
Vases, &c, found in Priam's house — Copper, ivory, and other
implements — The SeVa h/x<f)iKVTre\Xa — Houses discovered on the
north platform — Further excavations of the city walls — Statuettes
and vessels of the Greek period — Top of the Tower of Ilium
uncovered, and its height determined — A curious trench in it,
probably for the archers — Further excavations at Bunarbashi : only
a few fragments of Greek pottery — The site of Ilium uninhabited
since the end of the fourth century — The place confused with
Alexandria Troas — No Byzantine remains at Hissarlik — Fresh-
ness of the Greek sculptures.

Pergamus of Troy, May loth, 1873.

Since my report of the 16th of last month I have had
many interruptions, for the Greek Easter festival lasts six
days, then the feast of Saint George and its after celebra-
tions again took away several days, so that during all this
time I have had only four days of actual work ; however,
on these days, with on an average 150 men, I have con-
tinued the works with great energy.

As we have had continual fine weather since the
beginning of April, my men no longer go to the neigh-
bouring villages for the night as they have hitherto done ;
but they sleep in the open air and even in the excavations,
which is very convenient for me, as I now have them

Ch. XXII. 1873.] TUMULUS OF BATIEA. 301

always at hand. Besides this, the long days are of great
advantage to me, for I can continue work from a quarter
to five till a quarter past seven in the evening.

On the top of the tumulus, which is half an hour

distant from the Pergamus, and which, according to the

Iliad (II. 81 1-8 1 5), was called by men the tomb of

Batiea, and by the gods the tomb of Myrina, I have had

a shaft sunk, iof feet broad and ijh feet long ; and I find

that the layer of soil there is scarcely more than f of an

inch thick, and then follows brown earth as hard as stone,

which alternates with strata of calcareous earth. In the

brown earth I found a mass of fragments of brilliant black,

green, and brown vases, of the same description as those

which I find here in the Pergamus at a depth of from

8 to 10 meters (26 to o>3 feet) ; also many fragments of

jars (ttWoi). Beyond these I discovered nothing at all,

and at a depth of \\ meters (13! feet) I came upon the

white limestone rock. What is most surprising to me is

that I did not even find any charcoal, much less the bones

of the burnt corpse. That I should have missed the traces

of the funeral pile, if such really existed, is inconceivable

to me, when I consider the size of my cutting and of its

perpendicular walls.

Now, although I have failed in the actual object of this
excavation, still it has this important result for archaeology,
that, by means of all the fragments of pottery discovered
there, it enables us to determine with some degree of cer-
tainty the date of the erection of this mound ; for it evi-
dently belongs to a time when the surface of the Pergamus
was from 26 to 33 feet lower than it is now. It is therefore
of the same date as the Tower-road already described, which
is paved with large flags of stone, and above which I have
carried on the excavations with the greatest industry. I
finished these excavations to-day. They have brought to
light two large buildings of different ages, the more recent
of which is erected upon the ruins of the more ancient one.

302 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

Both have been destroyed by terrible fires, of which the
walls bear distinct traces ; moreover all the rooms of both
houses are filled with black, red, and yellow wood-ashes and
with charred remains. The more recent house was erected
when the ruins of the more ancient house were perfectly
covered with ashes and with burnt debris, as is obvious
from the fact that the more recent walls run in all
directions above the more ancient ones, never standing
directly upon them, and are frequently separated from
them by a layer of calcined ctibris, from 6^ to 10 feet high.
The lower, as well as the upper house, is built of stones
joined with earth, but the walls of the lower house are much
thicker and much more solidly built than those of the
upper one. The Tower-road can only have been used
when the more ancient house was still inhabited, for it
leads directly into it, and the more recent house was not
built till the street was covered to a height of 10 feet by
the ruins of the more ancient house.

I was firmly convinced that this splendid street,
paved with large flags of stone, must proceed from
the principal building of the Pergamus, and I therefore
confidently carried on the excavation in order to bring
that edifice to light. To accomplish this, I was most
unfortunately compelled to break down three of the
large walls of the more recent house. The result has,
however, far surpassed my expectations, for I not only
found two large gates, standing 20 feet apart, but also
the two large copper bolts belonging to them, of which

No. 2*8. Copper Bolts, found exactly in the middle [a] of the first {b) of the second Scsean Gates

I873-] A DOUBLE GATE DISCOVERED. 303

I give drawings. The first gate is 12^ feet broad, and is
formed by two projections of the wall, one of which stands
out i\ feet, -the other i\ feet ; both are 3! feet high, and 3!
feet broad. The street paved with the large flags of stone
ends at the first gate, and the road from this to the
second gate, which is situated a little more than 20 feet
further to the north-east, is very roughly paved with large
unhewn stones. The pavement has probably become un-
even through the walls of the more ancient house having
fallen upon it. {See Plan II., and Plates XII. and XIII.)
The second gate is likewise formed by two projections
in the wall, which are 2 feet high, above 3 feet broad, and
project about 2\ feet.

I have cleared the street as far as 5 feet to the north-
east of the second gate, but I have not ventured to proceed
further, as this could not be done without breaking down
more of the walls of the second house, the preservation of
which is of the greatest interest to archaeology. For, although
it must be of a much more recent date than the lower one
upon the ruins of which it stands, yet, as is proved by the
terra-cottas and the idols with owls' heads, as well as by its
position at a depth of from 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet)
below the surface, it was built centuries before the time of
the Greek settlement, the ruins of which extend only to a
depth of 6i feet. This upper and later house is therefore
certainly older than the Homeric poems.

In my last report I expressed the firm conviction that
the Tower-road, which inclines abruptly towards the Plain
to the south-west, must lead to the Scaean Gate, which I
thought could at most be 492 feet distant. I now venture
positively to assert that the great double gate which I
have brought to light must necessarily be the Scaean Gate.
For in the mound, which runs out far to the south-west
from the foot of the Pergamus and in a straight line with
the Tower-road— which mound I had supposed to con-
tain the great city wall of Ilium and the Scaean Gate, —

304 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

in this mound, close to the main hill, I have sunk a
shaft, nearly 6 feet broad and 1 1 feet long. Here I
found exclusively Greek fragments of pottery, and I
came upon the rock at the small depth of y\ feet ;
thus I convinced myself that ancient Troy can never
have extended so far towards the Plain. A second exca-
vation, 1 ii feet long and 6h feet broad, which I made
exactly 443 feet further to the east up the plateau, had
a similar result, for I came upon the rock at a depth of
i6h feet, and here also I found exclusively fragments of
Hellenic pottery (which in the Pergamus I meet with only
at a depth of 6h feet), and no trace of Trojan pottery.

This sufficiently proves that the ancient city cannot
even have extended as far as this point, and its area must
have been connected with the Pergamus still further east-
wards.* I am at present occupied in making fifteen other
shafts in this direction, and I hope, in spite of the great
depth I have to sink them, that I shall succeed, at least
to some extent, in determining the topography of Troy.
I shall leave all -the shafts open, so that every visitor may
convince himself about the truth of my statements.

Meanwhile the two shafts described above have gained
this much for archaeology, that the street which runs
down abruptly at an angle of 6$ degrees towards the Plain,
in a south-western direction from the double gate and the
Great Tower, cannot possibly have led to a second gate, so
that the double gate which I have laid bare must necessarily
have been the Scaean Gate ; it is in an excellent state of
preservation, not a stone of it is wanting.

Here, therefore, by the side of the double gate, upon
Ilium's Great Tower, at the edge of the very abrupt western
declivity of the Pergamus, sat Priam, the seven elders of
the city, and Helen ; and this is the scene of the most

* It will be seen presently that Dr. Schliemann ultimately limited
the ancient city of Troy to the " Pergamus" itself. — [Ed.]

1873.] THE SC/EAN GATE OF HOMER. 305

splendid passage in the Iliad.* From this spot the com-
pany surveyed the whole Plain, and saw at the foot of the
Pergamus the Trojan and the Achaean armies face to face
about to settle their agreement to let the war be decided by
a single combat between Paris and Menelaus.

When Homer I makes Hector descend from the Per-
gamus and rush through the city in order to arrive at the
Scaean Gate, this can only have arisen from the fact that,
after the destruction of Troy, the gate, as well as the street
which led down from it to the Plain, were covered with a
layer of debris 1 o feet thick, so that the names only were
known from tradition, and their actual site was unknown.

In order not to weary the reader with a detailed descrip-
tion of the Scaean Gate, I give an exact plan of it, where all
the details may be seen. (Plan III., p. 306.) This gate, as
well as the large ancient building, stands upon the wall or
buttress already mentioned as leaning on the north side of
the Tower. At this place the buttress appears to be about
79 feet thick, and to be made of the debris which was broken
off the primary soil when the Tower was erected. The site
of this building, upon an artificial elevation directly above
the gate, together with its solid structure, leave no doubt that

* Iliad, III. 146-244:-

" Attending there on aged Priam, sat

The Elders of the city ;

All these were gathered at the Scsean Gates.

so on I lion's Tower

Sat the sage chiefs and councillors of Troy.
Helen they saw, as to the Tower she came."

f Iliad, VI. 39o-393 :-

TI pa yvi/r] rafxii} ' b 8' airtaavTo Sw/xaTos' E/CTwp
Tqv avTTjv 68bi> ai/Tis iiiKTifitvas k<xt' ayvtas.
ESt€ irvKas 'iKave Siepxo/x^vos jxiya &cttv
'S.Kaias't rrj yap e/xeAAe SLf^l/xevai TreSiWSe — —

" So spoke the ancient dame ; and Hector straight
Through the wide streets his rapid steps retraced.
But when at last the mighty city's length
Was traversed, and the Scsean Gates were reached,
Whence was the outlet to the plain "

3°6

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXII.

it was the grandest building in Troy ; nay, that it must
have been the Palace of Priam.* I am having an accurate
plan made, so far as I can, of the portion that has been
laid bare ; I cannot, however, bring to light the whole of
it, for in order to do this I should have to pull down both
my stone and my wooden house, beneath which it extends ;
and even if I did pull down my own houses, I should still
be unable to make a complete plan of the house till I had

Plan III. — The Tower and the Sc.ean Gate.

a a. The Great Tower of Ilium, b. Depression to shelter archers, c. Steps, d. The Double Sc£ean
Gate. e. Steep paved road leading to the Plain. /'. The City Wall. g. Place where the Treasure
was found, h h. The Palace of Priam.

removed the building which stands upon it, and this I cannot
at once make up my mind to do.

Anyone may convince himself that the elevation, upon
which stands the Palace of King Priam above the Scasan

* This edifice, now first laid open from beneath the ashes which
covered it in the burning of the city, was found by Dr. Schliemann in
the very state to which, in Homer, Agamemnon threatens to reduce it :
" The house of Priam blackened with fire" (Iliad, II. 414, 415) :

Wplv jue Kara irprivis f$a\leiv Tip tdfiot o fxe XaQpov
\lQa\itv, wpriaat 8e irvpbs Sri'lntu dvperpa.

i873-

THE PALACE OF PRIAM.

3°7

Gate, is in reality an artificial one, by examining my last
year's great cutting, which pierces through a portion of this
elevation. The walls of that cutting, from the shaft as far as
the gate, show that the mound consists of the native earth
which has been thrown up, mixed with fragments of rare
pottery and shells.

Now, with regard to the objects found in these houses,
I must first of all mention having discovered, at a depth of
26 feet, in the palace of Priam, a splendid and brilliant
brown vase, 24^ inches high, with a figure of the tutelar
goddess of Troy, that is, with her owl's head, two breasts,

No. 219. Wonderful Vase of Tt

jtta from the Palace of Priam 8 m. .

* In the letter-press to the Atlas of Photographs this object is
described as " a brilliant dark-red Vase, 62 centimeters (above 2 feet)
high, with the owl-face of Troy's tutelar goddess, her two breasts, a
necklace, and a royal scarf round the whole body. It is remarkable
that this vase has not the two uplifted arms of the goddess, which are
wanting in no other case, and that it has only two handles."

x 2

308 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

a splendid necklace, indicated by an engraved pattern, a
very broad and beautifully engraved girdle, and other
very artistic decorations ; there are no arms, nor are there
any indications of them. Unfortunately this exquisite vase
has suffered from the weight of stones which lay upon
it, and although I myself cut it with a knife from among
the stones and the stone-hard dibris with the greatest care,
I did not succeed in getting it out without breaking it to
pieces. I have, however, carefully collected all the frag-
ments and sent them to Athens to be put together, that
I may give a drawing of it. (This is No. 219.)

Among the very remarkable vases discovered in this
palace, I must also mention one nearly a foot high, with two
handles, and an encircling row of cuneiform engravings

No. 220. Tcrra-cotla Vase from the FJouse of Priam, with remarkable Decorations (9 M.).

above which, on both sides, there is a very prominent
decoration, in the form of spectacles, which is connected
with a kind of necklace by an engraved tree. I must
further draw special attention to an exceedingly remark-
able vase, which was found in the same house, and upon

1 873-]

TWO INSCRIBED VASES.

309

which there are actual letters in a circle round it. One
piece of the vase is wanting, and with it a portion of the
inscription ; but, in order to lay before the reader all that
has been preserved of it, I give the inscription separately,
for it would be impossible to give it accurately on the draw-
ing of the vase. (See No. 3, p. 23.) It would please me
immensely if anyone could decipher the Trojan writing,
and thus throw some light
upon the great people to
whom it belonged, and
upon the epoch at which it
was written.* I must also
draw attention to a vase,
upon which at first sight
it seems as if there were a
row of letters ; at a closer
examination, however, it
appears not to be writing,
but symbolical signs, as
the cross is conspicuous in
almost every figure.f

In the same house I found three brilliant red vases,
with two handles, a prominent decoration on either side
in the form of spectacles, and two mighty wings, standing
erect by the side of the neck ; — half-a-dozen vases of various
sizes, with uncommonly long tubes at the sides and with
holes in the mouth for suspending them by strings ; —
a very large and brilliant black vase, with two handles
and two ornaments in the form of large ears ; — like-
wise a smaller vase, with large perforated ears for the
string by which it was hung up ; — a vase with three
feet, rings for hanging it up, and beautiful engraved

No. 221. A Terra-cotta Vase with two little Ears,
and two large perforated Handles, marked with
eleven strange characters (5$ M.).

The depth must refer to the upper house above the
Palace. It is given as Si M. in the Photograph,
but corrected in the descriptive letter-press to
5i M. ; and a like correction seems to have been
neglected in the Book. — [Ed. J

* The Inscription on this Vase has been discussed by Professor
Gomperz, who also pronounces the characters on it as well as on the
other vase (No. 221) to be Cyprian writing. (See Appendix.)

t Compare the Introduction, p. 50.

3io

TROY AND ITS Kl". MAINS.

[Chap. XXII.

decorations, namely, two encircling stripes with zigzag
lines, and five lines round the neck. (No. 222.) Further,
I found a vase rounded at the bottom, with perforated
handles, and completely covered with dots (No. 223) ; —
also two covers with pretty owls' heads, one of which
has remarkably large eyes ; — also a fragment of the fore
part of a vase with a sheep's head; — a curious small but
very broad vase, with three feet and Ions; tubes for hanging

No. 222. A splendidly-decorated Vase of Terra-
cotta, with three Feet and two Ears. From
the Palace [ji m. ,

No. 223. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two Ears
and covered with dots From the Palace

(7 m.).

it up by strings ; — a peculiar terra-cotta lamp, with a per-
forated handle in the form of a crescent, and two other
projecting handles, with tubes for suspension ; — a red jug
with a handle, a neck completely bent back, a beak-shaped
mouth, and two eyes ;* — a small vase, covered with dots
and possessing two handles and two immense erect ears ; —
a jug, with two female breasts ; — a vase, with the owl's face
and the body of the Ilian Athena, and two upraised arms; —
also the upper portion of another vase, upon which may be

Sec Cut, No. 54, ]i. 87.

1873.] TERRA-COTTAS FOUND IN THE PALACE. 311

seen a mouth below the beak of the Trojan tutelary goddess ;
and a vase, with a large hollow foot, very long tubes at the
sides for hanging it up, and two .....--..._.

prominent decorations in the form y^EVj

Among the smaller terra-cottas •' ■-,"" mSmm ■Plf.1 HBP^
vessel 2f inches long, in a human V ^W

form, With the Owl's head Of the No.224. Fine decorated Vase of Terra-

nt ,1 1 11 1 Cotta, with two Handles and two

ian Atnena and unusually large «reat upright wings. From the

.. 1 , Palace (7* M.).

eyes : two lines on the temples

appear to indicate the helmet, three horizontal lines on
the neck her armour.* The body is covered with an
arched shield ih inch long, upon which there are ten
rows of dots, which are probably intended to represent
the heads of the small nails with which the layers (tttvxcs)
were fastened together ; the shield of Ajax, for instance,
consisted of seven layers of hides and an outer case
of copper.| The Trojan goddess carries on both sides
a large wing, in the form of a bottle, which is decorated
with horizontal lines. The long hair at the back of
the goddess's head is very distinct ; it is gathered into
a plait, and falls down almost as far as her ankles, and
is wrought with great care, reminding one extremely of
the very similar plaits of the Caryatides in the Erechtheum
of the Acropolis of Athens. Not only is the idol hollow,
but so also are the wings ; the latter must positively have
some symbolical significance.

In the palace of Priam I further met with four marble
and three bone idols, with the owl's head of the tutelar
goddess of Troy : one of the bone idols is painted with a

* This most curious vase is engraved in the Introduction, No. ,5 1 ,
P- 37-

t See the passage quoted below to illustrate the shield found among
the Treasure (Chapter XXIIL, p. 324).

312 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

white colour. I likewise discovered there ten marble idols,
without the owl's head ; also the fragment of a sword, as
well as of a lance, a knife, and some copper implements ;
further, a dozen long, thin copper nails, which must have
served as hair or dress pins ; besides these, a packet of five
dress pins, which have been molten together in the heat of
the conflagration : one of the pins has two heads, one above

No. 225. Five Copper Dress Pins, molten together by the conflagration. From the Palace (8 M-).

the other, the lower head being perfectly round. I also
discovered here a perforated cylinder, if inch long, made
of blue felspar, and ornamented all round with extremely
remarkable engraved symbols. I there also discovered an
extremely curious ivory article, which must be part of
a musical instrument;* six sling bullets of loadstone and
an arrow-head.

No. 226. Engraved Cylinder of blue Felspar. No. 227. Terra-cotta, engraved with ten rude
From the Palace (9 M.).f Owls' Faces. From the Palace (8 M.j.

Of 210 whorls found in the Palace adorned with Aryan
religious symbols,. there are 60 with engravings that I have
not hitherto met with, and three terra-cotta balls with

' See the illustration, No. 7, p. 25.

t This looks very much like the signet-cylinders of the Assyrian an<
Babylonian kings. - [Ed.

1S73] HOMER'S SeVa afjL<f)LKV7re\\a. 313

symbolical signs. One of these is especially remarkable * : it
has ten roughly-engraved owls' faces, so coarsely drawn
that I should not even know them to be owls' faces, were
it not that I have occasionally found just as rude repre-
sentations of the owl's head upon idols. I also discovered
in the same house six beautifully-polished axes of diorite ;
also one of those round twice-perforated terra-cottas,
arched on both sides and flattened on the edge of one side,
the whole of this flat side being filled with a stamp bear-
ing the impression of an eagle and a stag or an antelope ;
further, four of those frequently-described large red goblets,
round below and with two large handles, which can only
stand on the mouth. These four goblets are, unfortu-
nately, all broken, and I shall not be able to have them
repaired till I return to Athens.

I now venture positively to maintain that these goblets,
which, from my former reports and drawings are known to
be from 5 to nearly 16 inches high, must necessarily be the
Homeric " SeVa a^iKvireXka" and that the usual inter-
pretation of these words by " double cups, with a common
bottom in the centre" is entirely erroneous. It really appears
as if this wrong translation arose solely through Aristotle ;
for, as is clear from his Hist. Anim. (9, 40), there were
in his time double cups with a common bottom in the.
centre ; and, in fact, many years ago it is said that such a
cup was discovered in Attica, and bought by the Museum
in Copenhagen. But in the Homeric Troy there were
no such cups, otherwise I should have found them. As
already remarked in one of my previous reports (p. 129), I
found on the primary soil, at a depth of from- 46 to 52^ feet,
several fragments of brilliant black goblets, which I then
considered to be fragments of double cups, because there

* This is drawn as a whorl, and is so called by Dr. Schliemann in a
letter, informing us that it is found to bear an Inscription. It is not
described in the letter-press to the Photographs. — [Ed.]

314 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

\\ as a hollow upon both sides of the bottom ; but the
one hollow was in all cases quite small in comparison with
the other, and must, therefore, have been in the foot of
the cup. If SeVas djx(f)LKviTeXXoi> means double cup, then
a/jL<f)L(fiopevs must mean double urn, which is not possible
either in the Iliad (XIII. 92), the Odyssey (XXIV. 74),
or elsewhere in Homer ; moreover, it has never occurred
to anyone to translate it otherwise than " urn with two
handles ;" consequently, SeVa^ a^iKvireXkov cannot be
translated otherwise than by " cup with two handles."
As an actual double cup can, of course, only be rilled
on one side at a time, Homer would certainly never have
constantly described the filled cup as a double cup, for there
would have been no sense in the name. By the term d/x^)t-
KimeWov, however, he wished to signify that the filled cup
was presented by one handle and accepted by the other
handle. Interpreted in this manner, there is a great deal of
meaning in the name.*

The palace of King Priam furnished me also with two
large fragments of a large brilliant yellow urn, adorned
in the most beautiful manner with engraved decorations.
Among others, it has several rows of circles running round
it, in each of which there is a triple cross. The elegance
of the vessel is enhanced by the broad handles, which
also have circles with triple crosses. In the king's palace I
also discovered the handle of a vessel, broken off'; it is
4I inches long, and in the form of a serpent.

In the upper and more recent house, above the Socan
Gate, I found the vase here represented, which is pointed
below, has two handles and decorations in the form of spec-
tacles (No. 228) ; also the beautiful vase, with four handles
and a lid (No. 229) ; the large jug, with one large and two
small handles (No. 230) ; and a number of other vases and

* Thus Hephaestus places a ^eVas ufX(f)LKV7reX\<>r in the hand of his
mother, Hera, and she takes it from his hand (Homer's Iliad. I. 5S4-5.
596).- [En. I

I873-]

HOUSES ON THE NORTH SIDE.

315

jugs which I shall not describe, as they have already been

frequently met with. Of idols with owls' faces T have found

only one. There

also I discovered

many fragments of

those large red

goblets with two

handles, which T

now recognise to be

the Homeric SeVac

ajX(j)LKVTreWov.

As the excavation
above the Scaean
Gate is finished, I
am now again vigo-
rously at work on

tUe great platlOrm No. 228. Terra-cotta Vase, with a curious Decoration. From
, 1*1 the upper and later House above the Sca;an Gate (6 M.).

on the north side,

which I have lately had worked whenever I had workmen

No. 229. Terra-cotta Vase, with four
Handles and a Lid. From the upper
House above the Sc;can Gate 6 M.).

No. 230. A great Jug, with Handle and two Ears.
From the upper House above the Scaean Gate

(6 M.).

3 16 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

to spare. We now come upon several houses there at a
depth of from 33 to 20 feet ; also, as it seems, upon a
great wall of fortification in the lower strata.

As it is extremely important to know what were the
fortifications on the west and north-west of the Pergamus
at the time of the Trojan war, and as I see another wall,
nh feet thick, running in a north-western direction from
the Scasan Gate, which however it is impossible to follow
from this side, — during the last eight days I have been
making a cutting, 33 feet broad and 141 long, on the north-
west side of the hill, at the point where, in April 1870,
I made the first cutting, which therefore my men call
17 pannr] Taiv avacrKa<f)coi> ("the grandmother of the exca-
vations"). I am having the debris removed simultaneously
by a small platform, made at a depth of 34^ feet on the
declivity of the hill, and by three galleries. The distance
is not great, and the wheel-barrows proceed across level
ground, and moreover the dSbris here is very light, and
only requires to be thrown down the declivity ; so the
work advances very rapidly. Upon the lower platform I
came upon the surrounding wall built by Lysimachus,
which is 13 feet high and 10 feet thick, and is composed
of large hewn blocks of limestone laid upon one another
without any kind of cement. I have just finished break-
ing through this wall. Directly behind it I came upon
an older wall, 8f feet high and 6 feet thick, which is
composed of large hewn stones joined with earth, and
which of course I am also having broken through. This
second wall is immediately followed by that wall of large
hewn stones which I laid bare three years ago, and which
I have hitherto regarded as a bastion ; it is, however,
probable that it will prove to be something else, and I shall
describe it in detail in my next report.

This part of the Pergamus was evidently much lower
in ancient times; as seems to be proved not only by
the surrounding wall, which must at one time have risen

1 873-]

GREEK REMAINS.

3l7

to a considerable height above the surface of the hill,
whereas it is now covered with i6i feet of debris, but
also by the remains of the Hellenic period, which here
extend down to a great depth. It appears, in fact, as
if the rubbish and refuse of habitations had been thrown
down here for centuries, in order to increase the height
of the place. This also explains how it is that I find here
a quantity of small but interesting objects from the Greek
period. Among others are 24 heads of terra-cotta figures, 1 7
of which are of great beauty ; also a great number of other
fragments of statuettes of the same description, which dis-
play skilful workmanship; a terra-cotta slab ^\ inches in
length, upon which is a representation of a woman ; also
eight small terra-cotta slabs, nearly 2 inches in length, upon
which I find very curious and to me utterly unknown
objects in high relief.* I also found here the fragments
of some vessels of exquisite workmanship ; two beautifully
decorated lamps ; and a leaden plate, i\ inches long and
broad, with a pig's head in bas-relief, which, as I con-
jecture, may have been a coin. We also discovered here
a vessel 28! inches long, of an extremely fanciful shape,
with a long and very thin foot, a long thin neck, and two
enormous handles.

Upon the great platform,
at a depth of 4 meters (13 feet),
we found a very remarkable cup,
which has a handle, and in its
hollow foot four oval holes,
pierced opposite to one another.
Last year I repeatedly found the
feet of cups of this sort at a
depth of from 46 to 52^ feet, but
hitherto I have never met with

an entire goblet Of this form. N°231- A re^ble Terra-cotta Cup

* See the Cuts placed as headings to the " Table of Contents,-' and
" List of Illustrations."

3 1 8 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXII.

As I no longer require the surface of the Tower for
removing the debris, I have had it quite cleared, and I
find in the centre of it a depression, 45 \ feet long, from
8-r to 14! feet broad, and barely 3 feet deep, which may
have been used for the archers.* It has now become
evident to me that what I last year considered to be the
ruins of a second storey of the Great Tower are only
benches made of stones joined with earth, three of which
may be seen rising behind one another like steps. f From
this, as well as from the walls of the Tower and those of
the Scasan Gate, I perceive that the Tower never can
have been higher than it now is.

The excavations of the north side of the field belonging
to Mr. Calvert, which I opened to discover other sculptures,
have been stopped for some time, as I can no longer come
to terms with him. At present, I have only two foremen,
for I was obliged to dismiss Georgios Photidas, three weeks
ago, for urgent reasons.

In conclusion, I have to mention that, during the
Greek Easter festival, accompanied by my esteemed friend,
Judge Schells of Ratisbon, and my wife, I visited Bunar-
bashi and the neighbouring heights. In their presence, I
made some small excavations, and I have proved that even
in the village the accumulation of debris amounts only to
ia foot in the court-yards of the buildings, and that upon
and beside the street there is nothing but the virgin earth ;
further, that upon the small site of Gergis, at the end of
the heights, which was formerly regarded as identical with
Troy, the naked rock projects everywhere ; and besides,
in the accumulation of debris, which nowhere amounts
to if foot in the town itself, and to only a little more in
the Acropolis, I found nothing but fragments of pottery
from the Hellenic period, that is, from the third and fifth
centuries b.c

* See Plan II., and Thin III. on p. 306, at the mark b.

t See Plan II., and c on Plan III., p. 306. Compare p. 213.

i873-] THE END 0F GREEK ILIUM. 319

I must also add that I now positively retract my
former opinion, that Ilium was inhabited up to the ninth
century after Christ, and I must distinctly maintain that
its site has been desolate and uninhabited since the end
•of the fourth century. I had allowed myself to be de-
ceived by the statements of my esteemed friend, Mr.
Frank Calvert, of the Dardanelles, who maintained that
there were documents to prove that the place had been
inhabited up to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
after Christ. Such documents, if they really do exist, must
necessarily refer to Alexandria Troas, which is always,
as for instance in the New Testament, simply called
Troas ; for on its site quantities of Byzantine antiquities
are found even on the surface, which seem to prove
that the city was inhabited up to the fourteenth century,
or still longer. Here in Ilium, on the other hand, there
is no trace of Byzantine architecture, of Byzantine
sculpture, of Byzantine pottery, or of Byzantine coins.
Altogether I found only two copper medals of Byzantine
monasteries, which may have been lost by shepherds. I
found hundreds of coins belonging to the time of Con-
stantine the Great, Constans II., but no medals whatever
of the later emperors.

As hitherto it was in the Pergamus alone that I
found no trace of the Byzantine period, I thought that
it was only the fortress that was uninhabited during that
period, but that the region of the city had been occupied.
But my fifteen shafts, which I am having made on the
most various points of the site of Ilium, as well as the
two shafts made upon the primary soil, prove, as any-
one may convince himself, that below the surface there
is no trace of the Byzantine period, nay that, beyond a
very thin layer of earth, which however only exists in
some parts, the ruins of the Greek period extend up to
the very surface, and that in several of the shafts I came
upon the walls of Greek houses even on the surface.

320 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Ch. XXII. 1873.

It is impossible that a Byzantine town or a Byzantine
village, nay, that even a single Byzantine house, can have
stood upon this hilly and stone-hard ground, which covers
the ruins of a primeval city, without leaving the most
distinct traces of its existence, for here, where for nine or
ten months of the year it never rains, except during rare
thunderstorms, the productions of human industry do not
become weather-beaten and destroyed, as in other countries
where there is frequent rain. The very fragments of sculp-
tures and inscriptions, which I find here in the Pergamus
and in the other districts of the city, upon the surface, and
which have lain exposed to the open air for at least 1500
years, are still almost as fresh as if they had been made
yesterday.

Trusting to the statements of Mr. Frank Calvert, and
under the impression that Ilium had been inhabited for
a long time under the Byzantine dominion, I described the
wall, composed of Corinthian pillars and cement, 10 feet
thick, and which gave me so much trouble to break
through at the .south-east corner of the Pergamus, as of
Byzantine architecture. (Pp. 230, 250.) I am now, how-
ever, forced to believe that the Temple of Athena, to which
these pillars belong, was destroyed by the religious zeal of
the first Christians as early as the reign of Constantine
the Great, or at latest during that of Constantine II., and
that this wall was built of its ruins about the same time.

No. 232 (8 M.)- No. 233 (7 M.).

Curious Terra-cottas from the Trojan Stratum. Dr. Schliemann takes No. 232 for a pair of pegs for
hanging up clothes. No. 233 is a strange animal figure, solid, except for a tube passing through
the body and open at both ends, so that it cannot have been a vessel. Dr. Schliemann thinks it
may represent the chinuira {Iliad, VI. 179, foil., " In front a lion, behind a serpent, and in the
middle a chimxra "). In one sense, certainly, the name seems appropriate.

Pu«

: ** 9 £

-=3 = O B£

•fl-aif

P83 £ g£g

( 3« )

CHAPTER XXIII.

Further discoveries of fortifications — The great discovery of the
Treasure on the city tvall — Expedient for its preservation — The
articles of the Treasure described — The Shield — The Caldron —
Bottle and Vases of Gold — The golden Sewas a^LKvire.Xkov — Modes
of working the gold — A cup of electrum — Silver plates, probably
the talents of Homer — Vessels of Silver — Copper lance-heads :
their peculiar form — Copper battle-axes — Copper daggers —
Metal articles fused together by the conflagration — A knife and
a piece of a sword — Signs of the Treasure having been packed
in a wooden chest — The Key found — The Treasure probably
left behind in an effort to escape — Other articles found near the
Treasure — The thousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase — ■ The
two golden Diadems — The ear-rings, bracelets, and finger-rings —
The smaller jewels of gold — Analysis of the copper articles by M.
Landerer — Discovery of another room in the Palace containing an
inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas — Silver dishes — Greek
terra-cotta figures — Great abundance of the owl-faced vases.

Limited extent of Troy — Its walls traced — Poetic exaggerations
of Homer — The one great point of Troy's reality established — It
was as large as the primitive Athens and Mycenae — The wealth
and power of Troy — Great height of its houses — Probable popu-
lation — Troy known to Homer only by tradition — Question of a
Temple in Homer's time — Characteristics of the Trojan stratum
of remains, and their difference from those of the lowest stratum —
The former opinion on this point recalled — Layer of metallic scoria
through the whole hill — Error of Strabo about the utter destruction
of Troy — Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in the
earlier excavations ; but many Trojan houses brought to light since

— The stones of Troy not used in building other cities — The
Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, except the most important
buildings, which are of stones and earth — Extent and results of
the excavations — Advice to future explorers.

Further excavations on the North side — Very curious terra-cotta
vessels — Perforated vases — -A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics —
Heads of oxen and horses ; their probable significance — Idols of
the Ilian Athena — Greek and Roman medals — Greek inscriptions

— Final close of the excavations: thanksgiving for freedom from
serious accidents — Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis,
and other assistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis and
the engineer Adolphe Laurent.

322 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

Troy, June 17th, 1873.

Since my report of the 10th of last month I have been
especially anxious to hasten the great excavation on the
north-west side of the hill, and for this purpose I have made
a deep cutting on the west side also, in which, unfortunately,
I came obliquely upon the enclosing wall of Lysimachus,
which is 13 feet high and 10 feet thick. I was therefore
compelled to break out from this wall a double quantity of
stones in order to gain an entrance ; but I again came upon
the ruins of colossal buildings of the Hellenic and pre-
Hellenic periods, so that this excavation can only proceed
slowly. Here, at a distance of 69 feet from the declivity
of the hill, at a depth of 20 feet, I met with an ancient
enclosure 5 feet high, and with a projecting battlement. It
is not connected with the wall which runs out from the
Scaean Gate in a north-westerly direction, and, on account of
its very different structure and small height, it must belong
to a post-Trojan period. In any case, however, it is much
older than the Greek colony, because it is built of stones
and earth, and because I found by the side of it several
marble idols of the tutelar goddess of Ilium. I am, un-
fortunately, obliged to break down a portion of this wall to
a length of 1 yh feet, in order to proceed further, but I have
left standing nearly 8 feet of the part I have excavated,
so that the wall may be examined. Behind it I found a
level place paved partly with large flags of stone, partly
with stones more or less hewn, and after this a wall of
fortification 20 feet high and 5 feet thick, built of large
stones and earth ; it runs below my wooden house, but
6h feet above the Trojan city wall which proceeds from
the Scaean Gate.

In the new large excavation on the north-west side,
which is connected with the one I have just been describing,
I have convinced myself that the splendid wall of large
hewn stones, which I uncovered in April 1870, belongs to

1873.] DISCOVERY OF THE TREASURE. 323

a tower, the lower projecting part of which must have been
built during the first period of the Greek colony, whereas its
upper portion seems to belong to the time of Lysimachus.
(See Plate XIII.) To this tower also belongs the wall that I
mentioned in my last report as 9 feet high and 6 feet broad,
and as continuous with the surrounding wall of Lysimachus ;
and so does the wall of the same dimensions, situated 49 feet
from it, which I have likewise broken through. Behind the
latter, at a depth of from 26 to 30 feet, I uncovered the
Trojan city wall which runs out from the Scaean Gate.

In excavating this wall further and directly by the side
of the palace of King Priam,* I came upon a large copper
article of the most remarkable form, which attracted my
attention all the more as I thought I saw gold behind it.
On the top of this copper article lay a stratum of red and
calcined ruins, from 4! to 5! feet thick, as hard as stone,
and above this again lay the above-mentioned wall of forti-
fication (6 feet broad and 20 feet high) which was built of
large stones and earth, and must have belonged to an early
date after the destruction of Troy. In order to withdraw
the Treasure from the greed of my workmen, and to save it
for archaeology, I had to be most expeditious, and although
it was not yet time for breakfast, I immediately had
"pai'dos " called. This is a word of uncertain derivation,
which has passed over into Turkish, and is here employed
in place of avdirava-i^, or time for rest. While the men
were eating and resting, I cut out the Treasure with a large
knife, which it was impossible to do without the very
greatest exertion and the most fearful risk of my life, for
the great fortification-wall, beneath which I had to dig,
threatened every moment to fall down upon me. But the
sight of so many objects, every one of which is of inesti-
mable value to archaeology, made me foolhardy, and I never
thought of any danger. It would, however, have been im-

See the spot marked on Plan II. No. 42, and Plate XIII. a

Y 2

324 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

possible for me to have removed the Treasure without the
help of my dear wife, who stood by me ready to pack the
things which I cut out in her shawl and to carry them away.*
The first thing I found was a large copper shield (the
acmls o/xcfyakoecro-a of Homer) in the form of an oval salver,
in the middle of which is a knob or boss encircled by a
small furrow (avXaf). This shield is a little less than 20
inches in length ; it is quite flat, and surrounded by a rim
(avTvi;) 1 i inch high ; the boss (ofxfjxAos) is 2^ inches high
and 4^- inches in diameter ; the furrow encircling it is 7
inches in diameter and § of an inch deep.y

* The articles belonging to the Treasure are partly engraved on seven
separate Plates (XIV. — XX.), and partly marked with Tr. in the cuts.
They were found at a depth of 8^ meters, nearly 28 feet. The General
View of the Treasure (Plate III., opposite p. 22) shows a few objects
which are either so like others, or so insignificant, as not to need a
separate delineation.

+ See Plate XIV., No. 234. This round shield of copper (or bronze ?),
with its central boss, and the furrow and rim so suitable for holding
together a covering of ox-hides, reminds us irresistibly of the seven-fold
shield of Ajax -.—Iliad, VII. 219-223 (cf. 245-247) : —

Atas 5' eyyidev ^A0e (pepaiv aaKOs i]vTe irvpyov,
Xd\K€ov kinafS6eiov, '6 oi Tv)((os Ktifie revx^f,
~2.KVTor6fj.wv t>x &pi(TTOS, "TA?) tvi alula, vaiav,
Os 01 iirolrjo-ev (tolkos a\6Xov eTTTafi6ciov,
Tavpcov £aTp«ptwv, iv\ 5' uySoov tf\ao~e xosAkoV.

" Ajax approached ; before him, as a tower,

His mighty shield he bore, seven-fold, brass-bound.

The work of Tychius, best artificer

That wrought in leather ; he in Hyla dwell.

Of seven-fold hides the ponderous shield was wrought

Of lusty bulls : the eighth was glittering brass."

It is equally striking to compare the shield of the Treasure with the
description of Sarpedon's shield, with its round plate of hammered
copper (or bronze), and its covering of ox-hides, fastened to the inner
edge of the rim by gold wires or rivets (Iliad, XII. 294-297) : —

Av-riKa 5' affiriSa fxiv TrpuaO' eaxero Travroa' t'iar]P

KaArjv xa^Ke'irtv ^V^aroy, fy &pa x^xevs

"HXaaev, ivroaQiv 8e 0odas pai|/e 6a.fxttas

Xpvrrtlys pa/35oi(Ti Snji/eKeaiv irepl kvk\oi>. [" His

Plate XIV.

No- 235-— Great Copper Caldron {\ep-q).

No. 234.— A Copper Shield with a boss (a<nri's o/u^aAri

THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.

Page 324.

Plate XV.

A<^m.

No. 236. — Curious Plate of Copper (perhaps a Hasp of the Chest), with Discs fixed on one end, and
a Silver-Vase welded tu the other by the conflagration.

No. 238. — Cup of pure Gold, panelled,
weighing 7! oz. Troy.

No. 2J7. — Pottle of pure Gold, weighing about
1 lb. Troy.

THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.

rage 325.

IS73-] ARTICLES OF THE TREASURE. 325

The second object which I got out was a copper cal-
dron with two horizontal handles, which certainly gives us
an idea of the Homeric Xe/fys ; it is i6i inches in diameter
and 5^ inches high; the bottom is flat, and is nearly
8 inches in diameter.*

The third object was a copper plate f of an inch thick,
6^ inches broad, and iyl- inches long; it has a rim about
^2 °f an mcn high ; at one end of it there are two im-
moyable wheels with an axle-tree. This plate is very much
bent in two places, but I believe that these curvatures
have been produced by the heat to which the article was
exposed in the conflagration ; a silver vase 4! inches high
and broad has been fused to it ; I suppose, however, that
this also happened by accident in the heat of the fire.|
The fourth article I brought out was a copper vase
5i inches high and 4^ inches in diameter. Thereupon
followed a globular bottle of the purest gold, weighing 403
grammes (6220 grains, or above 1 lb. troy) ; it is nearly
6 inches high and 5^ inches in diameter, and has the com-
mencement of a zigzag decoration on the neck, which,
however, is not continued all round. Then came a cup,
likewise of the purest gold, weighing 226 grammes (7^ oz.
troy) ; it is 3 \ inches high and 3 inches broad. J

" His shield's broad orb before his breast he bore,
Well wrought, of beaten brass, which the armourer's hand
Had beaten out, and lined with stout bull's hide
With golden rods, continuous, all around." — [Ed.]

* See Plate XIV., No. 235. In the Iliad the \eftrj<; is used almost
always as a caldron, and is often given as a prize at games ; in the
Odyssey it is always used for washing the hands or feet. This one shows
the marks of a fearful conflagration, and near the left handle are seen two
fragments of copper weapons (a lance and a battle-axe) firmly molten
on. (Description to the Atlas of Photographs.)

t See Plate XV., No. 236. This remarkable object lay at the top
of the whole mass, and Dr. Schliemann supposes it to have formed a
hasp to the lid of the wooden chest in which the Treasure was packed.
(Description in Atlas.)

I These vessels of gold are shown on Plate XV., Nos. 237, 238.

326 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XXIII.

Next came another cup of the purest gold, weighing
exactly 600 grammes (about 1 lb. 6 oz. troy) ;* it is 3^ inches
high, yi inches long, and 7^ inches broad ; it is in the form of
a ship with two large handles ; on one side there is a mouth,
ii inch broad, for drinking out of, and another at the other
side, which is 2! inches broad, and, as my esteemed friend
Professor Stephanos Kumanudes, of Athens, remarks, the
person who presented the filled cup may have first drunk
from the small mouth, as a mark of respect, to let the guest
drink from the larger mouth.]" This vessel has a foot which
projects about y1^ of an inch, and' is 1+ inch long, and f of
an inch broad. It is assuredly the Homeric SeVa? a/x^)t-
KvrreWov. But I adhere to my supposition that all of
those tall and brilliant red goblets of terra-cotta, in the form
of champagne-glasses with two enormous handles, are also
Sena d(x(f>LKVTTeXka, and that this form probably existed in
gold also. I must further make an observation which is
very important for the history of art, that the above-
mentioned gold Senas a/jL(j)LKV7TeWov is of cast gold, and

* Plate XVI., Nos. 239, 240.

t Or, as suggested in the 'Quarterly Review' for April 1874, a
person, holding the cup before him by the two handles, may have
poured a libation from the further spout and then have drunk out of the
nearer. Thus Achilles used a choice goblet (SeVas) for drinking wine
and pouring libations to the gods. (Iliad, XVI., 225-228.)

We are indebted to Mr. J. W. Lockhart for the following account
of a double-spouted boat-shaped bronze vessel, used in a similar manner
in the Chinese temples : — " In China there is a vessel of very nearly
the same shape, but with ears prolonged till they rise an inch above the
cup : the cup stands on three legs and is, in fact, a tripod. Such cups
are used in the temples, especially in the ancestral temples of the real
religion of China, when offerings are made to the manes of ancestors.
The cups are rilled with wine, when placed on the altar before the idol
shrine, or before the ancestral tablet ; and the wine is afterwards partly
drunk and partly poured out as a libation." Such vessels are used in
pairs, and our drawing is made from one of a pair in Mr. Lockhart's
possession. It is of bronze, 6 inches long, and 6£ inches high, including
the legs. The width is 2 inches between the upright ears, and 2? inches
at the broadest part. There is only one handle. Mr. Lockhart calls

Plate XVI.

No. 239 — Outside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.

No. 240 — Inside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.

Remarkable Two-handled Cup of pure Gold (SeVa? ifj.<l».KviTe\\or).
Weighing about 1 lb. 6oz. Troy.

THE TREASURE <>E PRIAM.

Page 326.

1873] THE GOLDEN SeVa? afx<j)LKV7re\\ov. 327

that the large handles, which are not solid, have been fused
on to it. On the other hand the gold bottle and the gold
cup mentioned above have been wrought with the hammer.

241. Bronze Cup used in China for Libations and Drinking.

The Treasure further contained a small cup of gold
alloyed with 20 per cent, of silver, that is. the mixed metal
called electrum* It weighs 70 grammes {i\ oz. troy), and is
above 3 inches high, and above i\ inches broad. Its foot is
only -f of an inch high and nearly an inch broad, and is

attention to the " key" ornament round the cup, which is so well known
in the purest Greek art, as a sign of Chinese influence on the art of
Western Asia and Europe. Mr. Lockhart also reads Chinese characters
on some of the Trojan whorls. We are under a deep obligation to
Mr. Lockhart for his spontaneous offer of this very interesting illustration
of one of the most striking and (as we before supposed) unique objects
discovered by Dr. Schliemann. — [Ed.]
* Plate XVIIL, No. 248.

328 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP.XXIII.

moreover not quite straight, so that the cup appears to be
meant only to stand upon its mouth.

I also found in the Treasure six pieces of the purest
silver in the form of large knife-blades, having one end
rounded, and the other cut into the form of a crescent ;
they have all been wrought with the hammer.* The two
larger blades are nearly 83 inches long and 2 inches broad,
and weigh respectively 190 and 183 grammes. The next
two pieces are about ji inches long and i^ broad, and
weigh respectively 1 74 and 1 73 grammes. The two other
pieces are nearly 7 inches long and i} inch broad, and
weigh respectively 173 and 171 grammes. f It is extremely
probable that these are the Homeric talents (raXavra),
which could only have been small, as, for instance, when
Achilles offers for the first prize a woman, for the second a
horse, for the third a caldron, and for the fourth two gold
talents.J

* See Plate XVII., No. 242.

t The two largest weigh, respectively, a little over and a little under
6 oz., and the other four are all a little over 5^ oz., troy. The gramme
is 15*43235 grains, that is, a little less than 15^ grains.

% Iliad, XXIII. 262-270 (cf. vv. 612-616). The passage furnishes
other striking parallels to Dr. Schliemann's discoveries. The tripod
with cars containing 22 measures, which is added to the woman for the
first prize (kol TpiVoS' wrtoevra SviDKaLeiKoo-i/jLerpor) calls to mind the vessel
from the Trojan stratum, No. 199, p. 285. The fifth prize is a double-
handled flat cup (or dish) untouched by fire, i. e. wrought with the hammer
(dfA<f>i.6€Tov <f>ai\r)v aTTvpuiTov eOrjKer). The metal is not specified, but its
coming next to the two gold talents suggests silver, and Dr. Schliemann
found silver (piaXai with side-rings in the Treasure and the Palace. The
passage seems to confirm Schliemann's interpretation of ScVas ap.cf>i-
Kv-rreXXov, for what sort of a vessel can we conceive of as a double dish
joined bottom to bottom? We know side-dishes with their covers
can be used as two dishes, but what would be the use of joining them ?
Aristarchus, indeed, explained u/x<£i'0eTos as double, i.e. standing on both
ends, after the supposed analogy of afu/nKvireXXov, but Eustathius inter-
preted it as with handles on both sides, after the sounder analogy of
ujAtpupopivs. These cumulative analogies between Hissarlik and Homer,
gathered incidentally to a climax at the end of each work, are very
striking. — [Ed.]

Plate XVII.

No. 242. — Six Blades of Silver (Homeric Talents?).

No. 243.

No. 244.

No. 245.

No. 246.

Nos 243 & 244. — Two Silver Vases, with caps, and rings for suspending cords.
No. 245.— A Silver Dish (>j>td\r)), with a boss in the centre.
No. 246. — A Silver Cup, 3I in high and nearly 4 in. wide.

THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.

Page 328

Plate XVIII.

No. 247. — A small Silver Cover.

No. 248. — A small Cup of Electrum,
[i.e. 4 parts of Gold to 1 of Silver).

No. 249.— Large Silver Jug, with handle, in which the
small Ornaments were found.

No. 251.

No. 250.

No. 250. — Has part of another Silver Vase welded to it by the fire.

No. 251. — Silver Vase with a quantity of copper fixed to its bottom by the fire.

Vessels ok Silver and Electki m.

THK TREASURE OF PRIAM.

Page 329.

1873.] WEAPONS IN THE TREASURE. 329

I also found in the Treasure three great silver vases, the
largest of which is above 81 inches high and nearly 8 inches
in diameter, and has a handle 5^ inches in length and 35
in breadth.* The second vase is 6-9 inches high and
nearly 6 inches in diameter ; another silver vase is welded
to the upper part of it, of which, however, only por-
tions have been preserved, "j* The third vase is above
7 inches high and above 6 inches in diameter ; the foot of
the vase has a great deal of copper fused onto it, which
must have dripped from the copper objects contained
in the Treasure during the conflagration.^ All of the three
vases are perfectly round below, and therefore cannot stand
upright without resting against something.

I found, further, a silver goblet above 3^ inches high,
the mouth of which is nearly 4 inches in diameter ; also a
silver flat cup or dish ((f)id\r)) 5^ inches in diameter, and two
beautiful small silver vases of most exquisite workmanship.
The larger one, which has two rings on either side for
hanging it up by strings, is nearly 8 inches high with its
hat-shaped lid, and 3^ inches in diameter across the bulge.
The smaller silver vase, with a ring on either side for
suspension by a string, is about 6f inches high, with its lid,
and above 3 inches broad. §

Upon and beside the gold and silver articles, I found
thirteen copper lances, from nearly 7 to above 12^ inches
in length, and from above i| to 2^ inches broad at the
broadest point ; at the lower end of each is a hole, in
which, in most cases, the nail or peg which fastened the
lance to the wooden handle is still sticking. The pin-hole
is clearly visible in a lance-head which the conflagration

* See Plate XVIII., No. 249.

t Ibid., No. 250.

X Ibid., No. 251.

§ For these four vessels see Plate XVIL, Nos. 243-246. The silver
bottles, with the caps and the side-rings to both, remind us of modern
travelling flasks. — [Ed.]

33°

TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

No. 256.

No. 252. No. 253. No. 2M No>-s<_

Trojan Lance-Heads of Copper.— Tr.
No. 256. Copper Lance and Battle-Axe welded together by the Conflagration. The Pin-hole
of the Lance is visible. — Tr.

No. 257. j\j0 ,-0 ...

- ' No. 259. No. 26c.

Trojan Battle-Axes of Copper Tr.

Nos. 258 and 260 have pieces of other weapons welded onto them by the fire.

I873-] WEAPONS OF THE TREASURE. 331

has welded to a battle-axe. The Trojan lances were
therefore quite different from those of the Greeks and
Romans, for the latter stuck the shaft into the lance-head,
the former fastened the head into the shaft.

I also found fourteen of those copper weapons, which are
frequently met with here, but which have never been dis-
covered elsewhere ; at one end they are pointed but blunt, and
at the other they end in a broad edge. I formerly considered
them to be a species of lance, but now after mature considera-
tion I am convinced that they could have been
used only as battle-axes. They are from above
6 to above 12 inches in length, from nearly h to
above f of an inch thick, and from above 1 to
nearly 3 inches broad ; the largest of them
weighs 1365 grammes (about 3 lbs. avoirdu-
pois). The following cut shows an axe more
like those of later ages.

There were also seven large double-edged

D o No. 261.

copper daggers, with a handle from about 2 to TrojanjBattie-axe.
2! inches long, the end of which is bent round
at a right angle. These handles must at one time have been
encased in wood, for if the cases had been made of bone they
would still have been wholly or partially preserved. The
pointed handle was inserted into a piece of wood, so that
the end projected about half an inch beyond it, and this end
was simply bent round. (See page 332.) The largest of
these daggers is iof inches in length and above 2 inches
broad at the broadest part ; a second dagger, which is above
1 1 inch broad, has the point broken off, and is now less
than 9 inches long, but appears to have been 1 1 inches ;
a third dagger is 8-f inches long, and measures above
1 i inch at the broadest point ; a fourth has become com-
pletely curled up in the conflagration, but appears to have
been above 1 1 inches long. Of the fifth, sixth, and
seventh daggers I only discovered the fragments ; these are
from nearly 4 to 5^ inches in length. But in a packet of four

331

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXIII.

lances and battle-axes, which have been welded together in
the heat of the fire, I believe I can recognise another dagger.
Of common one-edged knives I only found one in the
Treasure ; it is above 6 inches in length. I also found a
piece of a sword which is 8 f inches long and nearly 2 inches

No. 264

No. 265.

No. 266.

No. 267.

No.

Nos. 262, 263, 264, 266, Trojan Two edged Copper Daggers, with hooked Stems that have been
fastened into Wooden Handles ; No. 264 is doubled up by the Conflagration. No. 265, Weapons
molten together. No. 267, a Copper Sword-Blade, with a sharp edge at the end. No. 268, a
Four-sided Copper Bar, ending in a sharp edge. — Tk.

broad : also a four-cornered copper bar ending in an edge ;
it is nearly 15 inches long, and also appears to have served
as a weapon.

As I found all these articles together, forming a rect-
angular mass, or packed into one another, it seems to
be certain that they were placed on the city wall in a
wooden chest ((ficopLafAos), such as those mentioned by

I873-] THE TREASURE CHEST. ^>33

Homer as being in the palace of King Priam.* This

appears to be the more certain, as close by the side ot

these articles I found a copper key

above 4 inches long, the head of which

(about 2 inches long and broad) greatly

resembles a large safe-key of a bank.

Curiously enough this key has had

J O J No. 269. Copper Key, supposed

a wooden handle; there can be no £ SSiSS to the Trea"
doubt of this from the fact that the
end of the stalk of the key is bent round at a right angle,
as in the case of the daggers.

It is probable that some member of the family of King
Priam hurriedly packed the Treasure into the chest and
carried it off without having time to pull out the key ; that
when he reached the wall, however, the hand of an enemy
or the fire overtook him, and he was obliged to abandon
the chest, which was immediately covered to a height of
from 5 to 6 feet with the red ashes and the stones of the
adjoining royal palace.

Perhaps the articles found a few days previously in a
room of the royal palace, close to the place where the
Treasure was discovered, belonged to this unfortunate
person. These articles were a helmet, and a silver vase

* Iliad, XXIV. 228: — 'H, koL cjnopia/jiCyv iTnd^fJLara kolX' aveoiyev,

where the "beautiful lids" remind us of the terra-cotta pattern which
Dr. Schliemann takes for the inlaying of a chest. (No. 77, p. 129).
In the Iliad, XVI., 221, Achilles opens the lid of the beautiful deco-
rated chest (yr\\ov 8 airo ttCo/jl aveayev KaXrjs SaiSaAer/s), to take out the
goblet for pouring his libation. The contents of Priam's chests may also
be well compared with the articles of the Treasure : —

" He chose twelve gorgeous shawls, twelve single cloaks,
As many rugs, as many splendid robes,
As many tunics ; then of gold he took
Ten talents full ; two tripods, burnished bright,
Four caldrons ; then a citp of beauty rare,
A rich possession, which the men of Thrace
Had given, when there he went ambassador ;
E'en this he spared not, such his keen desire
1 1 is son to ransom."— [Ed.]

334

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXIII.

7 inches high and 5.^ inches broad, containing an elegant
cup of electrum 4.I inches high and 3^ inches broad. The
helmet was broken in being taken out, but I can have it
mended, as I have all the pieces of it. The two upper

No. 270. No. 271.

Cups of Electrum and Silver. Found in the Palace, near the Treasure, 270 inside 271.

Nos. 272-275. Pieces of Helmet-crests found in a Room of the Palace.

portions, composing the crest (<£a\os), are uninjured.
Beside the helmet, as before, I found a curved copper pin,
nearly 6 inches in length, which must have been in some
way attached to it, and have served some purpose. (Com-
pare No. 192, p. 281.)

At 5 or 6 feet above the Treasure, the successors of the
Trojans erected a fortification wall 20 feet high and 6 feet
broad, composed of large hewn and unhewn stones and
earth; this wall extends to within 3^ feet of the surface of
the hill.

That the Treasure was packed together at terrible risk
of life, and in the greatest anxiety, is proved among
other things also by the contents of the largest silver vase,

Plate XIX

Nos. 276 and 277.-T11K two Golden Diadems [nXtKraC ivaSe^ai)
THE TREASURE OF PR 1A.M.

Page 335-

1873-I THE TW0 GOLDEN DIADEMS. 335

at the bottom of which I found two splendid gold diadems
(KprjSeixva)* ; a fillet, and four beautiful gold ear-rings of
most exquisite workmanship : upon these lay $6 gold ear-
rings of exceedingly curious form and 8750 small gold
rings, perforated prisms and dice, gold buttons, and similar
jewels, which obviously belonged to other ornaments ; then
followed six gold bracelets, and on the top of all the two
small gold goblets. f

The one diadem consists of a gold fillet, 2 if- inches
long and nearly i an inch broad, from which there hang-
on either side seven little chains to cover the temples, each
of which has eleven square leaves with a groove ; these chains
are joined to one another by four little cross chains, at the
end of which hangs a glittering golden idol of the tutelar
goddess of Troy, nearly an inch long. The entire length of
each of these chains, with the idols, amounts to ioi inches.
Almost all these idols have something of the human form, but
the owl's head with the two large eyes cannot be mistaken ;
their breadth at the lower end is about -^ of an inch.
Between these ornaments for the temples there are 47 little

* The diadem discovered by Dr. Schliemann can scarcely have been
the KpySe/jLvov of Homer, which was a large veil or mantilla, such, for
instance, as the sea-goddess Ino gives to Ulysses, to buoy him up on
the water (Od. v. 346). This diadem would rather seem to be, as
Mr. Gladstone has suggested, the tt/Wtt) dvaSia-fi-r], which Andromache
casts from her head in her mourning for Hector, where the order of the
words implies that it was worn over the KpySefjbvov. II. XXII. 469-471 : —

Tf)A.€ 8' airb Kparbs /3aAe SeVjuara criya\6evTa,

"A ju 7r v Ka KiKpu<pa\6v T6 iSe irAe/tTiji/ a v a.5 e <r /at] v

KpTide/Avop 6', o pa oi 5u>K€ xPx"t^V 'A.<ppo5'iT7].

" Far off were flung the adornments of her head,
The net, the fillet, and the woven band,
The nuptial-veil by golden Venus given." — [Ed.]

Our illustration (Plate XIX., Nos. 276, 277) represents one diadem
as set up by Dr. Schliemann, and the other as it might have been worn
on the head of a Trojan lady. — [Ed.]

% These objects are more fully described, and figured, in the fol-
lowing pages.

336 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

pendant chains adorned with square leaves ; at the end of
each little chain is an idol of the tutelary goddess of Ilium,
about j of an inch long ; the length of these little chains
with the idols is not quite 4 inches.

The other diadem is 20 inches long, and consists of a gold
chain, from which are suspended on each side eight chains
completely covered with small gold leaves, to hang down
over the temples, and at the end of every one of the sixteen
chains there hangs a golden idol ii inch long, with the owl's
head of the Ilian tutelary goddess. Between these orna-
ments for the temples there are likewise 74 little chains,
about 4 inches long, covered with gold leaves, to hang down
over the forehead ; at the end of these chains there hangs a
double leaf about f of an inch long.

The fillet a/A7ri/£ is above 18 inches long and J- of an
inch broad, and has three perforations at each end. Eight
quadruple rows of dots divide it into nine compartments,
in each of which there are two large dots ; and an unin-
terrupted row of dots adorns the whole edge. Of the four
ear-rings only two are exactly alike. From the upper part,
which is almost in the shape of a basket, and is ornamented
with two rows of decorations in the form of beads, there
hang six small chains on which are three little cylinders ;
attached to the end of the chains are small idols of the
tutelar goddess of Troy. The length of each ear-ring is
o,h inches. The upper part of the other two ear-rings is
larger and thicker, but likewise almost in the shape of a
basket, from it are suspended five little chains entirely
covered with small round leaves, on which are likewise
fastened small but more imposing idols of the Ilian tutelar
divinity; the length of one of these pendants is 3^ inches,
that of the other a little over 3 inches.*

* See Plate XX., Nos. 279, 280, for a representation of the fillet
and ear-rings. The four " ear-rings " remind us, both by their form and
material, of the "beautifully twined tassels of solid gold" which fringed
the s£gis of Athena : Iliad, II. 448, 449 : —

Plate XX.

ooooooooooooonoooooo) ^"ooooooo o o o ooooooooooo)

£•3 <§>($«!•>

No. 278. — Selection from the small Golden Jewels found in the Silver Jug.

No. 279. — Golden Fillet (a/A7rv£\ above 18 inches long.

No. 280. — Four Golden Ear-rings, or Tassels (Oticrai'oi.) , each 3! inches long.
Jewels of Gold.

THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.

Page 336.

i873-] BRACELETS AND EAR-RINGS. 337

Of the six gold bracelets, two are quite simple and
closed, and are about ^ of an inch thick ; a third is like-
wise closed, but consists of an ornamented band -^ of an
inch thick, and i of an inch broad.
The other three are double, and the
ends are turned round and furnished
with a head. The princesses who
wore these bracelets must have had
unusually small hands, for they are so
small that a girl of ten would have

v re 1, • l.a.' i_\ Six golden Bracelets welded to-

difficulty in putting them On. gether by the conflagration.

The $6 other gold ear-rings are
of various sizes, and three of them appear to have also
been used by the princesses of the royal family as finger-
rings.* Not one of the ear-rings has any resemblance in
form to the Hellenic, Roman, Egyptian, or Assyrian ear-
rings ; 20 of them end in four leaves, ten in three leaves,
lying beside one another and soldered together, and they
are thus extremely like those ear-rings of gold and electrum
which I found last year at a depth of 9 and 13 meters (29^
and 42^ feet). Eighteen other ear-rings end in six leaves ;
at the commencement of these there are two small studs,

Tf/s tKaTbv dvcravoi irayxp^creo 1 rjepeOovrai,
TldvTes EUTtAeicf'fS, tKaTofxfSoios 5e zKaffTos.

' ' all around
A hundred tassels hung, rare works of art,
All gold, each one a hundred oxen's price.'"

Again, when Hera adorns herself to captivate Jove, her zone is
fringed with a hundred tassels, and her ear-rings are described in terms
corresponding exactly to the triple leaves seen on some of Schliemann's
{Iliad, XIV. 1 81-3) :—

Zuxraro Se £u>vr]v tKarov Ovadvois dpapvlav,
'Ev 8' apa 'ipfiara fjKej/ tvTpjjToiat Ao/3o?aiv
T piyKrfva /nopoevT a' X"P'$ $' a7reAu;u7reTo iroAArj.

"Her zone, from which a hundred tassels hung,
She girt about her ; and, in three bright drops,
Her glittering gems suspended from her ears ;
And all around her grace and beauty shone." — [Ed.]

* Some of these are shown on Plate XX., No. 278.

338 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

in the centre two rows of five small studs each, and at the
end three small studs. Two of the largest rings, which,
owing to the thickness of the ofle end, certainly cannot
have been used as ear-rings, and appear to have been
finger-rings only, terminate in four leaves, and at the com-
mencement of these there are two, in the middle three,
and at the end again two small studs. Of the remain-
ing ear-rings two have the form of three, and four the
form of two, beautifully ornamented serpents lying beside
one another.

Besides the ear-rings, a great number of other orna-
ments strung on threads, or fastened on leather, had been
put into the same large silver vase ; for above and below
them, as already said, I found 8750 small objects ; * such
as gold rings, only -|- of an inch in diameter ; perforated
dice, either smooth or in the form of little indented stars,
about -jl of an inch in diameter ; gold perforated prisms
y^y of an inch high and -^ of an inch broad, decorated
longitudinally with eight or sixteen incisions ; small leaves
about \ of an inch long, and ^ of an inch broad, and
pierced longitudinally with a hole for threading them ;
small gold pegs -t of an inch long, with a button on one
side, and a perforated hole on the other ; perforated
prisms about \ of an inch long and -^ of an inch broad ;
double or triple gold rings soldered together and only
\ of an inch in diameter, with holes on both sides for
threading them ; gold buttons or studs ^ of an inch high,
in the cavity of which is a ring above- -^ of an inch
broad for sewing them on ; gold double buttons, exactly
like our shirt studs, -^ of an inch long, which, however,
are not soldered, but simply stuck together, for from
the cavity of the one button there projects a tube

* Dr. Schliemann has strung these in two sets, one of which, con-
sisting of 4610 pieces, is represented as Cut No. 282. The other set,
of 4090 pieces, is precisely similar. The small jewels described are
shown in detail on Plate XX., No. 278.

1873-]

THOUSANDS OF GOLD JEWELS.

339

a d

J
Id

■s

Z 2

340 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

(auXicncos) nearly J of an inch long, and from the other
a pin (efjijSoXov) of the same length, and the pin is merely
stuck into the tube to form the double stud. These double
buttons or studs can only have been used, probably, as orna-
ment upon leather articles, for instance upon the handle-
straps (reXa/xw^es) of swords, shields, or knives. I found
in the vase also two gold cylinders above -^ of an inch
thick and f of an inch long ; also a small gold peg
above |- of an inch in length, and from y|~q to -j-f^ of
an inch thick ; it has at one end a perforated hole for
hanging it up, and on the other side six encircling in-
cisions, which give the article the appearance of a screw ;
it is only by means of a magnifying glass that it is found
not to be really a screw. I also found in the same vase
two pieces of gold, one of which is ^ of an inch, the other
above 2 inches, long; each of them has 21 perforations.*

The person who endeavoured to save the Treasure had
fortunately the presence of mind to stand the silver vase,
containing the valuable articles described above, upright
in the chest, so that not so much as a bead could fall out,
and everything has been preserved uninjured.

My esteemed friend M. Landerer, of Athens, a chemist
well known through his discoveries and writings, who has
most carefully examined all the copper articles of the
Treasure, and analysed the fragments, finds that all of
them consist of pure copper without any admixture of tin
or zinc,f and that, in order to make them more durable,
they have been wrought with the hammer (o-^vprjXaTov).

As I hoped to find other treasures here, and also
wished to bring to light the wall that surrounded Troy,
the erection of which Homer J ascribes to Poseidon and

* See Plate XX., at top.

t The subsequent analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, has, however,
shown the presence of tin in some of the articles of the Treasure,
see Note C, p. 361.— [Ed.] % Iliad, VII. 452-453.

I873-] A ROOM IN THE PALACE. 341

Apollo, as far as the Scaean Gate, I have entirely cut
away the upper wall, which rested partly upon the gate,
to an extent of 56 feet. Visitors to the Troad can, how-
ever, still see part of it in the north-western earth-wall
opposite the Seaman Gate. I have also broken down the
enormous block of earth which separated my western and
north-western cutting from the Great Tower ; but in order
to do this, I had to pull down the larger one of my
wooden houses, and I had also to bridge over the Scaean
Gate, so as to facilitate the removal of the debris. The
result of this new excavation is very important to archae-
ology ; for I have been able to uncover several walls, and
also a room of the Royal Palace, 20 feet in length and
breadth, upon which no buildings of a later period rest.

No. 283. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Cask. From the Palace (8 M.).

Of the objects discovered there I have only to mention
an excellently engraved inscription found upon a square
piece of red slate, which has two holes not bored through
it and an encircling incision, but neither can my learned
friend Emile Burnouf nor can I tell in what language the
inscription is written.* Further, there were some interesting
terra-cottas, among which is a vessel, quite the form of
a modern cask, and with a tube in the centre for pouring

* No. 5, on p. 24. (See Appendix.)

342

TROY AND ITS KKMAI \S.

[Chap. XXIII.

in and drawing off the liquid. There were also found
upon the wall of Troy, i \ feet below the place where
the Treasure was discovered, three silver dishes ((^taXat),
two of which were broken to pieces in digging down the

No. 284. Large Silver Vase found in the House of Priam (8 M.).

debris ; they can, however, be repaired, as I have all the
pieces.* These dishes seem to have belonged to the
Treasure, and the fact of the latter having otherwise escaped
our pickaxes is due to the above-mentioned large copper
vessels which projected, so that I could cut everything out
of the hard debris by means of a knife.

:' These silver <£iuAai, as shown in the photographs, are too much
battered to be worth engraving ; but we give a very fine large silver
vase, which was found in a room of the Palace. — [Ed.]

I873-] EXTENT OF TROY. 343

I now perceive that the cutting which I made in April
1870 was exactly at the proper point, and that if I had
only continued it, I should in a few weeks have uncovered
the most remarkable buildings in Troy, namely, the Palace
of King Priam, the Scaean Gate, the Great Surrounding
Wall, and the Great Tower of Ilium ; whereas, in conse-
quence of abandoning this cutting, I had to make colossal
excavations from east to west and from north to south
through the entire hill in order to find those most interest-
ing buildings.

In the upper strata of the north-western and western
excavations we came upon another great quantity of heads
of beautiful terra-cotta figures of the best Hellenic period,
and at a depth of 23 feet upon some idols, as well as
the upper portion of a vase with the owl's face and a lid
in the form of a helmet. Lids of this kind, upon the
edge of which female hair is indicated by incisions, are
frequently found in all the strata between 4 and 10 meters
(13 and ^^ feet) deep, and as they belong to vases with
owls' faces, the number of lids gives us an idea of the
number of the vases with the figure of the owl-headed
Athena, which existed here in Troy.

But Troy was not large. I have altogether made
twenty borings down to the rock, on the west, south-west,
south, south-east and east of the Pergamus, directly at
its foot or at some distance from it, on the plateau
of the Ilium of the Greek colony. As I find in these
borings no trace either of fragments of Trojan pottery
or of Trojan house-walls, and nothing but fragments of
Hellenic pottery arid Hellenic house-walls, and as, more-
over, the hill of the Pergamus has a very steep slope
towards the north, the north-east, and the north-west, facing
the Hellespont, and is also very steep towards the Plain,
the city could not possibly have extended in any one of
these directions. I now most emphatically declare that
the city of Priam cannot have extended on any one side

344 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [CHAP. XXIII.

beyond the primeval plateau of this fortress, the circum-
ference of which is indicated to the south and south-west
by the Great Tower and the Scrcan Gate, and to the
north-west, north-east and east by the surrounding wall
of Troy. The city was so strongly fortified by nature
on the north side, that the wall there consisted only of
those large blocks of stone, loosely piled one upon another
in the form of a wall, which last year gave me such
immense trouble to remove. This wall can be recog-
nized at once, immediately to the right in the northern
entrance of my large cutting, which runs through the
entire hill.

I am extremely disappointed at being obliged to give
so small a plan of Troy ; nay, I had wished to be able to
make it a thousand times larger, but I value truth above
everything, and I rejoice that my three years' excavations
have laid open the Homeric Troy, even though on a
diminished scale, and that I have proved the Iliad to be
based upon real facts.

Homer is an epic poet, and not an historian : so it is
quite natural that he should have exaggerated everything
with poetic licence. Moreover, the events which he describes
are so marvellous, that many scholars have long doubted the
very existence of Troy, and have considered the city to be a
mere invention of the poet's fancy. I venture to hope that
the civilized world will not only not be disappointed that
the city of Priam has shown itself to be scarcely a twen-
tieth part as large as was to be expected from the statements
of the Iliad, but that, on the contrary, it will accept with
delight and enthusiasm the certainty that Ilium did really
exist, that a large portion of it has now been brought to
light, and that Homer, even although he exaggerates, never-
theless sings of events that actually happened. Besides, it
ought to be remembered that the area of Troy, now reduced
to this small hill, is still as large as, or even larger than, the
royal city of Athens, which was confined to the Acropolis,

1873.] THE HOUSES OF TROY. 345

and did not extend beyond it, till the time when Theseus
added the twelve villages, and the city was consequently
named in the plural 'AOfjpou. It is very likely that the
same happened to the town of Mycenae (Mvqrai), which
Homer describes as being rich in gold, and which is also
spoken of in the singular, evpvdyvia Mv/ojwj*

But this little Troy was immensely rich for the circum-
stances of those times, since I find here a treasure of gold
and silver articles, such as is now scarcely to be found in an
emperor's palace ; and as the town was wealthy, so was it
also powerful, and ruled over a large territory.

The houses of Troy were all very high and had several
storeys, as is obvious from the thickness of the walls and
the colossal heaps of dibris. But even if we assume the
houses to have been of three storeys, and standing close by
the side of one another, the town can nevertheless not have
contained more than 5000 inhabitants, and cannot have
mustered more than 500 soldiers; but it could always raise
a considerable army from among its subjects, and as it
was rich and powerful, it could obtain mercenaries from all
quarters.

As I do not rind in my shafts (that is, beyond the
hill itself) a trace of earthenware belonging to the suc-
cessors of the Trojans up to the time of the Greek colony,
it may with certainty be assumed that Troy had increased
in size at Homer's time only to the small amount of
what was added through the heaps of rubbish caused
by the destruction of the city. Homer can never have
seen Ilium's Great Tower, the surrounding wall of Poseidon
and Apollo, the Scaean Gate or the Palace of King Priam,
for all these monuments lay buried deep in heaps of
rubbish, and he made no excavations to bring them to
light. He knew of these monuments of immortal fame
only from hearsay, for the tragic fate of ancient Troy was

* Iliad, IV. 52.

346 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

then still in fresh remembrance, and had already been for
centuries in the mouth of all minstrels.*

Homer rarely mentions temples, and, although he speaks
of the temple of Athena, yet, considering the smallness of
the city, it is very doubtful whether it actually existed. It
is probable that the tutelar goddess at that time pos-
sessed only the sacrificial altar which I discovered, and the
crescent form of which greatly resembles the upper portion
of the ivory idol found in the lowest strata,f as well as the
one end of the six talents contained among the Treasure.

The position, size, and depth of all my shafts will be
found most accurately specified on my plan of the Ilium
of the Greek colony ; J I therefore refrain from repeating
these statements here, so as not to weary the reader. I
also add an accurate plan of my excavations.§ a plan of
the Scaean Gate and of the Great Tower of Ilium, || and
lastly, a plan of the city of Troy at the time of the great
destruction (Plan IV.).

The Scaean Gate gives us the age of the royal edifice
in front of which it stands, and of the vessels of pottery
which are found in that house. This earthenware is indeed
better than what is generally found here at a depth of from
7 to 10 meters (23 to o,^ feet), but it is exactly similar; and
consequently all the strata of debris from these depths

* Nothing can be clearer than Homer's own testimony on this point,
when he invokes the Muses to inspire him with the knowledge of what
lie had only heard by report (Iliad, II. 484-487) : —

''EinreTe vvv fxoi, Movoai 'OXi'ifxiria Sw/xar* e^ovcrai, —
'T/xus yap deal tare, rrdpecrre re, tcrre re iravra,
'H/xeiS 5e KXeos olov aKuvofiev, ov5e ri ifS/uep —
O'l rives i)yefioves Aavauv taxi tcoipavoi rfcrav.

"Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell,
Muses — for ye are Goddesses, and ye
Were present, and know all things : we ourselves
/>';// hear from Rumour s voice, and nothing know —
Who were the chiefs and mighty lords of Greece." — [Ed.]

t See No. 14 on the Plate of Idols, p. 36.

% Plan I. § Plan U. || Plan III. (see p. 306).

I873-J

THE FIRST AND SECOND NATIONS.

347

belong to the Trojan people. These strata are composed
of red, yellow, and occasionally black wood-ashes, and
every stone found there bears the marks of the fearful heat
to which it has been exposed. In these strata we never
meet with those brilliant black plates and dishes, with a
long horizontal ring on either side, found at the depth of
from 13 to 16 meters (42^ to 52^ feet), nor do we meet
with the vases with two long tubes on either side. Besides

Plan IV. — Plan of Troy at the Epoch of Priam, according to Dr. Schliemann's Excavations.

the vessels in the lowest strata are entirely different in
quality and in form from those found at a depth of from
23 to 33 feet, so that they certainly cannot have belonged to
the same people. But they belong, at all events, to a kindred
Aryan nation, as these too possessed in common with the
Trojans the whorls ornamented with Aryan religious
symbols, and also idols of the Ilian Athena. I formerly
believed that the most ancient people who inhabited this
site were the Trojans, because I fancied that among their
ruins I had found the SeVag a^LKvireWov, but I now

348 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

perceive that Priam's people were the succeeding nation,
because in their ruins I have discovered the actual SeWs
ajjL(f)LKV7re\\ov, made of gold and also of terra-cotta, and
likewise the Scaoan Gate.

Several geologists, who have visited me here, maintain
that the stratum of scoriae, which runs through the greater
part of the hill, at an average depth of 9 meters (29^ feet),
has been formed by melted lead and copper ore, quantities
of which must have existed here at the time of the destruc-
tion of Troy ; and this opinion is also shared by the
engineer, Adolphe Laurent, who has returned to help me
with my last works, and to make some new plans.

Strabo says,* " No trace of the ancient city (Troy) has
been preserved. This is very natural ; for, as ail the towns
round about were desolated, yet not completely destroyed,
while Troy was razed to the ground, so all the stones were
carried off to renovate the others. Thus, at least, Archrca-
nax of Mitylene is said to have built a wall round Sigeum
with the stones." These statements of Strabo are, however,
completely erroneous, and the tradition of antiquity, that
Troy was razed to the ground, can only be explained by its
having been buried deep beneath colossal masses of wood-
ashes and stone, which were built over by a new town ; the
latter being again destroyed, and again surmounted by
buildings which had a similar fate ; till at last the mass of
debris lying upon Troy reached a height of from 6 to
8 meters (20 to 16 feet), and upon this was established the
Acropolis of the Ilium of the Greek colony.

In consequence of my former mistaken idea, that Troy
was to be found on the primary soil or close above it, I
unfortunately, in 1871 and 1872, destroyed a large portion
of the city, for I at that time broke down all the house-
walls in the higher strata which obstructed my way. This
year, however, as soon as I had come by clear proofs to the

XIII. p. 599, ed. Forbiger.

I873-J PRESENT STATE OF THE RUINS. 349

firm conviction that Troy was not to be found upon the
primary soil, but at a depth of from 23 to 2>?> feet? I
ceased to break down any house-wall in these strata, so
that in my excavations of this year a number of Trojan
houses have been brought to light. They will still stand
for centuries, and visitors to the Troad may convince
themselves that the stones of the Trojan buildings can
never have been used for building other towns, for the
greater part of them are still in situ. Moreover, they are
small, and millions of such stones are to be found upon all
the fields of this district.

Valuable stones, such as those large flags which cover
the road leading from the Scaean Gate to the Plain, as well
as the stones of the enclosing wall and of the Great Tower,
have been left untouched, and not a single stone of the
Scaean Gate is wanting. Nay, with the exception of the
houses which I mvself destroyed, it would be quite possible
to uncover the " carcasses " of all the houses, as in the case
of Pompeii. The houses, as I have already said, must have
been very high, and a great deal of wood must have been
used in their construction, for otherwise the conflagration
could not have produced such an enormous quantity of
ashes and rubbish.

In my excavations of 1871 and 1872, at a depth of
from 7 to 10 meters (23 to ^>3 feet), I found only house-
walls composed of sun-dried bricks ; and, as anyone may
convince himself by examining the houses which I have un-
covered, this style of building was almost exclusively met
with during that year. It is only the buildings by the side
of the Scaean Gate, and a few houses in the depths of the
Temple of Athena, that are made of stones and earth.

As may be seen from my plan of the site of Troy, I
have excavated two-thirds of the entire city ; and, as
I have brought to light the Great Tower, the Scaean Gate,
the city wall of Troy, the royal palace, the sacrificial altar
of the Ilian Athena, and so forth, I have uncovered

35°

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXIII.

the grandest buildings, and, in fact, the best part of the
city. I have also made an exceedingly copious collection of
all the articles of the domestic life and the religion of the
Trojans ; and therefore it is not to be expected that science
would gain anything more by further excavations. If,
however, my excavations should at any time be continued,
I urgently entreat those who do so to throw the debris

No. 285. Splendid Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace of Priam.

This is the largest vase of the type frequent in the ruins, with two small handles and two great
upright wings. The cover was found near it.

of their diggings from the declivity of the hill, and not to
fill up the colossal cuttings which I have made with such
infinite trouble and at such great expense, for they are of
great value to archaeology, inasmuch as in these cuttings
all the strata of debris, from the primary soil up to the
surface of the hill, can be examined with little trouble.

I873-]

REMARKABLE TERRA-COTTAS.

351

On the north side of the hill, I have now also uncovered
several house-walls at a depth of 13 meters (42 i feet), and
also the beginning of that remarkable wall of fortification
already mentioned, the continuation of which may be seen
in the labyrinth of house-walls in the depths of the Temple
of Athena. On the north side, above the primary soil, I
have also brought to light a portion of the pavement
already mentioned, composed of small, round white sea-
pebbles, below which
are the calcined ruins
of a building which
formerly stood there.

Among some very
remarkable terra-cottas
discovered since my last
report, I must mention
two jugs found on the

No. 286. Curious double-necked Jug (8 M.).

No. 287. Terra-cotta Vessel consisting
of three Goblets rising out of a tube
on three feet (4 ai.). — [6 M. in Atlas.]

north side, at a depth of from 23 to 16 feet, each of
which has two upright necks standing side by side, but
their handles are united. One of them has also beside the
mouths two small elevations, which may probably indicate
eyes. Of a third jug of this kind, I only found the upper
portion. I must also mention an exceedingly curious cup,
discovered at a depth of 4 meters (13 feet), which consists of
a tube resting upon three feet and ending in one large and

35^ TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

two small goblets ; the larger goblet is connected with the
opposite side of the tube by a handle. At the same depth
I met with a large vase, from which projects a separate
small vase ; it is ornamented with incisions, and has three
feet and two very pretty handles and rings for hanging it
up. I found likewise, at the depth of 13 feet, a vase
with two female breasts, two large handles and engrav-
ings resembling letters. Among other extremely curious
terra-cottas, I must also mention three pots with three
rows of perforations ; they have the usual handle on one
side and three feet on the other ; also three large vases with

No. 288. Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig, with No. 289. A round Terra-cotta, stamped
legs too short to stand it on (7 M.). with Hieroglyphics (i£ M.).

perforations right round, on all sides from the bottom to
the top ; their use is a riddle to me ; can they have served
as bee-hives ? # Also a vessel in the form of a pig with
four feet, which are, however, shorter than the belly, so
that the vessel cannot stand upon them ; the neck of the
vessel, which is attached to the back of the pig, is
connected with the hinder part by a handle. I further
found a pot in the form of a basket with a handle crossing
the mouth, and with a tube in the bulge for drawing off
the liquid. Also two terra-cotta funnels, at a depth of
10 feet, with a letter, which I have repeatedly met with on
some of the terra-cottas of which I have given drawings,

* Certainly not ; but they may have served for burning charcoal or
incense.- — [Ed.]

1873.] IDOLS WITH HEADS OF ANIMALS. $$$

and which therefore will probably be deciphered. At a
depth of 5 feet I found one of those round twice-perforated
terra-cottas with a stamp, in which there are Egyptian
hieroglyphics ; also a dozen of the same articles in the
stamps of which are a crowned head, a bird, a dog's head,
a flying man or an eagle and a stag. At a depth of
i6i feet, I found the handle of a cup with the beautifully
modelled head of a bull, which probably represents the
/3ow77i5 ttotvhx 'Hpy :* however, this cannot be proved,
for up to that time I had never found an idol with the head
of an ox. Neither can I prove that the terra-cottas here
frequently met with, in the form of horses' heads, represent
the mother of Hera, Cybele or Rhea ; but it is very likely,

No. 290. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape of a Horse's Head (4 M.).

for, as is well known, in Phrygia she was represented with
a horse's head. Terra-cotta idols of the Ilian Athena are
rarely met with ; but we daily find marble idols of this
goddess, most of which have almost a human form. We
also frequently come upon oblong flat pieces of rough
marble, upon which the owl's face of the goddess is more
or less deeply engraved. It is often so finely scratched that
the aid of a magnifying glass is required to convince one
that it actually exists ; we found several such pieces of
marble where the owl's head was painted in a black colour.
Since I have come to the conclusion that they are idols of
the tutelary divinity of Troy, I have carefully collected

* See the similar example, No. 208, p. 294.

2 A

354 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Chap. XXIII.

them ; but in 1871 and 1872 seven-eighths of all the marble
idols must have escaped my notice, for at that time I had
no idea of their significance.

In excavating the ground upon which my wooden
house had stood, we found, at a depth of from 9 to
19 inches, eighteen copper and two silver medals; one of
the latter is of Marcus Aurelius. The other is a tetra-
drachm of the island of Tenedos ; on the obverse, to the
right, is the head of Jupiter, to the left that of Juno, both
having one neck in common, like the heads of Janus. The
head of Jupiter is crowned with laurels, that of Juno has a
wreath or crown. Upon the reverse of the coin there is
a laurel wreath round the edge, and in the centre a large
double axe, above which stands the word TENEAIfiN :
below and to the right of the handle of the double axe
there is a winged Eros, who is holding up an object which
it is difficult to distinguish ; to the left is a bunch of grapes
and a monogram, which looks like the letter A.

Of the copper coins, five are of Alexandria Troas, two
of Ophrynium, one of Tenedos, two of Abydos, and one of
Dardania. Two have on one side the bust of Julia Domna,
with the inscription IOTAIA 2EBA2TH ; one of these has
on the reverse the full-length figure of this empress with
the inscription IAIEHN, and the other has the figure of
Hector with the inscription IAIEHN 9KTI2P. The other
medals belong to an earlier period of Ilium, and have on
the one side the bust of Athena, and on the other the
inscription IAIEHN.

In April of this year, when I uncovered the road paved
with large flags of stone, which leads from the Scaean Gate
to the Plain, the stones looked as new as if they had just
been hewn. But since then, under the influence of the
burning sun, the flags of the upper portion of the road,
which have specially suffered from the conflagration that
destroyed the city, are rapidly crumbling away, and will
probably have quite disappeared in a few years. However,

1873.] GREEK INSCRIPTIONS. o>55

the flags of stone on the north-western half of the road
which have been less exposed to the heat, may still last
many centuries.

The following inscriptions were found at a depth of
from 19 inches to 3^ feet below my wooden house.

, . .EX A I ,. ...... NOY

5 ABOYKOA ETPAN4>

. . ..ZKATA7TAH0OZEIZOINIZTPA.

..TUN EtH<j>IZ0AlXKAAPE1 ZO.

. .Z AN A PA I TOYZZYN0HZOMEN.

. ...E PONYTTHPX EN KAlZTriAft.
10....I E N TflTilN ZAMO0PAK

. ...I Z A1TO KA0I ZTAMENO

....ENOYZTHNZYN0EZIN

MOAOnAZTOANTirPA ......

O I K H XO NTE X H P E0H X

15 OH E I ©O Y"M I A HT IO X . . .

TI^ANH ZATT

era

.... ecrat vov(s . . .

5 <x/3ovko\ erpav <p . . .

.... 5 /caret 7r\.rj0o<; ets olvurrpa

. . tojv ixjjr)(f)icr6aL S/caSpet<? o

. .9 avSpas tovs crvvdiqcrojJLev^ov^ . . . .

.... epov VTrrjp-)(ev /cat arrjXco

10 . . . . t ip T(o tcov SafiodpaK^atv

. . . . t<? a7ro/ca^tcrra/xeV(o

.... evovs ttjv crvvOecriv

6)/xoXoytas to avTiypa{<f)ov . . .

oiKrj(TOVTe<$ ypedr)cr{av

15 At)o7ret^ov MtX^Vto?

6ov ALoireiBrjs B

Av^)TL<f)dvr]q 'Av

2 A 2

35^

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Chap. XXIII.

This inscription contains a contract for a settlement and
gives the names of the men selected for founding it ;
S/caSpei? is an unknown word, which has never before been
met with.

\XN
J2ZXIAIAZ
ilZTH'Z AOOEIZHZ

EIPENTEKA lOYEAABo
6 BAAAO NTftlENIAYTO

TH N I YN EA PE I A NoYKA

THZBOOZTHNTIMHNY

"TCirKPEnNTAEAOlPA

TPJIBOAONTHNTOAINTHM
10 KA Z A N TOYZTO KO Y Z TOYZ

KOZIAZTEZZAPAKONTATE

©ETozAlAKoziA ZTEZ.Z A

KAIOTITHNZYNEAPELA1

TEIAANPENTAKOZIAZKAITH
isPHMENHZTHZTIMHZTiirKPE

TAAYO

a>9 y^Xia?

. . . e)o)<s rrjs So^eur^s

. . et irevTE ko\ ov e'Xa/3o

.TO €7n)/3aXXov TOOL €VLaVT(o(l . . . .

.ttjv aweSpeuav ov kol

• TtJ? /3oOS TTjV TljXTjV V

. Tcjy Kpecov rots Xot,7ra(s

. re) Tp(iof3o\ov ttjv ttoXlv tt][jl . . .

.rjpdy;^Kaaav tovs tokovs tovs. .

. a)/cocria5 TecraapaKovra ire{yTe .

. 0€Tos Sta/cocrta? reo~aa{pa

kolL otl tt)v o~vvehpeLa{y

a.7rea)r€L\av TrevraKoaia^ kcu ttj.
py)ix4vr)<; rfjs Tifirj^ rwy Kpe(wv . . .
Takav i)ra Svo

In this day closing the excavations at Ilium for ever, I
cannot but fervently thank God for His great mercy, in

1873-3 DR- SCHLIEMANN'S ASSISTANTS. 357

that, notwithstanding the terrible danger to which we
have been exposed owing to the continual hurricanes,
during the last three years' gigantic excavations, no mis-
fortune has happened, no one has been killed, and no one
has even been seriously hurt.

In conclusion, I cannot refrain from most strongly
recommending Nikolaos Saphyros Jannakis, of the neigh-
bouring village of Renko'i, to all those who, sooner or later,
may wish to make excavations in the Plain of Troy or in
the neighbourhood. During all my excavations here, since
April 1870, he has been my attendant, cook, and cashier.
It is in the latter capacity especially that I find him incom-
parably useful on account of his honesty, which has been
well tested, and also on account of his knowing the names and
capabilities of every workman in the Troad. In addition to
this, his size and herculean strength, his cleverness, and his
thorough knowledge of the Turkish language, are ex-
cellently adapted for settling the difficulties which con-
tinually arise in reference to the excavations with the
Turkish officials. I must also specially recommend my
foreman Spiridion Demetrios of Athens, and Captain
Georgios Tsirogiannis of Limme in Euboea, for they have
here learnt by long experience the easiest way of removing
colossal masses of debris, and they have in addition the
gift of command. I can also most strongly recommend
my accomplished draughtsman, Polychronios Lempessis,
of Salamis, who has here made all the drawings of my
work from Plate 119 to 190.* Lastly, I can speak with
the utmost satisfaction of my engineer Adolphe Laurent,
who has made the ground plans for me from first to last.

* This refers, of course, to Dr. Schliemann's Atlas of photographic
illustrations, of which all the most valuable are reproduced in the present
translation in a greatly improved style of execution. — [Ed.]

358 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Note A.

Note A.
THE RIVER SIMOIS.

As the present name of the Simois, Dnnibrek, is not a Turkish word,
some take it for a corruption of the name Thymbrius, and use it to prove
that the river — which, flowing past the foot of the ruins of Ophrynium,
runs through the north-eastern valley of the Plain of Troy, and falls into
the Kalifatli Asmak, the very ancient bed of the Scamander, in front
of Ilium — is the Thymbrius, and cannot possibly be the Simois.

To this I reply : that there is no example of a Greek word ending in
os being rendered in Turkish by a word ending in a k : further that
Dumbrek must certainly be a corruption of the two Turkish words ,*}^Jb
Ojj Don barek. Don signifies 'ice,' and bank the 'possession' or
the 'habitation'; the two words therefore mean much the same thing as
containing ice, and the name might be explained by the fact that the inun-
dations caused by the Simois are frequently frozen over in winter, when
the whole north-eastern plain forms a sheet of ice. Throughout antiquity,
however, the river was called the Simois, for according to Strabo (XIII.
1. p. 103), the grove dedicated to Hector was situated on a hill near
Ophrynium; according to Lycophron (Cassandra), the hero was buried
in Ophrynium ; and according to Virgil,* who is the most conscientious
preserver of ancient traditions, Hector's tomb was situated in a little
grove on the shores of the Simois.

* Alneid, III. 302-305 : —

" Ante urbem in luco, falsi Simoentis ad undam,
Libabat cineri Andromache manesque vocabat
Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quern ciespite inanem,
Et geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras."

Note B.]

TABLES OF TROJAN WEIGHTS.

359

. s

•H

d *

-r

t/3

■—

<i>

■/.

rcf

rt Q

a ^

rd O

OM lOO NiOM O "1 u-ivo CO •*}- t)- O ""> O CO O O m .2
_ O O ►" M ci co co u-> u->vo ^O ^O t-~CO "itommO NN o
_ _ _, H o n p) co co en CO co co co CO co co co co CO CO co •<*■ <*■ tJ- t)- u-> u-> in p^

M ultO-t CO

O-^-O'-Onc^co— r-. coco N 00
NNON^O i-i fl tJ- N O "1 1^ 't

„„HHM ^*T|-N

vocO in tJ-

CJ\ O w CO

- M CO

i^ w C\ o O M coco io^O CO CO ^J"»oO io io lo
r^o ioO O ^t '^-tj-ioioio u->^o « NNtsul

CO CI LOCO

t^ O O el

CI CI CO

CO ON N.O 00>O w->Cn
CT\ *tvO 0\ M N O W O

1-ci-ii-iMMCO^-lO

vO N CO CO Tf Q

36c

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Note H.

c-l co n to n to O OO

cONO Tf t-» k-iOO 00 "tf"
to tl T ■+ W tONO i

co — toco o m in
« ^" Tf- rj- to CS 00

O oo to
OnnO t-»

to O

00 w

tONO P) O *mO O ■* « N O uiian'ti
r}- tJ- .o On « oioo 11 co ■* N to -3- O M to
wwdi-CNlCNtCNlcOCOCOCOT)- tONO NO f*

t/3

to •* t-» N O O O P<
CNicqp)r-~ONP)Oto
N N N rl CO ^- toOO

f) O NTfi- NCO to n to pi MM On O P) NO "00 OO0O0 O N ^ to to O PI O O
OuiO ^m toco OnOO oo O O O pi "3- 1-~ co tONO P) co iono n no cn) tJ-no co i to
m n P) P) P) P) CnI CS COrO"3-Tt^^t-rj-<3-toto tONO lOiO^ON N00 n m P) n o\

O <U

Qfn

be rt

OnnO iO ODO ionO O "NO On O *0 "1 NCO CO « to tj- O OnnO P) uimrfuiN CON
NO 00 CO 00 w <S TfNO On On "3"nO 00 00 O CO COnO 00 On « COO lO O MM OnO OM ON
_, n M _, p) fN CnI CnI CnI P) rOtltOCO'+'t^-'ti-'tiOUTO tONO NO OO CO OnO O "CO

O <o O O P3 O nnO O N tooO vONNOOOOOOOOOO
O 00 O rO « PI PI rhvo NO « m rj- N. O 01 t)- N to t~~00 O

M M rltOi-^-^-'t'tNtUIUIlM tONO NO NO NO N N Cn) Q

O pi O to O p> oo coco to tooo 00 O 00 r-. noo CO NO O
O m ^-m COnO no On « CO tonO f- On On CO COCO M "1 On NO
►i m >i cni rM cni M p) ro to f) ro ^- ^ ^ tONO no t>. *>. n cni

On « O no toco O co cooo ^i- to P) OO co

NO t^ O to OnOO O ii OO O PI co no 00 On

H W H TO "* tO tONO NO NO NO NO 00

On On to rj-00 ThNO
NO co >i rl-CO P<

— H >t •+LOf>

CN)

CO to N CNl

CO r>4r>

« cn) .3- rj-

00 NO N

H MO

Note C] ANALYSIS OF TROJAN BRONZE. 36 1

Note C.

Monsieur Ernest Chantre, Assistant Director of the Museum in
Lyon, has just sent me the result of the analysis of the Trojan weapons
made by the celebrated chemist, M. Damour, of Lyon. I had drilled
three weapons, and sent him the drillings.

No. 1. — Drillings from one of the battle-axes of the treasure.

Analysis.

Grammes.

o' 3020
Deducting the sand contained in it 0*0160

Analysed metal .... 0*2860

In 10 ' 000 parts.

Grammes.

This consists of copper . . ©'2740 = 0*9580
,, ,, tin . . o*ono = 0*0384

o* 2850 = o* 9964

No. 2. — Drillings of another battle-axe of the treasure.
Analysis.

Grammes.

o* 2970
Deducting the sand contained in it 0*0020

Analysed metal .... 0*2950

In 10 * 000 parts.

Grammes.

This consists of copper . . 0*2675 = °'9°67
„ „ tin . . 0*0255 = 0*0864

0*2930 = 0*9931

No. 3. — Drillings from a common two-edged axe, found at a
depth of 3j feet, and therefore in the remains of the Greek
colony.

Analysis.

Grammes.
0*5280

Deducting the sand contained in it 0*0070

Analysed metal . . . . 0*5210

362 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

In 10 • 000 parts.

Grammes.

This consists of copper . . 0-4810 = 0*9232

tin . . . 0-0385 = 0-0739

o'S^S = °'997i

No. 4. — Drillings of one of the Trojan sling-bullets, externally
covered with verdigris, and internally the colour of iron.

Analysis.

Quantity of analysed metal

Grammes.
C24IO

Consisting of sulphur
„ „ copper .
„ „ iron
„ ,, quartzose

In 10 • 000 parts.
0-0470 = o" 1950
o' 1920 = o" 7966
0*0002 = 0*0008

0-0005 = 0-0020

0-2397 = 0-9944

Dr. H. Schliemann.

Athens, January 1, 1874.

( 3^3 )

No. 291. An Inscribed Trojan Whorl (8 M.).

APPENDIX.

ON THE INSCRIPTIONS FOUND AT HISSARLIK.
By The Editor.

As soon as Dr. Schliemann's wonderful discoveries at
Hissarlik were made known, one of the most important
questions that arose in the mind of all scholars was : —
Has he found any Inscriptions, to throw the certain light
of written testimony on the language and ethnic affinities,
the history and social condition, the religion, science, and
literature, of the old inhabitants of the hill, whose records
form as yet no part of ancient history ?

Dr. Schliemann's private communications during the
progress of his work had called forth the efforts of eminent
Orientalists — such as Martin Haug, Emile Burnouf, and
Max Miiller — to attempt the discovery of true writing
among the vast variety of strange and novel patterns
impressed upon the terra-cotta whorls, balls, seals, vases,
and other objects in his collection ; for some of these
bore a likeness to written characters which could hardly
be deceptive.* It mattered not for this enquiry, by
what name the habitations, whose successive strata were

* Dr. Schliemann's work records several interesting examples of his
first impressions on this point, and he appears more often to have mis-
taken written characters for mere symbols or ornaments than the other
way.

364 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Appendix.

revealed, had been called of old. No one whose opinion
was worth regarding disputed their very high antiquity,
which implied the great age of the objects found. Apart
even from its traditional claim to be the Ilium of Homer,
the site lay in the track of the primitive migrations of
the Indo-European race from their cradle in the East to
their settlements in the West ; and not of one migration
only, but of their passage to and fro between the shores of
Asia and of Europe ; as well as upon the path of their com-
merce and military expeditions, after they were settled in their
homes. For, lest we be misled by the arbitrary distinction
between the continents, which is stereotyped in the names
of Asia and Europe — that is, East and West — it must be
borne in mind that the Hellespont and Bosporus (as the
latter name expresses) were ferries rather than sundering
seas, and the islands of the ^Egean were stepping-stones.
The close affinities of the early settlers on both shores had
long since been proved ; and, in particular, the presence of
the great Pelasgo-Hellenic or Graeco-Italic family had been
traced on both. The very ancient habitation of the north-
western parts of Asia Minor by the Ionians — the oriental
name of the whole Hellenic race — long before their tradi-
tional colonization from the peninsula of Hellas — had been
maintained by Ernst Curtius twenty years ago,* and more
fully established by recent Egyptologers f — thus confirming
the most ancient ethnic record, that the Isles of the Gentiles
were divided among the families of the Sons of Javan.%

* Curtius, Die Ionier vor der Wandernng, Berlin, 1855.

t Chabas, Etudes sur V Antiquitk historique, Paris, 1872, p. 190.

\ Genesis x. 4, 5. The essential letters of the Hebrew name \v
are identical with the Greek IftN (Ion), and both are equivalent to the
Yavanas, the " younger race" of the old Aryan traditions, who migrated
to the West, while the elder branch remained in the East. On the
whole subject the Editor may be permitted to refer to the Students
Ancient History of the East, especially to Chapter XX., on the Nations
of Asia Minor, which contains a discussion of the Hellenic affinities of
the Phrygians and Trojans in particular.

1874.] THE TROJAN INSCRIPTIONS. $6$

Thus, before the first trench was dug at Hissarlik, a clue
was already supplied to the race of the primitive inhabi-
tants, if any such had dwelt there, and to the nature of
their language, if they had left any written records.

Among the patterns engraved upon the whorls and
other terra-cottas, many were soon found, as Dr. Schliemann
has fully shown, to be the most ancient sacred emblems of
the Aryan race ; and the discovery of these at all depths,
below the ruins of Greek Ilium, attested the common
Aryan descent of all the nations that had dwelt successively
on the hill before the historic Grecian colony. The ab-
sence of any trace of Egyptian influence, and almost
equally of Assyrian, seemed to attest an independent and
very ancient Aryan civilization ; while the general character
of the works in terra-cotta, resembling those found in Cyprus
and some of the islands of the ^Egean, appeared to belong
to the style which Professor Conze, of Vienna, had defined
as the earliest Greek or European Indo -Germanic. The
characters, which looked so exactly like writing, were cer-
tainly not hieroglyphs in any of their varieties ; nor — though
there were some cuneiform marks — was there any true
cuneiform writing ; while the few semblances of Phoenician
characters were soon found to be deceptive. This last fact,
again, helped to carry back the time of the settlement
of Hissarlik beyond the age when Greeks and Phoenicians
had entered into close relations of civilization on the shores of
the iEgean, that is, before the date of the Homeric poems,
which are full of allusions to Phoenician influence.

It has often been observed how remarkably new dis-
coveries coincide in point of time, just when they are
needed to throw light upon one another. At the very
moment when Dr. Schliemann was bringing to light the
remains buried in the Hill of Hissarlik, Orientalists were
engaged in deciphering the inscriptions found among the
antiquities of Cyprus, and upon the rock tablets in the
island, by the aid of the still recent results of cuneiform

366 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Appendix.

interpretation. The Cyprian characters were proved to
belong to a syllabic alphabet, which is a varied form of the
cuneiform writing of Babylonia and Assyria, and of an
origin older than the Phoenician. The leaders in this work
were Mr. George Smith and Dr. Samuel Birch, who
assigned a phonetic value to ^ characters of the Cypriote
syllabary ; and it was followed up with especial zeal by
the lamented young scholar, Dr. Johannes Brandis, who
determined (as was thought) the remainder of the 60
signs. His unfinished posthumous Essay 011 the Decipher-
ment of the Cyprian Inscriptions forms the landmark of
the state of enquiry in the year in which Dr. Schliemann
finished his excavations.*

To Dr. Martin Haug belongs the honour of first
applying this key to the decipherment of the Hissarlik
inscriptions. He traced such striking resemblances in some
of the characters to those of the Cyprian alphabet, as to
make out a good prima I facie case for their identity, and he
seemed to have succeeded in deciphering three words. Two
of these were formed by the six characters on a whorl from
the Trojan stratum, which were afterwards seen to be iden-
tical with those on another from the same depth (7 meters),
a repetition which seems to show the importance of the
inscription. Both had been specially noticed and discussed
by Dr. Schliemann on their discovery ; | and they will
be always memorable in the history of this investiga-
tion. Haug read these characters ta. i. 0. si. i. go., which
he interpreted as a dedication, Beta) Styw, " to the divine
Sigo," a deity whose name was found in Sigeum, the
Scamander, and even Sicyon ; and he thought he traced
the same name on two of Schliemann's small funnels
(Nos. 145, 146, p. 191)4 But the deity was otherwise as

* Brandis, Versuch zur Entzifferung der Kypriotcn Schrij't, Berlin,
1873. See also the Life of Brandis by Curtius : Johannes Brandis, tin
Lcbenslrild, von Ernst Curtius, 1873. f See pp. 83, 137, 161.

% 'The Augsburg Gazette' (Augsburger Allge7>ieine Zcifung), 1 874, p. 32.

I874-] THE TROJAN INSCRIPTIONS. 367

unknown as the transmutation of ta. i. 0. into 6eio> was
forced ; and, while Haug was doubtless right in his method,
his results must be pronounced at best: —

" Fragments of broken words and thoughts,
Yet glimpses of the true."

Nos. 292, 293. Two Trojan Whorls from the same depth (7 M.) with an identical inscription.*

It was with such a conviction that the enquiry was
taken up by Professor Theodore Gomperz, of Vienna,f
whose words are well worth quoting as a lesson in the
method of investigation : " One circumstance alone ap-
peared to me consoling, namely, that I did not find myself
obliged to add a new hypothesis to the numerous ones
already existing, and that I felt it still possible to abide by
Haug's discovery, were it only as a starting-point for
further efforts. For the beginning of 'continuity in enquiry
is always the surest harbinger of approaching success."
After making one correction in Haug's reading of the above
inscription, he still found it quite unintelligible, till the
thought struck him of reading it from right to left round

* The whorl on the left hand (the one discussed by Haug and Gom-
perz) is engraved from M. Burnouf's more accurate drawing in our
lithographed Plate LI., No. 496; the other is given at page 161 ; but
they are repeated here (from Schliemann's Atlas, PI. 13, No. 432, PI. 6,
No. 208) in order to exhibit their identity. It is remarkable that these
whorls, belonging to an age when writing was already known, are very
coarse, both in material and work.

t Professor Gomperz gave an interesting and eloquent account
of his labours and their results in two papers in the ' Vienna Evening
Post' (Wiener Abendpost) for May 6th, and June 26th, 18.74.

368 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [APPENDIX.

the whorl, instead of from left to right, and the confused
syllables flashed, as by a sudden crystallization, into the
pure Greek ta. go. i. di. 0. i., that is Tayw Stw. " To the

6 t1^ ft '^

No. 294. ta. go. i. di. o. i.

No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 M.).

divine General or Prince," an interpretation which Professor
Max Muller pronounced to be " almost beyond reasonable
doubt."* We deem this solution worthy of special record,
both as a landmark in the history of the investigation, and
still more as a striking example of the power of mere
coincidence to produce combinations that seem to bear
the stamp of truth.

The other inscriptions, of which Professor Gomperz
proposed solutions, were the following : First, three letters
on the terra-cotta seal, also from the Trojan stratum,
mentioned in the ' Introduction' (No. 4, p. 24; PI. 19, No.
555 in Schliemann's Atlas), which Professor Max Muller

No. 295. Inscription on a Trojan Seal (7 M.)

was at one time tempted to read as the very name of Ilion
(See the 'Academy' for May 16, 1874, p. 546). The

No. 296. Inscription on a Trojan Whetstone (7 M.).

second was the "splendidly engraved inscription" round
the base of the whetstone of red slate (No. 5, p. 24, PL 190,

* The ' Academy' for June 6th, 1874.

1874] THE TROJAN INSCRIPTIONS. 369

No. 3474, Atlas). The third is round the shoulder of a
vase from the Palace of Priam (No. 3, p. 23; PI. 168,
Nos. 3273 and 3278, Atlas), where, however, about one-

O/)

^NTA Tg^yy ^P7J>> <**»

No. 297. Inscription on a Trojan Vase from the Palace (8 M.).

third of the inscription is wanting. The fourth is on a
whorl from the lozver limit of the Trojan stratum.

* a /\ rx

No. 298. Trojan Whorl, with No. 299. The Inscription developed (10 M.).

an Inscription {10 M.).

Comp. PI. XXVII., No. 369. This also is of very coarse work.

The above record of the process of the investigation
will still possess great historical interest, long after the
results shall have emerged (as we trust) from the cloud
which, for the moment, has come over our hopes ; and
we believe that its interest will be increased by stating
the present position of the case in the words of Professor
Gomperz himself*: —

" Theie is not, and there cannot be, the slightest doubt that Pro-
fessor Haug at Munich was perfectly right, when he first identified the
symbols found on several of the Hissarlik vases, &c, with Cypriote
characters. I was right too in following up the track, and I think still
that I have scarcely once been wrong in identifying those symbols with
these characters. Furthermore, my general inferences drawn from the
fact, that the Cypriote syllabic writing occurs out of Cyprus, and asso-
ciated with what I rightly have called pre-Homeric objects of art, I still
think unassailable. But — I cannot go further than this ! My attempt
at deciphering those inscriptions I now look upon as abortive ! I hasten
to add, that I do not think I deserve any reproach in the matter. I
utilized to the best of my abilities the progress which till then had been
made in the decipherment of the Cypriote inscriptions found in Cyprus.

* From a letter to the Editor, dated Vienna, Dec. gth, 1874, written
in English, as here quoted.

2 K

370 TROY AND ITS REMAINS. [Appendix.

I used as a key for my decipherment of the Hissarlik inscriptions the
phonetic values which Mr. George Smith and Dr. Johannes Brandis had
ascertained for those characters. But both these investigators had been
only partially right ! Wonderful indeed it is, that, applying as I did a
key partially right and partially wrong, good and intelligible Greek
words emerged. It was a most marvellous coincidence — but nothing
else, a mere fortuitous coincidence.

" The labour of ascertaining the phonetic value of the Cypriote
characters has since been taken up by several German scholars, Dr.
Moritz Schmidt, Professor at Jena, and Messrs. Deecke and Siegismund
at Strasburg, and to a candid critic there cannot remain a doubt that
they are right, and that I (together with Smith and Brandis) was
wrong." *

Such a frank, truth-loving spirit in the enquirer is as
sure a guarantee of ultimate success as that " continuity in
the enquiry," which Gomperz still holds to be established.
In a word, the right track is known, but the sign-posts
have to be rectified ; the key is found, but its wards need
some fresh adjustment ; and we may soon hope for results
far more fruitful than those of which, for a moment only,
we have been disappointed.

Meanwhile it is well to put on record Professor Gom-
perz's reply to the objections that may be brought forward
against the probable conclusion that, even before the

* Professor Gomperz adds that his change of opinion was at once
communicated to Moritz Schmidt, and published by him in a postscript
to his work, 'Die Inschrift von Idalion und das Kyprische Syllabar.'
It has also been published by Gomperz's colleague, Professor Conze, in
an article on Schliemann's discoveries in the ' Preussische Jahrbiicher.'

The Academy of November 28th, 1874 (p. 591), quotes from the
Nation the following summary of the proceedings at the meeting of
the Oriental Society, held in New York at the end of October : —

" One of the most elaborate and interesting of the papers presented
was a review and criticism of the Progress of Decipherment of the
Cypriote Inscriptions, with original additions, by Mr. J. H. Hall. The
latest and best German investigator in this field, Moritz Schmidt,
laments that he has not, in trustworthy form, the material from the
Di Cesnola collections ; this Mr. Hall has undertaken to furnish him."

We have now a fresh reason to lament the misfortune by which the
Di Cesnola collection was lost to our Museum.

1 874-] THE TROJAN INSCRIPTIONS. 371

Homeric times, there existed Greeks acquainted with a
written language.

" For this supposition is not only opposed by ancient, though possibly
unhistoric traditions, such as the denial of the settlement of Asia Minor
by European Greeks, but by really historical facts — for instance, the
total absence of any mention of the art of writing in these very Homeric
poems.

" However this objection — let it count for as much or as little as it
may — affects not only our decipherings, but also a firmly established and
quite undeniable fact, the existence of a Cyprian syllabic writing. For
that a nation which knew of a written language, simple and handy as
the Phoenician with its facility of supplying the vowels, should prefer
one like the Cyprian, full of the most troublesome characters and yet
subject to the worst ambiguity, is surely as unlikely as that a nation in
possession of the needle-gun should return to the use of the battle-axe.
However, in the ninth and at latest in the eighth century (and very
probably much earlier) the Greeks must already have been acquainted
with the so-called Phoenician writing, which at that time was employed
with equal readiness both in Moab and in Nineveh. Hence the Cyprian
writing must have found its way among the Greeks before this epoch
(and we may almost safely say a considerable time before this epoch, for
otherwise how could it have taken firm root in Cyprus only ?) My
opinion is that we shall soon find the definite outlines of an epoch of
Greek culture, or semi-culture, which I should be inclined to name the
pre-Cadmcan, the decline of which may probably be dated from the
mighty impulse which the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites (about
1300) gave to the migration and the colonization of the Phoenicians." *

We are enabled, by a communication from Dr. Schlie-
mann, to present a list of all the objects in his collection,
which Professor Gomperz has recognised as bearing In-
scriptions, all of which are figured in our work. We also
append the depth at which each object was found, inasmuch
as this determines to which of the nations, that dwelt suc-
cessively on the site of Ilium, each inscription is to be
referred ; and this is by no means the least interesting point
in the investigation.

It will be understood, of course, that this is, in the
strongest sense, a " first provisional list " of the results of

* See B. Schroder, Die plionicischc Sprache ; Halle, 1869, p. 2, fol.

2 B 2

rr-

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

[Appendix.

an enquiry only just begun. We believe that we could
make no inconsiderable additions to it ; but we await the
verdict of the more competent enquirers who are now
engaged in the research. Their labours may show that the
lowest stratum of remains is not destitute of traces of a
written language, as would appear at first sight from the
List. Meanwhile the great preponderance of known in-
scriptions from the "Trojan stratum" (7-10 m.) of Dr.
Schliemann is very striking: n out of the 18 belong to
it. But the ethnic affinity between the Trojans and their
successors, already attested by many proofs, is now con-
firmed by five inscriptions in the Cyprian character from
the depths of 4, 5, and 6 meters (Nos. 5, 6, 7, 12 and 16
in the List). The two funnels (Nos. 17, 18) are furnished
by the uppermost stratum : each bears only a single letter,
which appears also to be Cyprian ; but there would seem to
be still some doubt whether it may not be Phoenician.

No. 300. Terra-cotta Ball (4 In.).
a. Side View. b. Upper Hemisphere, c. Lower Hemisphere, with the Inscription.

( 373 )

LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS

RECOGNIZED TO THE PRESENT TIME ON OBJECTS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN's

COLLECTION.'"'

I. — Inscriptions on Whorls.

In Translation.

PI. XXIV. No. 353.
PL XXVII. No. 369.
PI. LI. No. 496.
No. 115, p. 161.
PI. XXXIX. No. 435.
PI. XLVI. No. 472.
PI. XXV. No. 360.
PI. LI. No. 494.
No. 227, p. 312.
10. No. 291, p. 363.

In Atlas.

PL 5, No. 166.
PL 11, No. 356.
PL 13, No. 432.
PL 6. No. 208.
PL 122, No. 2442.
PL 162, No. 3134.
PL 173, No. 3364.
PL 187, No. 3415.
PL 164, No. 3193.
PL 166, No. 3233.

Depth.

References.

Pp- *37, 369-
j Identical inscrip-
tion: pp. 83, 137,
I161, 365-368.

Page 312.

II. — Inscriptions on Terra-cotta Balls.

11. PL LII. No. 497.

12. No. 300, p. 372.

PL 166, No. 3229.
PL 135, No. 2699.

8 M.
4 M.

III. — On other Objects.

13. Seal, No. 4, p. 24. j PL 19, No. 555.

14. Whetstone, No. 5, p. 24. 1 PL 190, No. 3474.

i? xt l|pl- l68, No. 3273,

15. Vase, No. 3, p. 23. ,-j g>' J 'a'

, I Vase, Nos. 31, 32, p. ) Ti, , XT

16. < ' ° ' ° ' l > PL 161, No. 3092.

17. 1 Pair of Funnels, Nos. )

18. ( 145, 146, p. 191. J

I PL 171, No. 3292. I
{PL 171, No. 3295. f

7 m. Pp. 24, 368.

7 m. ; Pp. 24, 368.

8 M. 1 Pp. 307, 369.

5* m. : Pp. 50, 309.

3. M.

Pp. 191, 366.

* Besides the numbers of our own engravings, those of Schliemann's
Atlas are given, as they have been hitherto used for reference in the
discussion by Haug, Gomperz, Max Miiller, and other scholars.

: ■„.- -•

MOTS m TEOT

GENERA
of researrihe
M.SCHLIEMANN

1870,1871,

RUINS OF TROY.

General Plan of Researches mai>e bt M. Schliemaji5

in 1870, 1871, 1872 and 1873.

— -•-— Outer Wall of Lysimachus.
— ©— Outer Wall of Troy.

1. Greek Wall.

2. Great Hellenic Construction.

8. Interior Bastion of Lysimachus.

4. Great Tower of Ilium.

5. Trenches for the protection of Archers.

6. Courses of stone in form of seats.

7. Ruins of Palace of Priam and later superincumbent con-

structions.

8. Trojan constructions erected upon old Trojan houses in the

depths of the Temple of Minerva.

9. Large jars of earthenware enclosed in the wall.

10. Wall of the Temple of Minerva under Lysimachus.

11. Remains of the same Temple of Minerva.

12. House of two storeys in the basement of the Temple anterior

to the taking of Troy.

13. Trojan houses.

14. Sacrificial Altar of the Trojan Minerva, with drain for

carrying away the blood.

15. Inner Cistern of the Temple of Minerva of Lysimachus.

16. Remains of the Wall of the Temple of Minerva under

Lysimachus.

17. Remains of Trojan houses.

18. Remains of the Temple of Minerva.

19. Wall constructed of fragments of the columns of the Temple

of Minerva.

20. Outer Wall later than Troy.

21. Wall later than Troy.

22. Artificial Mound.

23. WaJl of Troy.

24. Trojan houses and later walls built upon them.

25. Wall anterior to Troy.

26. Mosaic anterior to the Epoch of Priam.

27. Wall of Fortification anterior to the time of Troy.

28. Sustaining Wall anterior to Troy.

29. Mound of natural or virgin soil.

30. Hellenic Wall.

31. Excavations of Mr. Frank Calvert.

32. Outer Wall of Troy.

33. Encircling Wall later than Troy.

34. Tower later than Troy.

35. Encircling Wall later than Troy.

36. Hellenic Tower.

37. Sca?an Gate, and pave4 rail.

38. Dwelling-house.

39. Lodging for Workpeople.

40. Magazine.

41. Workpeople's Canteen.

42. Place where the treasure o( Priam «M

( 375 )

INDEX.

ACCIDENTS.

BRACELETS.

Accidents in the work, 132, 147, 275 ;
no one killed or seriously injured,

357-
Achilles, tumulus of, 177, 178.
Achilleum, town of, 178.
Apneas, his supposed dynasty at Troy,

19, 182.
AZsyetes, tumulus of, 182.
Agate, fine, balls of, 165.
Aiauteu/u, town of, 178.
Ajax, tumulus of, 177, 178, 197.
Akshi-koi, as proposed site for Troy,

refuted, 45.
Alexander the Great, at Ilium, 61, 146,

178, 251.
Altar, the great primitive, 277, 278,

291.
Altars, flaming, an Aryan emblem on

the terra-cottas, 120, 121, 160.
Amphora, a large Trojan, 63.
Antelopes, an Aryan emblem on the

terra-cottas, signifying the winds, 1 20,

135, 136.

Antlers of deer, 165

Apollo, temple of the Thymbrian, 177;
Greek temple at Ilium, and bas-
relief of, 32, 145, 223, 257. (Temple :
Metope.)

Aqueduct from the Thymbrius, re-
mains of, 239.

Archers, supposed trench for, on the
Tower, 318.

Aristotle's explanation of the Senas
dfx<fiiKinreWov, 1$, 3 1 3-

Aruiia, in the Egyptian records, pro-
bably denotes Ilium, 126.

Aryan origin of all the settlers at His-

sarlik, 16, 252, 347, &c. (See

Settlers.)
Assyrian Art, supposed traces of, in.
Athena, -tutelar goddess of Troy, re-
presented with the head of an owl,

20, 54, 113, &c.
, her temple, where the Trojan

matrons went up to supplicate her,

1-1-7-
Atlas of photographic illustrations,

357 ; Preface, p. v. foil.

Balls, terra-cotta, with astronomical
and religious symbols, 167, 168, 188,

364-
Batica or Myrina, tumulus of, 180,

197 ; now called Pacha Tepe, 198 ;

opened, 301 ; pottery of the same

age as the Trojan stratum at His-

sarlik, ibid.

Battle-axes, copper, found in the Trea-
sure, 330, 331 ; of stone, 21, 252.
{See Weapons.)

Bellerophon and Pra-tus, the crrj^ara
Xvypd, 138.

Bit, a horse's, a copper instrument re-
sembling, 261.

Boars'1 tusks, 78, 165.

Bolts, copper, of the Scaean Gates, 302.

Bone, a piece of, curiously engraved,
295.

Bones, found on the Tower, 213 :
human skull and ashes found in
an urn, 267 ; of animals, 165, &c.
{See Skeletons.)

Bracelets, of silver, gold, and elec-
trum, 164, 165 ; golden, found in the
Treasure, 337.

37«

BR \rv

INDEX.

CUPS.

Braun, Julius, 46, iii.

Bronze, some of the objects of the

Treasure found to be of, 361.
Brush-handle, Trojan, of terra-cotta,

with holes for the bristles, 297.
Buddha, sculptured toot-print of, with

the p|-J and mystic rose, 103.
Buildings, of the first settlers, of stones

joined with earth, 14. 134, 155-6,

, oi the second (or Trojans), of

unburnt bricks with some stone
foundations, 24, 96, 156, 302.

. oi the third settlors. oi small

stones joined with earth. 28, 166.
. of the fourth settlors, the wooden

Ilium, 29, 17.
, of Coeek Ilium, oi hewn stone.

173-

. great ruins oi, 1 28, 132. 133. 134.

, Trojan, quarry used for, 140, 141.

, Trojan, burnt. 301, 302.

, proofs oi their successive

ages, 302,

, on north platform. 316.

Bunarbashi, opinion of Lechevalier

for, as the site oi Troy, erroneous,
43, 123. 124. 217: no remains of a
great city there. 43 : the true site of
Gergis, 44; repl) to the arguments

of M. Nikola ides for the site oi.

176, 183 : the springs at, 176;
further excavations at, 318.
Burnouf, Entile, explains the Aryan

symbols. 4-. 51 ; quotation from.
I03, IOS : his drawings oi whorls.
vi.. xliv.
Buttress, discovery oi, 100 ; support-
ing the temple. 222 : uncovering oi

great. 233.

Byzantine remains, supposed, 230,250 ;

none at llissarhk. 32, 272, 319, 32a

Caldron, copper, in the Treasure. 324.
Calvert, Mr, frank, 70. 71. 144, 1 — ,

245: reply to Ins article, 2".
31S. 310. 320.

Canoes, miniature, oi terra-eotta, pro-
bably for salt-eellai -

Carrousel d. e. top), name applied to

the whorls. 10. 65. [See Whom s.)

Cellar, a small Greek. 279.

Cellars, none found, great earthen jars
used instead oi, 140. {See Jars.

Chanai 7V/V, mound of, 72.

Chest, inlaid piece oi terra-eotta. sup-
posed to be the lid oi a, 129, 130;
the chest which held the Treasure,

332 : its key, 333 ; treasure-chests of

Priam anil Aehilles, 333.

Chimara, the, oi Homer. 320.
Chinese Libation Cup, 326-7.
Chiplak, proposed site of Troy at.
refuted by absence oi remains, 45.

Chronology of Troy, 12. 27.

City ".calls, covered with ashes oi a
conflagration, 10. {See W \i 1 s.)

{ligation, progressive decline in,
among the successive inhabitants of

the hill. 20 : higher, below w hat
seemed the " Stone Age." 75 : marks
of, increasing with depth reached,
82, 12S. 134.

Coins, Cheek and Roman found at
llissarhk : none later than Constans
II.. and Constantino II.. 32, 02. 04-
65, 200. 207, 253, 354.

Copper, silver, and gold, contempora-
neous use oi. for tools, weapons,
vases and ornaments. 22 : Trojan im-
plements and weapons oi, $2 ; nails
and pins with gold and eleetrum
heads. 253, 254 ; curious plate oi,
in the Treasure. 325 ; vase in the
Treasure, idid J helmets and a lance.
279,281 : objects comparatively few,
as they may have been melted down
again and again. 200. 270.

Covers, for vases, oi terra-eotta; with

crown-shaped handles. 25, 48, 86, 95,

268 : with a single arched handle.
200; with the face oi an owl, 34,
171 ; with human faces, but still ap-
proaching the owl. 115, »68,

idle oi terracotta, still containing

some copper, 283,
Crystal, hexagon oi. 200.

Cups, long two-handled, oi terra-cotta.
So. 87, 95 : larger and finer in the
Trojan stratum. [58, than in the
fourth stratum. [66, 1 ~ 1 : a very
large one. 203. {See Aoras <ij.<</>i-

kx •;< WtiiO

CUTTINGS.

INDEX.

cor. n.

377

Cuttings, on the north side, 61, 62 ;

great, ((instruction of, 88 ; new, 186 ;

new, from S. E. to N. \Y., 230.
Cylinder of felspar, like the Assyrian

signet cylinders, 312.
Cyprian Inscriptions (Appendix), 365,

366 ; the key to the Trojan, 366 ;

progress of their decipherment, 369,

37o.

Daggers, copper, found in the Treasure,

331, 332. (See Weapons.)
Damour, M., his analysis of Trojan

metal, 361.
Depths at which the objects were found

carefully noted, 27, 219.
Drawings of the objects found, 357.
Dt'bris, Diagram of the strata of, 10.
, thickness of, above native rock,

123 ; depth of, unexampled in the

world, 217, 218 ; supposed, of the

temple of Athena, 221, 222.
Demetrius, of Scepsis, his site for Troy

at the " Village of the Ilians" adopted

by Strabo, 41 ; refuted, 42.
" AtVciy afKpiKVTreWov," the, 15, 50, 128,

313-316 ; the great golden one of

the Treasure, 326-7.
Destruction of walls of former settlers,

156, 157; of third town, 170; of

Trojan buildings, in excavating below

them, 348.
Diadems, the two golden, found in the

Treasure, 335, 336.
Diagram of the successive strata of

ruins at Hissarlik, 10.
Dishes, terra-cotta, with side-rings, 155,

172, 215 ; (4>ui\iu,patcr<:e), of silver,

in the Treasure, 329.
Drawings, care in making, 219 ; an

artist taken to make good, 225.
Dumbrck Su, the ancient Simo'i's, 358.

Ear-rings, of silver, gold, and electrum,
164, 165 ; of gold, found in the Trea-
sure, their unique form, 118, 119,

336, 337.
Ebony, piece of a musical instrument,
165.

Electrum. a mixture of gold and silver,
165, 254, 327; objects of, found, ibid.,

334-
Emblems, Aryan, on the whorls, balls,

&c. ; their significance, 101, 102 ;

occurrence of, among other Aryan

nations, 102 ; mentioned in old

Indian literature, 102, 103 ; solar,

and rotating wheels, 136, 137.
Epithets, Homeric, of Ilium, suitable

to Hissarlik, 124, 125.
Etymology of "iXio?, 125, 126.
Excavations, the " grandmother of

the," 316; final close of the, 356;

intended resumption of, Preface,

p. xxiii. (Av Works.)
Explorers, advice to future, 346.

Falcon, the, an Aryan emblem on the

terra-cottas, 120, 135.
Fever, dangers from, 62, 258.
Fire, marks of great in the ruins, 109,

133, 228, 277, 347 ; narrow escape

from, 275.
Firman, for making the excavations,

59-
Fortifications, of the hill, 289, 290 ;
further discoveries of, 322. (See
Walls.)
Funereal Urns. {See URNS.)
Funnels, small, of terra-cotta, with in-
scriptions, 191.

Gate, discovery of a double, with cop-
per bolts, 302, 303 ; the Scaean, of
Homer, 303"3°5-

Genealogy of the kings of Troy, 1 23.

Georgios Phot idas, 116.

Gergisj identified with the ruins at
Bunarbashi, 44, 245.

Goblets; curious terra-cotta, 317 ; of
gold, silver, and electrum, found in
the Treasure, 325, 327, 329.

, the double-handled. (See Attras

Clfl(f)I.KVTTfX\0V.)

Gold, modes of working, 327.
, ornaments of. (See ORNA-
MENTS.)

378

GOLD.

INDEX.

I I.I \xs.

Gold. {See Treasure.)

Gomperz, Professor, on the Trojan

and Cyprian inscriptions (Appendix)

367, 37o.
Greek camp, 179.

inscriptions. {See INSCRIPTIONS.)

, city of Ilium, area of, 217.

sculptured marbles, 226.

house, discovery of, 254, 255.

bas-relief, remarks on, 255, 257.

votive discs of diorite, 269.

statuettes and vessels, 317, 343.

{See Terra-cottas.)
Greek Race, affinity of the Trojans to

the (Appendix), p. 364.
Grote, George, places Homer's Troy

at Hissarlik, 46.

Hammer {paia-Tijp) only once mentioned

in Homer, 270. {See Implements

and Stone.)
Handles of sticks or sceptres, 260, 265.
Hang, Dr. Martin, finds the key to

the Trojan Inscriptions (Appendix),

366.
Hares, an Aryan emblem on the terra-
cotta, signifying the Moon and four

seasons, 120.
Heat at Hissarlik, 142, 198.
Hector, his so-called tomb and grove,

at Ophrynium, 74, 177 ; place of his

death, 176, 195.
Helmet-crests, Trojan, their structure,

280.
Helmets, found on the skulls of Trojan

warriors, 279 ; found in the Palace,

333-
Hera, personification of, as ox-headed
C'Hpa (loams), 113, 114, 293, 353.

Herodotus, quoted, 12.

Hieroglyphics on terra-cottas from the
Greek stratum, 291, 352.

Hippotatnus of terra-cotta, a sign of
intercourse with Egypt, 228, 270.

Hissarlik, the hill of, ruins upon, 14 ;
limit of Troy's extent, 18; modern
authorities in favour of, 46 ; the
name means " fortress," 60 ; de-
scription of, 58 ; the Acropolis of the
Greek Ilium, 60, 61 ; search for its
limits, 61 ; panoramic view from,

68,69 ! growth of the Hill, 97 ; great
increase of Hill to east, 227.

Homer, knew the Troad, but his
knowledge of Troy only traditional,
18, 20, 305 ; poetic exaggerations
of its extent, 344-346 ; his hot and
cold fountains of Scamander, 195 ;
his Great Tower of Ilium, 201, 204 ;
stone implements not mentioned by,
270, 271.

, the Iliad, quoted, 19, 26, 69, 71,

121, 123, 130, 138, 147, 179, 195, 197,
203, 222, 223, 238, 248, 265, 270, 271,
280, 281, 305, 306, 314, 324, 326, 328,
333, 335, 336, 337, 345, 346.

, the Odyssey, quoted, 129, 305.

Houses, Trojan, discovered, 133 ;
spacious, 155, 156; mode of build-
ing, ibid.; easily crushed, ibid.;
several storeys high, 345 ; built of
sun-dried bricks, only the important
buildings being of small stones
joined with earth, 273, 349.

, succession of, beneath the temple,

in strata of different ages, with marks
of destruction by fire, 289, 290.

, two large, of different dates,

above the Scaean Gate, 301 ; the
upper and later one, above Priam's
palace, 302, 304 ; objects found there,
314, 315. {See Palace.)

, on the N. side of the hill, and

objects found there, 351.

Humming-top, a Trojan, 192.

Hurricane, continual, on Homer's
"windy Ilium," 185.

Ida, Mount, name of, 121 ; the Trojans
dwelt first on its spurs, 123; snow-
clad summits of, but snow not
perpetual, 70, 121.

Idols, of the Ilian Athena, 35, 36, 100,
112, 154, 155, 163, 164, 170, 172, 229,
234, 235, 236, 260, 292, 296, 353.

, of terra-cotta, marble, &c, found

in all the pre-Hellcnic strata, 34-38,
&c; one of slate, 260.

Ilians, village of the ; no traces of
habitation at, 42, jo, 85, 92, 180.

{See Demetrius of Scepsis.)

ILIUM.

INDEX.

LEAD.

379

Ilium (Homer's "Wios), first founded
by Dardanus in the Plain, 123;
etymology of the name, 125. (See
Troy.)

, Greek, built under the Lydian

dominion, about 700 B.C., 12, 13,
174; its duration, 13, 30; extent
and population, 32, 198 ; site de-
scribed, 57, 58 ; Greek buildings,
173, 174; springs in front of, 194,
196 ; name of, given to the ruins
at Hissarlik, 211 ; patronage of, by
the Julii, 232 ; relation of kings
Antiochus I. and III. to, 244, 246;
site uninhabited since the end of the
fourth century, 318; confused with
Alexandria Troas, 319.

Images, of the owl faced Athena. (See
Idols and Athena.)

Implements of stone and copper,
found together, 28, 30, 81, 83 ; stone,
of the earliest settlers, 94 ; stone,
further discoveries of, 112, 163, &c. ;
stone, coarser in third stratum,
167 ; of copper, of the fourth set-
tlers, 173 ; of stone, copper, and
silver, found on the Tower, 213 ; of
stone and copper, 238, 261, 262 ;
stone, at small depths, 251, 252 ;
smaller quantity of copper than
stone explained, 269, 270 ; stone,
285; found in Priam's house, 311,

313-

Inscriptions, proving the use of a
written language, 23, 25, 51.

, supposed, 83, 84, 96, 130; re-
marks on, 137, 138, 161.

, Trojan, in the Cyprian character,

progress of the attempts to decipher
them, and conclusions drawn from
them. (Appendix, pp. 363, foil.) ;
List of, 373.

} Cyprian (Appendix), 366,369^011.

, Greek, 67, 68, 205 ; in honour of

Caius Caesar, 231.

, discussion of two important, 240,

247; on base of a statue, 297 ; in
honour of C. Claudius Nero, 298,
299 ; on vases found in the Palace,
339; Greek, 355, 356.

Instruments. (See Implements.)

Interruptions of the work, through

weather and Greek festivals, 90, 122,
224, 300 ; from the continual hurri-
cane on the hill, 185.

Iron, absence of, 31, 253; does not
imply that it was not used, 31.

Ivory, ornaments of, 149, 165 ; orna-
mented pieces of flutes and lyres, 25,
27, 230, 264 ; prettily decorated
tube of, 268.

J-

yars, Greek, for water and wine, 175 ;

Trojan, large, used for cellars, 140,

239, 251, 277; the nine colossal,

290.
Jerusalem, depth of debris at, 218.
Jugs, terra-cotta, with long necks bent

back, 87, 114, 159, 166, 214, 236;

curious double, 152; with two necks,

35i-

, large silver, of the Treasure, in

which the small gold jewels were
found, 329.

Key of the Treasure-chest, 333.
Knives, flint, 94, 271, 274, 275.

(See Implements.)

Konstantinos Kolobos, 198, 199.

Lamps, little bowls perhaps used for",

190;

, Greek, 292, 317.

Lance-heads, copper, one found beside

a warrior's skeleton in the Palace,

279 ; found in the Treasure, 329,

330 ; mode of fastening to the

shaft, 331. ( See Weapons.)
Landerer, Professor, on the material

and colouring of the terra-cottas, 49;

his analysis of the copper objects of

the Treasure, 342.
Language of the Trojan Inscriptions,

probably Greek (Appendix), 369,

foil.
Latircnt, Adolphe, the engineer, 98,

99, 108, 116 ; his ground plans, 357.
Lead, a pig of, i. e. a plate stamped

with a pig's head (Greek), 317.

38o

LIBATIONS.

INDEX.

PINS.

Libations, probable use of the SeVas
apfyiKvneKkov, for, 326 ; a Chinese
cup for, 327.

Lightning, symbol of, on the whorls,

137, 138.
Lions, formerly in the Troad, 260 ;

lion-headed handle of a sceptre, 260.
Liquorice, cultivation of, 225, 226.
Lysimachus, wall of Greek Ilium, built

by, 31, 58, 127, 185, 230, 231.
, theatre of, 198.

Medals. {See COINS.)

Medicine ; fever and quinine, 88 ;
wounds and arnica, 89 ; blood-letting
priest-doctors, 141 ; efficacy of sea-
baths, 141, 142 ; ingratitude of
peasants cured, 142.

Metals, found in various strata, 31.

, copper and bronze, silver, gold,

lead, 22, 31, &c. ; no iron or tin, 31.

, hardly a trace in third stratum,

166.

Meters, Table of, in English measures,
56.

Metope of the Sun-God, 32, 145, 223,
256, 257.

Metrodorus, statue of, 297.

Mill-stones, 79, 87, 151, 155, 163.

Monograms, on the stones of the wall
of Lysimachus, 231.

Moulds of mica-schist, for casting im-
plements and ornaments of copper,
82, 88, no, 139, 162, 173, 253, 260,
269.

Mouse, the, as an emblem, 186.

Musical Instruments, fragments of, 25,
27, 164, 165, 169, 230, 264.

Myrina, Tumulus of. {See Batiea.)

Nails, of copper, 150, 253, 254, 261.

Nikolaides, Mr. G., reply to his article,
175, foil.

Novelty of the Discoveries, and conse-
quent changes of opinion, 12.

Object, the great, aimed at in the ex-
cavations, 80, 96, 97.
Objects discovered, 64 ; review of, 92,

96 ; of gold, silver, copper, and ivory,
149 ; bracelets and ear-rings of
silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165 ;
pins, &c, of ivory and bone, 165 ;
various, 165 ; little bowls, probably
for lamps, 190; funnels, 191; more
than 100,000 found, to the end of
1872,218; sling-bullets, 230; various,
260, 264 ; a crucible with copper still
in it, 283 ; found to the east of the
Tower, 291.

Ophrynium, ruins of, 74, 177.

Ornaments, of gold, silver, copper, and
ivory, 149, 150, 164, 165.

Owl-faced covers, 47, 48.

idols. (See IDOLS.)

vases, 78, 229, &c. ; found in the

Palace, 340.

Owl-headed goddess, 20, 23 ; Pro-
fessor Max Midler on the, 54. (See
Athena.)

Ox-headed idols, old representation of
the goddess Hera, 113; expected
discovery of, 113, 114; handles in
terra-cotta, 293, 294, 353.

Painted Vases, only two fragments of,

15, 55, 193.

Palace of Priam, discovery of, 276 ;
description of, 305, 306 ; objects
found in it, 3°7~3H, 333, 334;
another room discovered, 340 ; ob-
jects found there, 341, foil.

Pavements ; of flags on road through
the Scasan Gate, 16, 287, 302 ; the
part calcined by the conflagration,
perishing by exposure to the air,
354, 355 ; of white sea-pebbles, 351.

Pegs of terra-cotta, for hanging up
clothes, 320.

Pergamus of Troy, 117, 211 ; as dis-
tinct from the city, an invention of
Homer, 18. (But see Preface, p. xvi.)

Pillars, no trace of, below the Greek
stratum, 211 ; not mentioned in the
Iliad, 211.

r, Corinthian, of the age of Con-

stantine, 30, 230, 239, 250, 320.

Pins of copper, ivory, and bone, 1 50, 165,
253, 254 ; copper, molten together
in the burning of the Palace, 312.

PLAGUE.

INDEX.

SERPENTS.

38l

Plague of insects and scorpions, 198.

Plates, Trojan, turned by the potter,
114, 215, 263.

Platform, great, on the north, 99 ;
progress of, 108, 127, 185.

, on the south, 127.

, a third dug, 144.

Polychrouios Lempessis, the draughts-
man, commended, 357.

Pottery, splendid remains of Trojan,
25 ; coarser, in the third stratum,
27 ; fragments of Hellenic, 44 ; an-
cient types of, still made in the
Troad, 47 ; colouring, materials of
the, 49, 50 ; of fine workmanship,
75 ; resembles the Cyprian and that
found at Thera and Therasia, 115 ;
of lowest stratum, distinct from
the next above, 153 ; resembles the
Etruscan in quality only, 153 ; of
second settlers, various forms, 158,
159 ; in third stratum, various forms,
167 ; of fourth settlers, inferior, 170 ;
articles of, 190, 191 ; found on the
Tower, 213, 215 ; various, 262, 263,
285 ; with Egyptian hieroglyphics,
291 ; Greek, 127.

Prayer, man in attitude of, on a whorl,

135-
Priam, where he sat to view the Greek

forces, 304, 305 ; his Palace, 276,

306, foil. ; his Treasure, 22, 323, foil.

{See Palace ; Treasure.)
■ , why the author uses the name,

20, and Preface, xxiii.-xxiv.
Priapi of stone and terra-cotta, 78.
Pytheas, sculptor, of Argos, 298.

Quarry used for the buildings at Troy,

140.
Quoits, 94, 154, &c.

Rain, injury done by, 221.

Remains, ancient undisturbed, HI,
112; admirable, in lowest stratum
but one, 148, 149; in the lowest
stratum, 154 ; of an Aryan race, 166 ;
of house walls, 264.

, human, paucity of, 210.

Reservoir of the Temple, 249.
Restoration of broken terra-cottas, 41.
Results of the excavations, 92, 216, 346 ;

and Introduction passim.
Road, paved with flags, through the

Seaman Gate, 16, 287, 302, 305.
Rosa Mystica, an Aryan emblem on

the whorls, 160, 207.

Sacrifices, traces of, 108, 109.

Scamander, the river and its ancient
course, 72-74, 177, *79, 1S3.

Sccean Gate, the double, 16, 26, 287,
303 ; plan of, 306. (See ROAD.)

, copper bolts found in both gate-
ways, 302.

Sceptre, the Homeric, 265.

Schliemann, Dr. Henry, born at Kalk-
horst, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 3 ;
enthusiasm as a boy for the Greek
heroic legends, id. ; early disadvan-
tages, 3 ; shipwreck, 4 ; self-tuition,
5 ; goes to Russia, 7 ; learns Greek,
7 ; his travels, 7 ; gains an independ-
ent fortune, 8 ; visits Ithaca, the Pelo-
ponnesus, and Troy, 8 ; devotes his
life and fortune to archaeology, 8 ;
summary of his work at Hissarlik,
the site of Troy, Introduction, 12,
foil. ; excavations in 1871, Chaps.
I.- V., pp. 59-97 ; in 1872, Chaps. VI.
-XIV., pp. 98-223 ; in 1873, Chaps.
XV.-XXIII., pp. 224-353.

Schliemann, Madame, a Greek lady,
enthusiastic for Greek archaeology,
62; arrival of, in 187 1, 59; finds
terra-cottas, 174.

Schmidt, Moritz, on the Cyprian In-
scriptions (Appendix), p. 370.

Scoops of terra-cotta, 296.

Scorice, layer of metallic, throughout
the hill, 344.

Sculpture, numerous fragments of
Greek, 32, 249 ; their wonderful fresh-
ness, 320. {See Metop/:.)

Seals of terra-cotta, 24, 130.

Serpents, heads of horned, and with-
out horns, in terra-cotta, 236, 238,
292 ; superstitious reverence for the
horned serpents, ibid.

382

SETTLERS.

INDEX.

TEMPLE.

Settlers, earliest, on the Hill of the
Aryan race, 15, 16, 148, 157.

, second, the Trojans of Homer, 16 ;

long duration of, 157 ; their Aryan
descent proved, 157 ; their remains,
157, foil.

■ , third, also of the Aryan race, 27 ;

their remains, 166, foil.

, fourth, of Aryan race, 29 ; but

comparatively savage, 170.

, probable traces of another settle-
ment between the fourth pre-
Hellenic people and the Greek colo-
nists, 54, 55.

Sharks, bones of, 66, 165.

Shells, found in abundance, 66, 165,
&c.

Shield represented on an image of the
Ilian goddess, 37, 311.

■ , copper, in the Treasure, 324.

Silver plates and vessels in the Trea-
sure, 328, 329 ; vases found in the
Palace, 333, 334, 342.

Simois, valley of, 74, 177 ; sources and
course of, 196, 197 ; the present
Dumbrek, 358.

Site, purchase of the, 58, 59.

Skeletons j of a six-months' embryo,
153, 154; of a woman, with orna-
ments of gold, 209, 210 ; two, of
warriors, with amis, 17, 279.

Sling-bullets, of load-stone, 101 ; of
copper, alabaster, and diorite, 230 ;
metal, analysis of, 362.

Snakes, venomous, 99, 100, 130 ; snake-
weed, 117, 118.

Socket, stone, of a door, 211.

Spits, supports for, in mica-schist, 261.
(Note. — These call to mind t lie fre-
quent allusions in Homer to roast-
ing pieces of meat on spits.)

Springs close to Hissarlik, 183 ; the
springs of Homer, 195.

Sto/ie, weapons of, 2 1 ; large blocks of,
90, 109, no; implements of better
workmanship in the lower strata,
112; scarce with fourth settlers,
173 ; weights, handmills, and knives
and saws of flint, 173. {See IMPLE-
MENTS ; Weapons.)

•• Stone Age" not denoted by the stone
implements, 21, 22 : coincides with

the " age of copper," 21 ; reappears
in full force, 75, 76.

Stones of Troy, carried off for neigh-
bouring buildings, 221.

Storks, in the Troad, but none on the
hill of Hissarlik, 265.

Strabo, adopts the wrong theory of the
site of Troy, 41 ; never visited the
Troad, 41 ; quoted, 41, 74, 123, 146,
177, 178 ; error of, about the utter
destruction of Troy, 348.

Strata, four of remains on the hill of
Hissarlik, 13, 14 ; table of, 10.

Stratum, distinction between the Tro-
jan and the lowest, 343, 344 ; the
author's former opinion recalled, 344.

Street, a, in the Pergamus, 287, 288.

Snastika, the sign of the, 16, 39 ; its
different forms, pj-j and ^\, 101 ;
its origin and significance, 10 r, foil. ;
wide prevalence among the Aryan
nations, 102, foil. ; in the Vedic
hymns, 104, 105 ; on the whorls,
107, 118, 119; on a piece of pot-
tery, 157.

Succession of nations on the hill, re-
gular, proved, 175.

Sun, the, constantly on the whorls,
161, 187, &c.

Superstition of Greeks about Saints'
days, 131.

Sword, copper, in the Treasure, 332.

Symbols on terra-cottas, 16 ; prove the
Trojans to be an Aryan race, 25 ;
of the moon, 136 ; astronomical and
religious, 167, 168. {See Emblems ;
Terra-cottas ; Whorls.)

, of the Ilian Athena, on vases,

35, 37. {See Athena.)

Table of French and English measures,
56 ; of Trojan weights, 359, 360 ; of
Inscriptions found at Hissarlik, 373.

Talents, of Homer, their small value,
328 ; probably such as the blades of
silver found in the Treasure, 328.

Tassels, golden, in the Treasure, 336 ;
on the aegis of Athena and the zone
of Hera, 336, 337.

Temple of Ajax, 177, 178.

, Greek, of Apollo, 146, 257.

TEMPLE.

INDEX.

TROJANS.

3*3

Temple, Trojan, of Athena, on the Per-
gamus, mentioned by Homer, 147,
222, 223 ; doubt as to its real exis-
tence, 346.

, Greek, of Athena, excavation of,

186; supposed debris of, 221, 222;
drain of, 223 ; Doric style of, 223 ;
excavations on site of. 226 ; ruins
of, 240, 249, 278, 279 ; reservoir of,
249 ; ancient houses under, 289,
290.

, a small, at Ilium, in the time of

Alexander, 146, 147, 251 ; traces of
a small, and objects found on its
site, 234, 236.

Terra-cottas found at Hissarlik, 15,
foil. ; their materials and colours,
49 ; with two holes and a stamp in
the Greek stratum, 65, 174, 269 ; at
lower depths, 295 ; models of canoes,
79 ; small round perforated pieces,
perhaps for spindles, 79 ; fine vessels
of remarkable form, 85, 87 ; a re-
markable one, 130; with Aryan
symbols, 135, 136 [see Whorls) ;
remarkable vessels of, 149, 152;
seals, 162 ; coarser in third stratum,
167 ; balls, with astronomical and
religious symbols, 167, 168, 188;
with inscriptions, 372, 373 ; plain and
painted, of Greek Ilium, 174; Greek
statuettes in, 186 ; balls, with suns
stars, Sec, 188, 364; a bell, 192;
various and beautiful, 192, 194 ; ma-
terial, colour, and mode of engraving,
193-4 ; found at small depths, 207 ;
hippopotamus, bright red, 228 ; vases
of curious shape, 229 ; serpents'
heads, 236, 238 ; a decorated tube
of, 293; found on the Tower, 281,
foil., 286, 340 ; found in the Palace,
307-314 ; found in the later house
above it, 314, 315 ; Greek, 279, 291,
317, 343 ; curious vessels found on
the north side, 351 ; with hiero-
glyphics, 291, 351 ; heads of oxen
and horses, 353. (See Vases.)

Thera (Santorin) and Therasia, the
house- walls and pottery at Hissarlik
like those in these islands, 79, 80, 115,
204.

Tliymbria. 70, 71.

Tliymbruts, the, 177 ; aqueduct from,

239-

Tomb of Batiea or Myrina, 179, 180 ;
identified with the Pacha Tdpe, 198.

Tombs, the three so called, of heroes
near Bunarbashi, are Greek, 44.

, of Patroclus and Antilochus, 178.

Tower, Great, of Ilium, 16, 21, 26;
discovery of, 201 ; splendid view
from, 202 ; further excavation of,
212, 213; objects found on, 213;
and on each side of, 215, 216 ; ex-
cavation of, 249, 250, 251 ; original
height of, 254 ; great house on, 276,
277 ; plan of, 305 ; top discovered, 318;
trench for archers, ibid.; steps, ibid.

, of the Greek age, 323.

Treasure, of Priam, 17 ; the great
discovery of, 323 ; expedient for its
preservation, 323, 324 ; articles de-
scribed, 324 ; copper shield, 324 ;
copper caldron, 325 ; curious copper
plate and silver vase, 325 ; copper
vase, ibid. ; bottle and vases of gold,
325, 326 ; the golden SeVas afj.(ptKv-
TreiXov, 326, 327 ; electrum cup, 327 ;
six blades or plates {talents), 328 ;
silver vases, 329 ; silver goblet and
dish, 329 ; copper lance-heads, 329,
330; copper battle-axes, 330, 331;
copper daggers, sword, &c, 331 ; t).e
articles fused together by the confla-
gration, 332 ; signs of having been
packed in a wooden chest, 332, 333 ;
key to chest found, 333 ; probably left
behind in an effort to escape, 333, 334;
great wall built over it, 334 ; gold
jewels in a silver vase, 334, 335 ; two
gold diadems, 335, 336 ; gold fillet
and ear-rings, 336 ; bracelets and
finger-rings, 337; ear-rings, 337;
8750 small jewels of gold, 338-340.

, copper articles analvsed, 340, 361,

362.

Tree of Life (the Soma-lree), an Aryan
emblem on the terra-cottas, 119, 120,
135, 160.

Triglypks, block of (See Metope-.)

Troad, good wine of the, 232.

Trojans of Homer, 16, &c. ; their
affinity to the Greek race (Appendix),
364-

3»4

TROY.

INDEX.

WHORLS.

Troy, chronology of, 12, 123 ; first city
destroyed by Hercules, 26 ; small
extent of the Homeric, 18, 343, 344 ;
discussion of site, 41 ; opinions of
modern authorities, 43-46 : plain of,
and heroic tumuli, 70 ; the plain not
alluvial, 71 ; supposed ruins reached,
90; extent of the Pergamus, 117;
naming of site as, 211 ; Homer's,
identified with the site of Greek
Ilium, 216 ; return to, to take plans
and photographs, 220 ; plain of,
spring weather in, 248 ; tests of ex-
tent of, 304 ; its walls traced, 344 ; its
reality established, 344 ; small, but
as large as Athens and Mycenae,
1 1 7, 344, 345 ; its wealth and power,
345 ; great height of its houses, 345 ;
probable population, 17, 71, 176, 345 ;
known to Homer only by tradition,
345, 346 ; its strata of burnt wood-
ashes, 347 ; plan of, in Priam's time,
347 ; part of real, destroyed in exca-
vations, 348 ; the buildings brought
to light by Schliemann, 349, 350 ;
stones of, not used in building other
cities, 348.

Tub of terra-cotta, 341.

Turkish Government, the author's re-
lations with the, 52, 53, and Preface,
p. xxiii.

Turks, traces of former excavations by,
144.

Urns, fragments of great, no, ill,
129 ; one containing human re-
mains, 153, 267 ; their upright posi-
tion, in, 112, 175.

Vases,\\\\h symbols of the I lian Athena,
35, 37, 106,. 159, 208, 214, 258, 293,
294, 2>l7 5 witn uplifted wings, 48,
87 ; small two-handled, on feet, 87,
169 ; with rings for hanging up, 159,
167; of remarkable forms, 114, 115,
151, 152; fragments of decorated,
128, 135 ; in forms of animals, 159,
208, 209, 214, 352 ; finely decorated,
193 ; owl-faced, 229, 292 ; splendid,
found on the Tower, 226 ; splendid,
found in the Palace, 307, foil. ; with

cuneiform decorations, 193 ; per-
forated, 352. {See Terra-cottas.)

Vases, silver, found in the Treasure, 325,
328, 329 ; in the Palace of Priam,
334, 342.

Virgil quoted, 74, 177, 358.

Wall, ancient, on northern slope, 200,
201, 217 ; retaining, on the south side
of the hill, 221 ; of Troy, 227, 228,
316, 340; of Lysimachus, 230, 231.

Walls, damage done to remaining, 220 ;
enormous, close below the surface,
230 ; further discoveries of, 250, 251 ;
curious stone, three sets one above
the other, near the Seaman Gate, of
different periods, 288, 290.

Weapons, of stone, 21, 22, 79, 83, 168 ;
of copper, and moulds for casting,
139, 162 ; and ornaments of stone,
copper, and silver, 213.

Weights, supposed Trojan, 154 ; table
of, 359, 360.

Well, Roman, 64, 93, 123.

-, in third stratum, 169.

, Greek, 175, 162.

Wheels in motion, whorls represent-
ing, 136, 137, 162.

Whetstones, 79, 169.

, inscription on a, 24, 368.

Whorls, perforated, mostly of terra-
cotta, with Aryan symbols, 38, 39 ;
found in Italy, 39, 101 ; plain, 40
41 ; in all the strata below the
Greek, 65, &c. ; sizes and materials,
66 ; a great number of, 77, 297 ; their
use discussed, 77, 78, 84, 189, 190;
engraved with the suastika, 101 ;
with central suns, stars, suastika,
the Soma, and altars, 118, 121 ; with
inscriptions (see Inscriptions) ;
with Aryan symbols, 133, 135, 136 ;
with antelopes, praying man, altars,
hares, 136 ; plain and engraved, 149 ;
of lowest stratum, 160; their inte-
resting devices, 160, 162 ; some of
lead and fine marble, 162 ; in third
stratum, 168; of fourth settlers, of a
degenerate form, 170, 174; many
with suastikas and suns, 186, 187 ;

WINDS.

INDEX.

XERXES.

3*5

wheel-shaped, with simple patterns,
187 ; just below the surface, 207 ; on
site of the Temple, 230 ; important
distinction between plain and de-
corated, 232 ; various types, 255,
264 ; new types, 268, 269, 286 ; ex-
treme fineness of engravings on, 284.

Winds, cold north, Homer's " blasts of
Boreas," 224, 225.

"Windy" (^e/xoecro-a), fit epithet of
Ilium, 185.

Wooden Ilium, built by the fourth
settlers ; its burnt debris, 29.

Works, the, difficulties of, 61, 96 ; cost
of, 98, 204 ; dangers, and engineering
expedients, 115, 116, 131, 132; nar-
row escape of six men, 132 ; fall of
an earth-wall, 147, 148 ; plan of a

trench through the whole hill, 148 ;
cost of, 184, 185 ; for security during
the winter, 221 ; progress of, at S. E.
corner, 239 ; difficulties of excava-
tion of the Tower, 249 ; progress of,
259 ; further excavations on north
side, 346, 347.

Workmen, number of, 64 ; new, 98 ;
increase of, 184, 233 ; attempt forgery,
194 ; mode of naming them, 194 ;
want of, 225, 226.

Writing, used at Troy long before
Homer (Appendix), 369, foil. ; an-
swer to objections, 371.

Xerxes, sacrifices at Ilium, 12, 61, 174.

ERRATUM.

Page 345. — After the third paragraph, ending " from all quarters," in-
sert the following : —

" Troy had therefore no separate Acropolis ; but as one was neces-
sary for the great deeds of the Iliad, it was added by the poetical
invention of Homer, and called by him Perganuis, a word of quite
unknown derivation."

2 C

( 3»6 )

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN
Dr. SCHLIEMANN'S ATLAS AND THE TRANSLATION.

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PI. No.

No. PI.

PI. No.

No. PI.

I, I

317, XXII.

4, 133

330, XXII.

318, XXII.

5, 134

430, XXXVIII.

475, XLVI.

136

398, XXXIII.

319,. XXII.

140

460, XLIII.

320, XXII.

142

489, XLIX.

2, 34

381, XXX.

143?

354, XXIV.

380, XXIX.

145

476, XLVI.

382, XXX.

156

408, XXXIV.

321, XXII.

160

419, XXXVI.

410, XXXV.

161

332, XXII.

322, XXII.

166

334, XXIV.

329, XXII.

168

423, XXXVII.

42, p. 80.

6, 174

44, P- 80.

324, XXII.

175

478, XLVI I.

325, XXII.

176

389, XXXI.

482, XLVIII.

193

335, XXIII.

323, XXII.

208

1 15, pp. 161,367

413, XXXV.

7, 224

337, XXIII.

327, XXII.

231

336, XXIII.

3, 7o

328, XXII.

8, 237

352, XXIV.

471, XLV.

242

490, XLIX.

4, 105

437, XXXIX.

245

384, XXX.

124

480, XLVIII.

252

403, XXXIV.

J25

81, p. 138.

253

400, XXXIII.

132

333, XXIII.

259

483, XLVIII.

Note. — In the columns headed "Translation" the Roman numerals
refer to the Plates.

A (?) against Schliemann's Numbers signifies that we have not been
able to identify the objects certainly with those engraved by us from M.
Burnouf's drawings.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 387

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PI. No.

No. PL

PL No.

No. PL

8, 260

402, XXIII.

13, 422

342, XXIII.

261

331, XXII.

424

346, XXIII.

263

43, p. 80.

426

444, XL.

264?

396, XXXII.

427

343, XXIII.

266

80, p. 137.

428

347, XXIII.

270

361, XXVI.

430?

466, XLV.

9, 272

416, XXXVI.

431

465, XLIV.

273

414, XXXV.

432

496, LI. & p. 367.

274

365, XXVII.

433

345, XXIII.

276

424, XXXVII.

434

348, XXIII.

279

333, XXIII.

436

301, XXI.

2S2

356, XXV.

438

302, XXI.

285

359, XXV.

442

303, XXI.

288

377, XXVIII.

443

304, XXI.

289?

372,* XXVIII.

445

305, XXI.

289?

411,* XXXV.

446

306, XXL

294

370, XXVII.

448

307, XXI.

295

362, XXVI.

449

308, XXL

296

380, XXIX.

14, 45o

493, LI.

297

447, XLI.

452

491, L.

298

381, XXX.

15, 46o

498, LI I.

299

379, xxix.

47i

486, XLIX.

10, 307

339, XXIII.

16, 472

484, XLVIII.

326

340, XXIII.

473

149, p. 199.

327

341, XXIII.

474

62, p. 95.

337

458, XLIII.

48S

309, XXI.

11, 344

387, XXXI.

486

310, XXL

346

392, XXXII.

487

311, XXL

356

369, XXVII.

488

312, XXI.

356

298-9, p. 369-

489

313, XXI.

12, 384

428, XXXVIII.

491

314, XXI.

410

391, XXXII.

494

315, XXI.

13, 4i8

344, XXIII.

497

316, XXI.

* Identical design, but different material.

388 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PI. No.

No. Page.

PI. No.

No. Page.

17, 503-4

2, 21

24, 646

50, 83

512

142, 173

656

67, lOI

513

37, 65

657

68, 101

518

38, 65

660

122, 165

519

39, 65

661

123, 165

18, 529

40, 65

662

124, 165

537

162, 232

25, 665

H, 36

540

290, 353

666

92, 150

19, 54i

143, 188

669

93, 150

546

116, 162

670

94, 150

553

147, 192

671

95, 150

554

148, 192

672

96, 150

555

4, 24, 368

674

97, 150

556

78, 130

675

98, 150

20, 562

109, 155

678

99, 150

564

24, 36

681

100, 150

565

18, 36

682

101, 150

566

i5> 36

683

53, 94

567

12, 164

685

61, 94

568

16, 36

687

59, 94

57o

20, 36

6S9

60, 94

572

141, 172

26, 700

83, 150

577

23, 36

701

84, 150

578rt

77, 129

702

85, 150

57S£

76, 129

703

86, 150

21, 533

26, 36

705

87, 150

586

28, 36

713

90, 150

537

144, 190

718

88, 150

22, 592

71, no

719

89, 15°

601

56, 94

720

91, 150

610

57, 94

721

79, 135

24, 639

66, 101

27, 722

1, 15

643

47, 83

732

no, 157

644

48, 83

734

19, 36

645

49, 83

Plate 30

Plate III.

IN SCHLIEMANN'S ATLAS AND THE TRANSLATION. 389

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PI.

No.

No. Page.

PI. No.

No. Page.

32,

774

131, 170

69, 1 541

45^, 82

775

10, 34

1553

46, 82

776

11, 34

72, 1582

6, 25

779

64, 97

75, 1623

74, 115

782

136, 171

1628

155, 214

786

137, 171

1630

113, 159

787

134, 171

1632

5i, 86

788

135, i7i

84, 1762

53, 87

34,

867

138, 172

1768

in, 158

868

139, 172

1770

112, 158

35,

872^

129, 169

90, 1 864

117, 163

874

132, 171

1880

118, 163

882

133, i7i

1886

119, 163

41,

994

125, 166

91, 1893

151, 208

996

130, 170

97, 2022

153, 209

1003

70, 106

2025

104, 151

48,

1152

127, 167

98, 2044

8, 25

52,

1158

128, 167

101, 22-]2a-d

108, 155

1257

126, 166

2272P*

120, 163

54,

1275

13, 35

2272/

i54, 211

55,

1287

4i, 74

I02, 229O-I

73, 114

61,

1374

233, 320

2292

102, 151

64,

1433-5

157, 215

2293

103, 151

65,

1440

1 50, 208

I03, 2294

107, 153

1441

55, 87

2296

106, 152

1446

12, 34

I04, 2298

105, 152

67,

1497-8

232, 320

2299

152, 209

1505

184, 268

Plate no

Plate VIII.

68,

1520

158, 219

114, 2317

156, 214

69,

1535

45«, 82

2325

72, 1 10

1536

45^, 82

Plate 118

Map.

1537

45*r, 82

119, 2330

159, 228

1538

45^, 82

2331

65, 97

1539

45*?, 82

120, 2352

160, 229

1540

45/, 82

2362

161, 229

390 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PI.

No.

No. Page.

PI.

No.

No. Page.

1 20,

2363

170, 237

138,

2746

63, 95

121,

2389

454, XLII.

139,

2755

178, 262

239O-I?

477, XLVII.

140,

2768

52, 86

2392

45', XLII.

2769

196, 283

2393

367, XXVII.

141,

2778

36, 63

122,

2423

384 XXX.

2780

197, 284

2432

171. 238

2782

194, 282

2435

9, 27

2784

199, 285

2438

165, 235

142,

2791

191, 280

2442

435, XXXIX.

2803

198, 285

2444

167, 236

2806

200, 286

123,

2467

166, 236

2815

422, XXVII.

125,

2515

489, XL IX.

143,

2827

201, p. 286

126,

2554

455, XLIII.

2840

395, XXXII.

2555

164, 235

US,

2838 bis

215, 296

2560

163, 234

2839 b*5

204, 292

Plate 127

Plate IV.

146,

2850

190, 280

130,

2561

176, 261

147,

2862

209, 294

2577

177, 261

2865

210, 295

132,

2613

172, 255

2889

29, 36

2615

473, XLVII.

2892

371, XXVII.

i33,

2633

179, 264

148,

2898

439, XL.

2638

180, 264

2899

29, P- 36.

2639

174, 260

2912

206, 293

2662

202, 2S6

2921

216, 296

i34,

2664

193, 282

2924

217, 297

2674

195, 283

149,

2951

213, 296

2683

192, 281

2952

209, 296

135,

2694

404, XXXIV.

2964

378, XXVIII.

2699

300, 372

150,

2975

211, 295

2706

187, 268

2977

203, 291

2707

186, 268

2981

205, 292

2708

181, 265

2984

487, XLIX.

2721

189, 279

2988

212, p. 295

138,

2741

82, 139

2998

214, 296

IN SCHLIEMANN'S ATLAS AND THE TRANSLATION. 391

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PI. No.

No. Page.

PI. No.

No. Page.

Plate 153

Plate V.

166, 3252

388, XXXI.

iS4, 305°

168, 237

3253

7, 25

3051

169, 237

168, 3273

3*. 23

Plate 156

Plate XL B.

3278

2>b, 23, 369

Plate 157

Plate IX.

Plate 169

Plate X.

158, 3063

231, 3i7

Plate 170

Plate XL A.

3065

220, 308

171, 3290

349, xxiv.

Plate 159

188, 278

3292

145, 191

160, 3084

229, 315

3295

146, 191

161, 3087

228, 315

3296

289, 352

3088

23O) 315

172, 3323

386, XXXI.

3089

54, 87

334i

405, XXXIV.

3092

221, 309

•73, 3364

360, XXV.

3092*

33-4, 50

174, 338o

288, 352

3094

224, 3 1 1

175, 3384

287, 35i

3095

222, 310

339°

286, 351

3096

223, 310

176, 3401

284, 342

162, 3111

363, XXVI.

Plate 177

Plate VII. A.

3ii7

464, XLIV.

Plate 178

Plate VII. B.

3124

448, XLI.

Plate 180

Plate I.

3131

226, 312

Plate 186

Plate VI.

3134

472, XLvr.

187, 3407

182, 265

163, 3i43

385, XXXI.

34i5

494, LI.

3158

421, XXXVI.

188, 3439

207, 294

3166

225, 312

345o

114, 160

164, 3171-3

Heading to Contents.

189, 3455

173, 258

3174-7

List of Illustrations.

3462

283, 34i

3187

366, XXVII.

190, 3464

374, XXVIII.

3189

431, XXXVIIL

3474

5, 24, 368

3i93

227, 312

191, 3483

219, 307

165, 3224

453, XLII.

192, 3484

262, 332

166, 3229

497, LII.

3485

264, 332

3233

291, 363

3486

247, XVIII.

3248

21, 36

3489

256, 33o

3249

3L 37

3490

269, 333

392 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Atlas.

Translation.

Atlas.

Translation.

PL No.

No. Page.

No.

No. Page.

192, 349°^

243, XVII.

199,

3588

235, XIV

3490^

244, XVII.

200,

3489-94

242, XVII

3\9oc

245, XVII.

3595

250, XVIII

3490^

246, XVII.

3596

251, XVIII

193, 3492

257, 330

201,

3600

265, 332

3493

258, 330

3600a

266, 332

3495^

259, 330

3600^

268, 332

3495''

260, 330

3600^

249, XVIII

3495

218, 302

202,

3601

281, 337

3495<*

218, 302

3602

238, XV.

3495^"

267, 332

3603

248, XVIII.

194, 3496

273, 334

3603^

237, XV.

3497 a

274, 334

3603*

240, XVI.

3497^'

275, 334

203«

239, XVI.

3499

263, 332

204

Plate II.

3502

252, 33o

205

276, XIX.

3503

253, 33o

206

277, XIX.

35°4tf

261, 331

208

282, 339

3504/

254, 33o

209

279-80, XX.

3504^

255, 33o

211

Plate XII.

35°4«

272, 334

212

Plate XIII.

195, 35"

285, 350

213

Plan I.

196, Selection.

278, XX

214

Plan II.

197, 3585

270, 334

215

Plan IV. 347

3586

27L 334

2l6

Plan III. 306

3586a

236, XV

217

and last.

32. 48.

198, 3587

234. XIV

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PL XXII.

SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &C. DUG UP AT TROY_

PL. XXIII.

SPECIMENS OF VJHQRLS, &c, DUG UP AT TROY

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SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY

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SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &C. DUG UP AT TROY

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SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &C. DUG UP AT TROY.

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SPECIMENS OF VJHORLS, 8tC. DUG UP AT TROY.

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Albemarle Street,

February i S75.

MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF NEW WORKS.

THE FOURTH EDITION of the QUARTERLY REVIEW,

No. 275. (January 1875.) 8vo. 6s.

contents :

I. The Greville Memoirs. j VI. Friendly Societies.

II. Doctrines of the Jesuits.

III. Life of the Prince Consort.

IV. The English Bar.

V. Farrar's Life of Christ.

VII. Judicial Investigation of

Truth.
VIII. Speeches of Pope Pius IX.

THE THIRD EDITION of the QUARTERLY REVIEW,

No, 274. (October, 1874.) 8vo. 6s.

contents : .

I. The Jesuits. VII. East-Anglia : its Strikes and

II. Provincial Turkey. Lock-outs.

III. English Architecture. i VIII. Burrows' Worthies of All

IV. Modern Culture. Souls.

V. The Republic of Venice. IX. Criminal Statistics.

VI. Bishop Patteson. X. Ritual of the English

Church.

THE DIARY OF THE SHAH OF PERSIA, during

his TOUR THROUGH EUROPE in 1873. Translated by J. W. Red-
house, F.R.A.S. Third Thousand. With Portrait and Coloured Title. Crown
8vo. 1 2S.

THE LAST JOURNALS OF DAVID LIVINGSTONE

IN CENTRAL AFRICA, from 1865 to his Death. Continued by a Narrative
of his last moments and sufferings by his faithful Servants, Chumah and Susi.
Edited by Rev. Horace Waller. 8th Thousand. With Portrait, Maps, and
Illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo. 28.C

THE CAUCASUS, PERSIA, AND TURKEY IN ASIA ;

A JOURNEY to TABREEZ, KURDISTAN, down the TIGRIS and
EUPHRATES to NINEVEH and BABYLON, and across the DESERT to
PALMYRA. By Baron von Max Thielmann. Translated from the German
by CHAS. Heneage. 2 vols. Post Svo. [In (he Press.

OLD TIMES AND DISTANT PLACES. A Series of
Sketches. By Archdeacon Sinclair, M. A. Crown Svo. Q.r.

THE SPEAKER'S COMMENTARY ON THE HOLY

BIBLE, EXPLANATORY AND CRITICAL, with a Revision of the Trans-
lation. By Bishops and Clergy of the Anglican Church. Edited by F. C. Cook,
M.A., Canon of Exeter. Vols. I. to V. Medium Svo.

[Continued.

MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF WORKS-™//™.-./.

THE COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED

STATES. From Personal Visits and Observations; including Detailed Accounts
of the Economists, Zoarites, Shakers, The Amana, Oneida, Bethell, Aurora,
Icarian and other existing Societies ; with Particulars of their Religious Creeds,
Social Practices, Numbers, Industries, and Present Condition. By Charles
Nordhoff. With 40 Illustrations. Svo. 15.?.

MEMOIR OF SIR RODERICK I. MURCHISON ; With

Notices of his Scientific Contemporaries, and of the Rise and Progress of
Palaeozoic Geology in Britain. By Archibald Geikik, F.R.S., Director of
the Geological Survey of Scotland. With Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo.

\Neazty Ready.

TROY AND ITS REMAINS ; A Narrative of Researches and

Discoveries on the Site of Ilium and in the Trojan Plain. By Dr. Henry

Schliemann. Translated with the Author's Sanction and Co-operation.

Edited by Philip Smith, B.A, With Map, Views, and 500 Objects of
Antiquity. Royal 8vo.

FOUNDATIONS OF RELIGION IN THE MIND AND

HEART OF MAN. By the Right Hon. Sir John Barnard Byles. Post
8vo. [In the Press.

A DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES. The

History, Institutions, and Antiquities of the Christian Church. By Various
Writers. Edited by Wm. Smith, D.C.L., and Rev. Professor Cheetha.m,
M.A. 2 vols. Medium 8vo. [Vol.1, in February.

This work commences at the point at which the Dictionary of the Bible
leaves off, and gives an account of the Institutions of the Christian Church from the
time of the Apostles to the age of Charlemagne.

LECTURES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF INSTITU-
TIONS By Sir Henry Maine, K.C.S. I. 8vo. \2s.

THE HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO; SIX MONTHS

AMONG THE PALM GROVES, CORAL REEFS, and VOLCANOES
of the SANDWICH ISLANDS. By Isabella Bird, Author of " The
Englishwoman in America." With Illustrations. Crown Svo. \2s.

WORSHIP IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By

A. J. B. Beresford-Hope, M.P. 2nd Edition. Svo. gs.

FRAGMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS of the HISTORY

of the BOOK of COMMON PRAYER, from Manuscript Sources (Bishop
Sanderson and Bishop Wren). Edited by William Jacobson, D.D., Bishop
of Chester. Svo. 5-r.

A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN ALL COUN-
TRIES, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By James Fergusson,
F.R.S. New and Revised Edition. With 1600 Illustrations. 4 vols. Medium
8vo. 3 1 s. 6<l. each.

Vols. I. and II.— ANCIENT AND MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECTURE. [Ready.

Vol. III.— INDIAN AND EASTERN ARCHITECTURE. [In the Press.

Vol. IV.— MODERN ARCHITECTURE. [Ready.

THE SONNET ; Its Origin, Structure, and Place in Poetry.
With Original Translations from the Sonnets of Dante and Petrarch. With
Remarks on the Art of Translating. By Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S. Post8vo.
gs.

[Continued.

MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF WORKS-^w.

THE NICENE AND APOSTLES' CREEDS; Their Literary

History, together with some Account of the Creed of St. Athanasius. By Canon
Swainson, D.D., Norrisian Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. With Fac-
simile. Svo. 1 6s.

PERCY'S PRACTICAL METALLURGY. Vol. I. Part I.

Introduction — Fuel, Wood, Peat, Coal, Charcoal, Coke, Refractory Materials,
Fireclays, &c. New and Revised Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo.

ENGLAND AND RUSSIA IN THE EAST. A Series of

Papers on the Political and Geographical Condition of Central Asia. By
Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B. With Map. 8vo.

ETCHINGS FROM THE LOIRE AND SOUTH OF

FRANCE. With 20 Plates and Descriptive Text. By Ernest George,
Architect. Folio. 42s.

Uniform with the above.

ETCHINGS ON THE MOSEL: A Series of Twenty Plates

with Descriptive Letterpress. By Ernest George. Folio. 42s.
THE LAND OF THE NORTH WIND; or, Travels among

the Laplanders and Samoyedes, and along the Shores of the White Sea. By
Edward Rae. With Map and Woodcuts. Post 8vo.

HANDBOOK TO THE ITALIAN SCHOOLS OF

PAINTING. Based on the Handbook of Kugler. Originally edited by
Sir Charles L. Eastlake, R.A. Fourth Edition. Revised and Remodelled.
By Lady Eastlake. With 140 Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 30^.

HANDBOOK TO THE GERMAN, FLEMISH, AND

DUTCH SCHOOLS OF PAINTING. Based on the Handbook of Kugler.
Originally Edited by the late Dr. Waagen. New Edition. Revised and partly
re-written. By J. A. Crowe. With 60 Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 24s.

THE BOOK OF MARCO POLO, THE VENETIAN:

Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. A new English Version.
Edited by Col. Yule, C.B. Second Edition, revised. With Maps and Illustra-
tions. 2 vols. Medium Svo. 42s.

THE DESCENT OF MAN, AND SELECTION IN RELA-
TION TO SEX. By Charles Darwin, F.R.S. Revised and Cheaper Edition.
With 80 Illustrations. Crown Svo. gs.

THE "ROB ROY" ON THE JORDAN, NILE, RED

SEA, GENESSARETII, Etc. A Canoe Cruise in Palestine, Egypt, and the
Waters of Damascus. By John MacGregor, M. A. Cheaper Edition. With
Maps and Illustrations. Post Svo. 7-f. 6d.

THE STUDENT'S EDITION of AUSTIN'S LECTURES

on JURISPRUDENCE ; or, the Philosophy of Positive Law. Compiled from
the larger work. By Robert Campbell, of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law.
Post 8vo. 12s.

AN ATLAS of ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, BIBLICAL

and CLASSICAL. To illustrate the "Dictionary of the Bible" and the
"Classical Dictionaries." Compiled under the superintendence of Dr. Wm.
Smith and Mr. George Grove. With Descriptive Text. Folio. £6 6s.
half-bound. [ ( 'cntinued.

4 MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF WORKS-™***

THE GNOSTIC HERESIES of the FIRST and SECOND

CENTURIES. By the late Dean Mansel, D.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical
History at Oxford. With a Sketch of his Life and Character by Lord
Carnarvon. Edited \>y Canon Lightfoot. 8vo. ioj\ 6J.

THE MOON. Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite.
By James Nasmyth, C.E., and James Carpenter, F.R.A.S. Second Edition.
With 24 Illustrations and Woodcuts. 4to. 30J.

LIVES of the ENGINEERS. From the Earliest Times to the

Death of the Stephensons. With an Account of their Principal Works : com-
prising a History of Inland Communication in Britain, and the Invention and
Introduction of the Steam Engine and Locomotive. By Samuel SMILES,
Author of "Self-Help." New and Revised Edition. With 9 Portraits and 340
Illustrations. 5 vols. Crown 8vo. Js. 6</. each.

CONTAINING:
I. Embankments and Canals — Vermuyden.Myddelton, Perry, Brindley.
II. Harbours, Lighthouses, and Bridges — Smeaton and Rennie.

III. History of Roads — Metcalfe and Telford.

IV. The Steam Engine — Boulton and Watt.

V. The Locomotive — George and Robert Stephenson.

* #* Each Volume is complete m itself, and can be //tic/ separately.

HORTENSIUS ; an Historical Essay on the Office and Duties

of an Advocate. By William Forsyth, M.P. Second Edition. With
Illustrations. Svo. 12s.

SKETCHES and STUDIES- HISTORICAL and DE-
SCRIPTIVE. By Richard J. King, B.A., Author of the "Handbooks to
the Cathedrals of England." 8vo. 12s.

MAETZNER'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR. A Methodical,

Analytical, and Historical Treatise on the Orthography, Prosody, Inflexions, and
Syntax of the English Tongue. Translated. By Clair J. Grece, LL.B.
3 vols. Svo. 36^.

HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH ; from the Apo-

stolic Age to the Reformation. 15 17. By Canon Robertson. New and
revised Edition. 8 Vols. Post 8vo. 6s. each.

THE STUDENT'S MANUAL of ECCLESIASTICAL

HISTORY. A History of the Christian Church from the Earliest Times to the
Eve of the Protestant Reformation. By Philip Smith, B.A., Author of "The
Student's Old and New Testament Histories." Post Svo. "js. 6d. [/;/ the 1 '/ess.

THE BEAUTIES of BYRON : being Selections from Lord

Byron's Poetry and. Prose. By a Clergyman. New Edition. With Portrait.
Fcap. Svo. 3s. 6</.

LIFE AND DEATH OF JOHN OF BARNEVELD,

Advocate of Holland. Including the Primary Causes and Movements of "The
Thirty Years' War." By J. Lothrop Motley, D.C.L. With Illustrations.
2 vols. 8vo. 2&s.

ESSAYS CONTRIBUTED TO THE QUARTERLY

REVIEW. By the late Samuel Wilber force, D.D., Bishop of Winchester.
2 vols. Svo. 2 1 s.

Contents: — The Naturalist in Sussex and on the Spey — Darwin's Origin of Species-
Essays and Reviews— The Hawaiian Islands -Aids to Faith— The Church of England and
her Bishops — Dr. Newman's Apologia — Clerical Subscription — The Oallican Church — Royal
Authorship — The Church and her Curates — Keble's Biography — The Archbishops of the
Reformation — East African Slave Trade.

[CoilliillteJ.

MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF W0RKS-««//w

SCHOOL BOARD ARCHITECTURE. Being Practical

Remarks on the Planning, Designing, Building, and Furnishing of Schoolhouses.
By E. R. Robson, Architect to the School Board for London. With 300
Illustrations. Medium Svo. 3U. 6d.

THE PERSONAL LIFE AND MINOR WORKS OF

GEORGE GROTE. By Mrs. Grote and Alexander Bain, LL.D. With
Portraits. 2 vols. Svo. 26s.

A BRIEF MEMOIR of the PRINCESS CHARLOTTE of

WALES. With Selections from her Correspondence and other unpublished
Papers. By Lady Rose Weigall. Second Edition. With Portrait. Crown
Svo. 8s. 6J.

HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF

QUEEN ANNE UNTIL THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1701-13. By
Earl Stanhope. Library Edition, 8vo., 16s. ; Cabinet Edition, with Portrait,

2 vols., post 8vo., ior.

This work is designed as a connecting link between the conclusion of Lord
Macaulay's History and the commencement of Lord Mahon's.

A HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Peace of Utrecht to

the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. By Lord Mahon. Library Edition, 7 vols.,
8vo., 935-. ; Cabinet Edition, 7 vols., post 8vo., 35J.

THE TALMUD AND OTHER LITERARY REMAINS

OF THE LATE EMANUEL DEUTSCH. With a Brief Memoir. 8vo. 12s.

Contents : — The Talmud — Islam — Egypt, Ancient and Modern — Hermes Trismegistns —
ludeo-Arabic Metaphysics — Renan's "Les Apotres " — The (Ecumenical Council — Apostolical
Sedis — Roman Passion Drama — Semitic Palaeography, Culture, and Languages — Samaritan
Pentateuch — The Targums — Book of Jasher — Arabic Poetry.

ROMANO LAVO-LIL; Word-Book of the Romany, or

English Gipsy Language ; with many pieces in Gypsy, illustrative of the English
Gypsies. By George Borrow. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

NEW JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN; its

Annals and Progress during the past Twenty Years, recording the remarkable
Progress of the Japanese in Western Civilization. By Samuel Mossman.
With Map. 8vo. 15s.

THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE FIRST OR

GRENADIER GUARDS, from Documents in the State Paper Office, War
Office, Horse Guards, Contemporary History, Regimental Records, &c. By
Lieut.-Gen. Sir F. W. Hamilton, K.C.B. With Portraits and Illustrations.

3 vols. Medium 8vo. 63s.

REMINISCENCES OF FORTY YEARS' SERVICE IN

INDIA. Including the Caubul Disasters and Captivities in Affghanistan and
the Punjaub, and a Narrative of the Mutinies in Rajputana. By Lieut.-Gen.
Sir George Lawrence, C.B. Crown 8vo. ioj. 6d.

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS, FROM EARLY LIFE

TO OLD AGE, of MARY SOMERVILLE. With Selections from her
Correspondence. By Her Daughter. With Portrait. Fifth Thousand.
Crown 8vo. 12s.

THE LAND OF MOAB. Travels and Discoveries on the
East Side of the Dead Sea and the Jordan. By Canon Tristram, LL.D.
Second Edition. With Map and Illustrations. Crown Svo. i$s.

[Continued.

MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF WORKS-««>/w

LIVES OF THE CHIEF JUSTICES OF ENGLAND,

from the Norman Conquest to the Death of Lord Tenterden. Ey Lord
CAMPBELL, Third Edition. 4 vols. Crown 8vo. 6s. each.

A HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, from the

Earliest Records to the Fall of the Western Empire, a.d. 455. By Philip
Smith, B.A. Fourth Edition. With Maps and Plans. 3 vols. Svo. 31.C 6J.

RECORDS OF THE ROCKS ; or, Notes on the Geology,

Natural History, and Antiquities of North and South Wales, Devon, and Corn-
wall. By Rev. W. S. Symonds, F.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 12s.

THE NATURALIST IN NICARAGUA; a Narrative of a

Residence and Journeys in the Savannahs and Forests ; with Observations on
Animals and Plants. By Thomas Belt, F.G.S. With Illustrations. Post
Svo. 1 2S.

BEN EDI CITE ; or, The Song of the Three Children. Being

Illustrations of the Power, Beneficence, and Design manifested by the Creator
in His Works. By G. Chaplin Child, M.D. Tenth Thousand. Post Svo.
6s.

A HISTORY OF THE ROYAL ARTILLERY. Compiled

from the Original Records. By Major Duncan, R.A. Second Edition.
With Portraits. 2 vols. Svo. 30J.

THE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE OF ITALY; chiefly in

Brick and Marble. Being Notes of Tours in the North of Italy. By G. E.
Stkf.et, R.A. Second Edition. With 60 Illustrations. Royal Svo. 26s.

THE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE OF SPAIN: from Per-

sonal Observations made during several Journeys. By G. E. Street, F.S.A.
Second Edition. With 100 Illustrations. Medium Svo. 30r.

LECTURES ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE. By

Rev. II. F. Tozer, M.A. With Map. Post 8vo. gs.

MEMOIR OF WILLIAM ELLIS, Missionary in the South

Seas and Madagascar. By His Son. With Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

SIGNS AND WONDERS IN THE LAND OF HAM; or,

The Ten Plagues of Egypt, with Ancient and Modern Illustrations. By Rev.
T. S. Millincton. With Woodcuts. Post Svo. Js. 6J.

PERILS IN THE POLAR SEAS ; True Stories of Arctic

Adventure and Discovery, for Young Persons. By Mrs. Chisholm. With
Maps and 20 Illustrations. Post 8vo. 6s.

SELF HELP. With Illustrations of Character, Conduct, and

Perseverance. By Samuel Smiles. Small Svo. 6s.

CHARACTER. A Companion Volume to u Self Help." By
Samuel Smiles. Small Svo. 6s.

THE TALE OF FRITHIOF. By EsiAS TeGNER. Trans-
lated from the Swedish. By Captain H. Spalding. Post Svo. p.6d.

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

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